The Drug Hunters

by Donald R Kirsch

  Guerra, F. “The Introduction of Cinchona in the Treatment of Malaria.” Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 80 (1977):112–18.

  Humphrey, Loren. Quinine and Quarantine: Missouri Medicine through the Years. Missouri Heritage Readers. Columbia University of Missouri, 2000.

  Kaufman T., and E. Rúveda. “The Quest for Quinine: Those Who Won the Battles and Those Who Won the War.” Angew Chemistry International Edition England 44 (2005): 854–85.

  Rocco, Fiammetta. The Miraculous Fever-Tree: Malaria, Medicine and the Cure That Changed the World. New York: HarperCollins, 2012.

  ———. Quinine: Malaria and the Quest for a Cure That Changed the World. New York: Harper Perennial, 2004.

  Robert Talbor, quinine charlatan

  “Jesuit’s Bark” Catholic Encyclopedia 1913 https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Jesuit%27s_Bark, retrieved December 29, 2015.

  Keeble, T. A. “A Cure for the Ague: The Contribution of Robert Talbor (1642–81),” Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 90 (1997): 285–90.

  “Malaria.” Royal Pharmaceutical Society, https://www.rpharms.com/museum-pdfs/c-malaria.pdf, retrieved December 24, 2015.

  Talbor, Robert. Pyretologia, A Rational Account of the Cause and Cure of Agues. 1672.

  Chapter 3: Standard Oil and Standard Ether: The Library of Industrial Medicine

  George Wilson—foot amputation

  “The Horrors of Pre-Anaesthetic Surgery.” Chirurgeon’s Apprentice, July 16, 2014. http://thechirurgeonsapprentice.com/2014/07/16/the-horrors-of-pre-anaesthetic-surgery/, retrieved December 29, 2015.

  Lang, Joshua. “Awakening.” Atlantic, January 2013. http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2013/01/awakening/309188/, retrieved December 29, 2015.

  Robert Liston, speed demon surgeon

  Coltart, D. J. “Surgery between Hunter and Lister as Exemplified by the Life and Works of Robert Liston (1794–1847).” Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 65 (1972): 556–60.

  “Death of Robert Liston, ESQ., F.R.S..” Lancet 50 (1847): 633–4.

  Ellis, Harold. Operations That Made History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

  Gordon, Richard. Dr. Gordon’s Casebook. Cornwall: House of Stratus, 2001.

  ———. Great Medical Disasters. Cornwall House of Stratus, 2013.

  Magee, R. “Surgery in the Pre-Anaesthetic Era: The Life and Work of Robert Liston.” Health and History 2 (2000): 121–133.

  William T. G. Morton and ether

  Fenster, J. M. Ether Day: The Strange Tale of America’s Greatest Medical Discovery and the Haunted Men Who Made It. New York: Harper Perennial, 2002.

  “William T. G. Morton (1819–1868) Demonstrator of Ether Anesthesia.” JAMA. 194 (1965): 170–1.

  Wolfe, Richard, J. Tarnished Idol: William Thomas Green Morton and the Introduction of Surgical Anesthesia. Novato: Jeremy Norman Co; Norman Science-Technology, 2001.

  John Collins Warren (Harvard Medical School) biography

  Toledo, A. H. “John Collins Warren: Master Educator and Pioneer Surgeon of Ether Fame.” Journal of Investigative Surgery 19 (2006): 341–4.

  Warren, J. “Remarks on Angina Pectoris.” New England Journal of Medicine 1 (1812): 1–11.

  E. R. Squibb biography

  “E. R. Squibb, Medical Drug Maker during the Civil War.” http://www.medicalantiques.com/civilwar/Articles/Squibb_E_R.htm, retrieved January 4, 2016.

  Rhode, Michael. “E. R. Squibb, 1854.” Scientist, February 1, 2008.

