The Drug Hunters
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Lilly as insulin manufacturer
Madison, James, H. Eli Lilly: A Life, 1885–1977, Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society, 2006.
History of gene cloning
Tooze, James, and John Watson. The DNA Story: A Documentary History of Gene Cloning. New York: W. H. Freeman, 1983.
Development of the biotech industry
Hughes, Sally Smith. Genentech: The Beginnings of Biotech. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011.
Leaser, B., et al. “Protein Therapeutics: A Summary and Pharmacological Classification,” Nature Review Drug Discovery 7 (2008): 21–39.
Shimasaki, Craig, ed. Biotechnology Entrepreneurship: Starting, Managing, and Leading Biotech Companies. San Diego: Academic Press, 2014.
Recombinant monoclonal antibodies
Marks, Lara V. The Lock and Key of Medicine: Monoclonal Antibodies and the Transformation of Healthcare. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2015.
Shire, Stephen. Monoclonal Antibodies: Meeting the Challenges in Manufacturing, Formulation, Delivery and Stability of Final Drug Product. Sawston, Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing, 2015
Chapter 10: From Blue Death to Beta Blockers: The Library of Epidemiological Medicine
John Snow biography
Hempel, Sandra. The Strange Case of the Broad Street Pump: John Snow and the Mystery of Cholera. Oakland: University of California Press, 2007.
Johnson, Steven. The Ghost Map: The Story of London’s Most Terrifying Epidemic—and How It Changed Science, Cities, and the Modern World. New York: Riverhead Books, 2006.
Cholera background and history
Gordis, Leon. Epidemiology, Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, 2008.
Kotar, S. L. and G. E. Gessler. Cholera: A Worldwide History. Jefferson: McFarland & Company, 2014.
Polio and sugar story
Nathanson, N. and O. M. Kew. “From Emergence to Eradication: The Epidemiology of Poliomyelitis Deconstructed.” American Journal of Epidemiology 172 (2010): 1213–29.
Framingham heart study
Bruenn, H. G. “Clinical Notes on the Illness and Death of President Franklin D. Roosevelt.” Annals Internal Medicine 72 (1970): 579–91.
Hay, J. H. “A British Medical Association Lecture on THE SIGNIFICANCE OF A RAISED BLOOD PRESSURE.” British Medical Journal 2: (1931) 43–47.
Kolata, G. “Seeking Clues to Heart Disease in DNA of an Unlucky Family.” New York Times, May 12, 2013.
Levy, Daniel. “60 Years Studying Heart-Disease Risk.” Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 7 (2008): 715.
———. Change of Heart: Unraveling the Mysteries of Cardiovascular Disease. New York: Vintage Books, 2007.
Mahmood, S. S., et al. “The Framingham Heart Study and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Disease: A Historical Perspective.” Lancet 383 (2014): 999–1008.
Hypertension history
Esunge, P. M. “From Blood Pressure to Hypertension: The History of Research.” Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 84 (1991): 621.
Postel-Vinay, Nicolas, ed., A Century of Arterial Hypertension: 1896–1996, Hoboken: Wiley, 1997.
History of hydrochlorothiazide
Beyer, K. H. “Chlorothiazide: How the Thiazides Evolved as Anti-Hypertensive Therapy.” Hypertension 22 (1993): 388–91.
Burkhart, Ford. “Dr. Karl Beyer Jr., 82, Pharmacology Researcher.” New York Times, December 16, 1996.
James Black biography and beta blocker
Black J. W. et al. “A New Adrenergic Beta Receptor Antagonist.” Lancet 283 (1964): 1080–1.
Scheindlin, S. “A Century of Ulcer Medications,” Molecular Interventions 5 (2005): 201–6
Sir James W. Black, Biographical, http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1988/black-bio.html, retrieved January 9, 2016.
Cushman and Ondetti
Cushman, D. W., and M. A. Ondetti. “History of the Design of Captopril and Related Inhibitors of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme,” Hypertension 17 (1991): 589–92.
Ondetti, Miguel. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Ondetti, retrieved January 4, 2016.
Ondetti, Miguel, et al. “Design of Specific Inhibitors of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme: New Class of Orally Active Anti-Hypertensive Agents.” Science, new series 196 (1977): 441–4.
Smith, C. G., and J. R. Vane. “The Discovery of Captopril.” FASEB Journal 17 (2003): 788–9.
Cholesterol and heart disease
Alberts, A. W. “Discovery, Biochemistry and Biology of Lovastatin.” American Journal of Cardiology 62 (1988): 10J–15J.
Kolata, G. “Cholesterol-Heart Disease Link Illuminated,” Science 221 (1983): 1164–6.
Tobert, J. A. “Lovastatin and Beyond: The History of the HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors.” Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 2 (2003): 517–26.
Vaughn, C. J., et al. “The Evolving Role of Statins in the Management of Atherosclerosis.” Journal of the American College Cardiology 35 (2000): 1–10.
Joseph Goldstein and Michael Brown familial hypercholesterolemia
Brown, M. S., and J. L. Goldstein. “A Receptor Mediated Pathway for Cholesterol Homeostasis.” http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1985/brown-goldstein-lecture.pdf, retrieved January 9, 2016.
History of statins
Smith G. D., and J. Pekkanen. “The Cholesterol Controversy.” British Medical Journal 304 (1992): 913.
Chapter 11: The Pill: Drug Hunters Striking Gold Outside of Big Pharma
History of the pill: hormones and ovulation history
Eig, Jonathan. The Birth of the Pill: How Four Crusaders Reinvented Sex and Launched a Revolution. New York: W. W. Norton, 2015.