  Worthen, Dennis B. “Edward Robinson Squibb (1819–1900): Advocate of Product Standards.” Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association 46 (2003): 754–8.

  ———. Heroes of Pharmacy: Professional Leadership in Times of Change. Washington: American Pharmacists Association, 2012.

  Chapter 4: Indigo, Violet, and Crimson: The Library of Synthetic Medicine

  History of the German dye industry

  Aftalion, Fred. History of the International Chemical Industry: From the “Early Days” to 2000. Philadelphia: Chemical Heritage Foundation, 2005.

  Chandler, Alfred D. Jr. Shaping the Industrial Century: The Remarkable Story of the Evolution of the Modern Chemical and Pharmaceutical Industries. Cambridge: Harvard University Press (Harvard Studies in Business History), 2004.

  Bayer: Duisberg, Eichengrün, Dreser

  Biography Carl Duisberg, Bayer, http://www.bayer.com/en/carl-duisberg.aspx, retrieved January 4, 2016.

  Rinsema, T. J. “One Hundred Years of Aspirin.” Medical History 43 (1999): 502–7.

  Sneader W. “The Discovery of Aspirin: A Reappraisal.” British Medical Journal 321 (2000): 1591–4.

  Aspirin history

  Bruton, L. et al. Chapter 34, “Anti-inflammatory, Antipyretic, and Analgesic Agents; Pharmacotherapy of Gout.” In Goodman and Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, New York: McGraw-Hill Education/Medical (12th edition), 2011.

  Goodman, L. S. and A. Gilman. “Appendix” In The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. New York: Macmillan, 1941.

  Mahdi, J. G., et al. “The Historical Analysis of Aspirin Discovery, Its Relation to the Willow Tree and Antiproliferative and Anticancer Potential.” Cell Proliferation 39 (2006): 147–55.

  Vane, J. R. “Adventures and Excursions in Bioassay: The Stepping Stones to Prostacyclin.” British Journal of Pharmacology 79 (1983): 821–38.

  ———. “Inhibition of Prostaglandin Synthesis as a Mechanism of Action for Aspirin-Like Drugs.” Nature New Biology 231 (1971): 232–5.

  Chapter 5: The Magic Bullet: We Figure Out How Drugs Actually Work

  Syphilis history, symptoms

  Harper, K. N., et al. “The Origin and Antiquity of Syphilis Revisited: An Appraisal of Old World Pre-Columbian Evidence for Treponemal Infection.” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 146, Supplement 53 (2011): 99–133.

  Kasper, D. et al. Chapter 206, “Syphilis.” In Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. New York: McGraw-Hill Education/Medical (19th edition), 2015.

  Miasma theory

  Semmelweis, Ignaz. Die Ätiologie der Begriff und die Prophylaxis des Kindbettfiebers (The Etiology, Concept, and Prophylaxis of Childbed Fever), 1861.

  Louis Pasteur

  Birch, Beverly, and Christian Birmingham. Pasteur’s Fight against Microbes (Science Stories). Hauppauge: Barron’s Educational Series, 1996.

  Tiner, John Hudson. Louis Pasteur: Founder of Modern Medicine. Fenton: Mott Media, 1999.

  Paul Ehrlich biography and Salvarsan

  Sepkowitz, K. A. “One Hundred Years of Salvarsan.” New England Journal of Medicine 365 (2011): 291–3.

  Receptor theory history and Ehrlich’s reaction to counter theories

  Prüll, Cay-Ruediger, et al. A Short History of the Drug Receptor Concept (Science, Technology & Medicine in Modern History). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.

  Chapter 6: Medicine That Kills: The Birth of Drug Regulation

  Avorn, J. “Learning About the Safety of Drugs—A Half-Century of Evolution.” New England Journal of Medicine, 365 (2011): 2151–3.

  Bayer and the Prontosil story

  Bentley, R. “Different Roads to Discovery; Prontosil (Hence Sulfa Drugs) and Penicillin (Hence Beta-Lactams).” Journal Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology 36 (2009): 775–86.

  Hager, Thomas. The Demon under the Microscope: From Battlefield Hospitals to Nazi Labs, One Doctor’s Heroic Search for the World’s First Miracle Drug. New York: Broadway Books, 2007.

  Otten, H. “Domagk and the Development of the Sulphonamides.” Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 17 (1986): 689–96.

  Prodrug: sulfanilamide

  Lesch, John E. The First Miracle Drugs: How the Sulfa Drugs Transformed Medicine. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.

  S. E. Massengill and elixir sulfanilamide

  Akst, J. “The Elixir Tragedy, 1937.” Scientist, June 1, 2013.

  “Deaths Following Elixir of Sulfanilamide-Massengil
l” Journal of the American Medical Association 109 (1937): 1610–11.

  Geiling, E. M. K., and P. R. Cannon. “Pathological Effects of Elixir of Sulfanilamide (Diethylene Glycol) Poisoning,” Journal of the American Medical Association 111 (1938): 919–926.

  Wax, P. M. “Elixirs, Diluents, and the Passage of the 1938 Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act.” American College of Physicians 122 (1995): 456–61.

  FDA reaction for elixir sulfanilamide

  Ballentine. C. “Sulfanilamide Disaster.” FDA Consumer Magazine, June 1981, http://www.fda.gov/aboutfda/whatwedo/history/productregulation/sulfanilamidedisaster/default.htm, retrieved January 4, 2016.

  “Elixir of Sulfanilamide: Deaths in Tennessee.” Pathophilia for the Love of Disease. http://bmartinmd.com/eos-deaths-tennessee/, retrieved January 4, 2016.

  ACT UP—AIDS

  Crimp. D. “Before Occupy: How AIDS Activists Seized Control of the FDA in 1988,” Atlantic, December 6, 2011.

  Fen-Phen

  Connolly, H. M., et al. “Valvuolar Heart Disease Associated with Fenfluramine– Phentermine.” New England Journal of Medicine 337 (1997): 581–8.

  Courtwright, D. T. “Preventing and Treating Narcotic Addiction—A Century of Federal Drug Control.” New England Journal of Medicine 373: (2015) 2095–7.

  Chapter 7: The Official Manual of Drug Hunting: Pharmacology Becomes a Science

  Goodman biography and Gilman biography (research accomplishments—cancer, curare)

  Altman, Lawrence K. “Dr. Louis S. Goodman, 94, Chemotherapy Pioneer, Dies.” New York Times, November 28, 2000.

  Ritchie, M. “Alfred Gilman: February 5, 1908–January 13, 1984.” Biographies of Members of the National Academy of Science 70 (1996): 59–80.

  Clark Stanley, snake oil king biography

  Dobie, J. Frank. Rattlesnakes. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1982.

  “A History of Snake Oil Salesmen.” http://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2013/08/26/215761377/a-history-of-snake-oil-salesmen, retrieved January 8, 2016.

  “Why Are Snake-Oil Remedies So-Called?” http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/books/story.html?id=666775cc-f9ff-4360-9533-4ea7f0eef233, retrieved January 8, 2016.

  History of teaching pharmacology in medical schools (Abraham Flexner)

  Bonner, Thomas Neville. Iconoclast: Abraham Flexner and a Life in Learning. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002.

  Chapter 8: Beyond Salvarsan: The Library of Dirty Medicine

  Isak Dinesen biography

  Dinesen, Isak. Out of Africa: And Shadows on the Grass. New York: Vintage Books, 2011.

  Hannah, Donald. Isak Dinesen and Karen Blixen: The Mask and the Reality. New York: Random House, 1971.

  Alexander Fleming, Abraham Chain, and Howard Florey biographies and papers

  Abraham, Edward P. “Ernst Boris Chain. 19 June 1906–12 August 1979.” Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 29 (1983): 42–91.

  ———. “Howard Walter Florey. Baron Florey of Adelaide and Marston 1898–1968.” Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 17 (1971): 255–302.

  Brown, Kevin. Penicillin Man: Alexander Fleming and the Antibiotic Revolution. Dublin: History Press Ireland, 2013.

  Chain, E., et al. “Further Observations on Penicillin.” Lancet, August 16, 1941, 177–88.

  ———. “Penicillin as a Chemotherapeutic Agent.” Lancet, August 20, 1940 226–28.

  Colebrook, L. “Alexander Fleming 1881–1955.” Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 2 (1956): 117–27.

  Lax, Eric. The Mold in Dr. Florey’s Coat: The Story of the Penicillin Miracle. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2015.

  Macfarlane, Gwyn. Alexander Fleming: The Man and the Myth. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1984.

  ———. Howard Florey: The Making of a Great Scientist. Oxford: Oxford University Press 1979.

  Mazumdar, P. M. “Fleming as Bacteriologist: Alexander Fleming.” Science 225 (1984): 1140.

  Raju, T. N. “The Nobel Chronicles. 1945: Sir Alexander Fleming (1881–1955); Sir Ernst Boris Chain (1906–79); and Baron Howard Walter Florey (1898–1968).” Lancet 353 (1999): 936.

  Shampo, M. A. and R. A. Kyle. “Ernst Chain—Nobel Prize for Work on Penicillin.” Mayo Clinic Proceedings 75 (2000): 882.

  “Sir Howard Florey, F.R.S.: Lister Medallist.” Nature 155 (1945): 601.

  History of penicillin

  Bud, Robert. Penicillin: Triumph and Tragedy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.

  Hare, R. “New Light on the History of Penicillin.” Medical History 26 (1982): 1–24.

  Selman Waksman biography—streptomycin

  Hotchkiss, R. D. “Selman Abraham Waksman.” Biographies of Members of the National Academy of Science 83 (2003): 320-43.

  Pringle, Peter. Experiment Eleven: Dark Secrets Behind the Discovery of a Wonder Drug. London: Walker Books, 2012.

  “Selman A. Waksman (1888–1973).” http://web.archive.org/web/20080418134324/http://waksman.rutgers.edu/Waks/Waksman/DrWaksman.html, retrieved January 6, 2016.

  Wainwright, M. “Streptomycin: Discovery and Resultant Controversy.” History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences 13: (1991) 97–124.

  Waksman, Selman A. My Life with the Microbes, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1954.

  History of TB

  Bynum, Helen. Spitting Blood: The History of Tuberculosis. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.

  Dormandy, Thomas. The White Death: A History of Tuberculosis. New York: New York University Press, 2000.

  Goetz, Thomas. The Remedy: Robert Koch, Arthur Conan Doyle, and the Quest to Cure Tuberculosis. New York: Gotham, 2014.

  Golden age antibiotic discovery

  Demain, A. L. “Industrial Microbiology.” Science 214 (1981): 987–95.

  Chapter 9: The Pig Elixir: The Library of Genetic Medicine

  History of insulin

  Baeshen, N.A., et al. “Cell Factories for Insulin Production.” Microbial Cell Factories 13 (2014): 141–150.

  Bliss, Michael. Banting: A Biography. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, Scholarly Publishing Division, 1993.

  Bliss, Michael. The Discovery of Insulin. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press, 2007.

  Cooper, Thea, and Arthur Ainsberg. Breakthrough: Elizabeth Hughes, the Discovery of Insulin, and the Making of a Medical Miracle. London: St. Martin’s Griffin, 2011.

  Mohammad K., M. K. Ghazavi, and G. A. Johnston. “Insulin Allergy.” Clinics in Dermatology 29 (2011): 300–305.

  History of Eli Lilly

  Manufacturing Pharmaceuticals: Eli Lilly and Company, 1876–1948. In James Madison, Business and Economic History, 1989. Business History Conference.

  History of diabetes

  Auwerx, J. “PPARgamma, the Ultimate Thrifty Gene.” Diabetalogia 42 (1999): 1033–49.

  Blades M., et al. “Dietary Advice in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus—History and Current Practice.” Journal of the Royal Society of Health 117 (1997): 143–50.

  Brownson, R. C., et al. “Declining Rates of Physical Activity in the United States: What Are the Contributors?” Annual Review of Public Health 26 (2005): 421–43.

  Brunton, L,. et al. Chapter 43, “Endocrine Pancreas and Pharmacotherapy of Diabetes Mellitus and Hypoglycemia.” In Goodman and Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. New York: McGraw-Hill Education/Medical (12th edition), 2011.

  Duhault, J., and R. Lavielle. “History and Evolution of the Concept of Oral Therapy in Diabetes.” Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 14 suppl 2 (1991): S9–13.

  Eknoyan, G., and J. Nagy. “A History of Diabetes Mellitus or How a Disease of the Kidneys Evolved into a Kidney Disease.” Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease 12 (2005) : 223–9.

  Ezzati, M., and E. Riboli. “Behavioral and Dietary Risk Factors for Noncom municable Diseases.” New England Journal of Medicine 369 (2013): 954–64.

  Gallwitz, B. “Therapies for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Based on In
cretin Action.” Minerva Endocrinology 31 (2006): 133–47.

  Güthner, T., et al. “Guanidine and Derivatives.” In Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-Verlag Helvetica Chimica, 2010.

  Hoppin, A. G., et al. “Case 31-2006: A 15-Year-Old Girl with Severe Obesity.” New England Journal of Medicine 355 (2006): 1593–1602.

  Kasper, D., et al. Chapter 417, “Diabetes Mellitus: Diagnosis, Classification, and Pathophysiology.” In Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine.19th edition. New York: McGraw-Hill Education, 2015.

  Kleinsorge, H. “Carbutamide—The First Oral Antidiabetic. A Retrospect.” Experimental Clinical Endocrinology and Diabetes 106 (1998): 149–51.

  Loubatieres-Mariani, M. M. “[The Discovery of Hypoglycemic Sulfonamides—original article in French].” Journal of the Society of Biology 201 (2007): 121–5.

  Mogensen, C. E. “Diabetes Mellitus: A Look at the Past, a Glimpse to the Future.” Medicographia 33 (2011): 9–14.

  Parkes, D. G., et al. “Discovery and Development of Exenatide: the First Antidiabetic Agent to Leverage the Multiple Benefits of the Incretin Hormone, GLP-1.” Expert Opinion in Drug Discovery 8 (2013): 219–44.

  Pei, Z. “From the Bench to the Bedside: Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Inhibitors, a New Class of Oral Antihyperglycemic Agents.” Current Opinion in Discovery and Development 11 (2008): 512–32.

  Slotta, K. H., and T. Tschesche. “Uber Biguanide. II. Die Blutzucker senkende Wirkung der Biguanides.” Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft B: Abhandlungen, 62 (1929): 1398–1405.

  Staels, B., et al. “The Effects of Fibrates and Thiazolidinediones on Plasma Triglyceride Metabolism Are Mediated by Distinct Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptors (PPARs).” Biochemie 79 (1997): 95–9.

  Thornberry, N, A., and A. E. Weber. “Discovery of JANUVIA (Sitagliptin), a Selective Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Inhibitor for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes.” Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 7 (2007): 557–68.

  Yki-Jarvinen, H. “Thiazolidinediones.” New England Journal of Medicine 351 (2004): 1106–18.

  History of insulin

  Poretsky, Leonid. Principles of Diabetes Mellitus, New York: Springer, 2010.

  Sönksen, P. H. “The Evolution of Insulin Treatment.” Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 6 (1977): 481–97.