Goldzieher, J. W., and H. W. Rudel. “How the Oral Contraceptives Came to be Developed.” Journal of the American Medical Association 230 (1974): 421–5.
Russell Marker biography
Lehmann, P. A., et al. “Russell E. Marker Pioneer of the Mexican Steroid Industry.” Journal of Chemical Education 50 (1973): 195–9.
Marker degradation
“The ‘Marker’ Degradation and the Creation of the Mexican Steroid Hormone Industry 1938–1945.” American Chemical Society. https://www.acs.org/content/dam/acsorg/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/progesteronesynthesis/marker-degradation-creation-of-the-mexican-steroid-industry-by-russell-marker-commemorative-booklet.pdf, retrieved January 4, 2016.
Syntex
Laveaga, Gabriela Soto. Jungle Laboratories: Mexican Peasants, National Projects, and the Making of the Pill. Durham: Duke University Press, 2009.
Gregory Pincus
Diczfalusy, E. “Gregory Pincus and Steroidal Contraception: A New Departure in the History of Mankind.” Journal of Steroid Biochemistry 11 (1979): 3–11.
“Dr. Pincus, Developer of Birth-Control Pill, Dies.” New York Times, August 23, 1967.
Baron de Hirsch Fund
Joseph, Samuel. History of the Baron De Hirsch Fund: Americanization of the Jewish Immigrant. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1935; New York: Augustus M. Kelley Publishing, January 1978.
Margaret Sanger
Chesler, Ellen. Woman of Valor: Margaret Sanger and the Birth Control Movement in America. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2007.
Grant, George, and Kent Hovind. Killer Angel: A Short Biography of Planned Parenthood’s Founder, Margaret Sanger. Amazon Digital Services, 2015.
Sanger, Margaret. The Autobiography of Margaret Sanger, Mineola: Dover Publications, 2012.
Katharine Dexter McCormick
Engel, Keri Lynn. “Katharine McCormick, Biologist and Millionaire Philanthropist.” Amazing Women in History http://www.amazingwomeninhistory.com/katharine-mccormick-birth-control-history/, retrieved January 3, 2016.
John Rock
Berger, Joseph. “John Rock, Developer of the Pill and Authority on Fertility, Dies.” New York Times, December 5, 1984.
Gladwell, Malcolm. “John Rock’s Error.” The New Yorker, March 13, 2000.
Chapter 12: Mystery Cures: Discovering Drugs through Blind Luck
James Lind and scurvy
Gordon, E. C. “Scurvy and Anson’s Voyage Round the World: 1740–1744. An Analysis of the Royal Navy’s Worst Outbreak.” American Neptune 44 (1984): 155–166.
Lamb, Jonathan. “Captain Cook and the Scourge of Scurvy.” http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/captaincook_scurvy_01.shtml, retrieved February 20, 2016.
McNeill, Robert B. James Lind: The Scot Who Banished Scurvy and Daniel Defoe, England’s Secret Agent. Amazon Digital Services, 2011.
George Rieveschl biography
“The George Rieveschl, Jr., Papers (January 9, 1916–September 27, 2007), Collection No. 19.” http://www.lloydlibrary.org/archives/inventories/rieveschl_papers_finding_aid.pdf, retrieved January 4, 2016.
Hevesli, D. “George Rieveschl, 91, Allergy Reliever, Dies.” New York Times, September 29, 2007.
Muller, G. “Medicinal Chemistry of Target Family-Directed Masterkeys.” Drug Discovery Today. 8 (2003): 681–91.
Diphenhydramine
Brunton, Laurence, et al., eds. Chapter 32, “Histamine, Bradykinin, and Their Antagonists.” In Goodman and Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, New York: McGraw-Hill Education/Medical (12th edition), 2011.
Schizophrenia and Chlorpromazine
Ban, T. A. “Fifty Years Chlorpromazine: A Historical Perspective.” Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 3 (2007) : 495500.
Freedman, R. “Schizophrenia.” New England Journal of Medicine 349 (2003): 1738–49.
Lieberman, Jeffrey A. Shrinks: The Untold Story of Psychiatry. New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2015.
Moussaoui, Driss. “A Biography of Jean Delay: First President of the World Psychiatric Association (History of the World Psychiatric Association).” Excerpta Medica, 2002.
Nasar, Sylvia. A Beautiful Mind. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2011.
“Paul Charpentier, Henri-Marie Laborit, Simone Courvoisier, Jean Delay, and Pierre Deniker.” Chemical Heritage Foundation. http://www.chemheritage.org/discover/online-resources/chemistry-in-history/themes/pharmaceuticals/restoring-and-regulating-the-bodys-biochemistry/charpentier--laborit--courvoisier--delay--deniker.aspx, retrieved January 4, 2016.
Roland Kuhn and depression—Geigy relationship
Belmaker, R. H., and G. Agam. “Major Depressive Disorder.” New England Journal of Medicine (358, 2008): 55–68.
Bossong, F. “Erinnerung an Roland Kuhn (1912–2005) und 50 Jahre Imipramin.” Der Nervenarzt 9 (2008): 1080.
Cahn, Charles. “Roland Kuhn, 1912–2005.” Neuropsychopharmacology 31 (2006): 1096.
Imipramine
Ayd, Frank J., and Barry Blackwell. Ayd. Discoveries in Biological Psychiatry. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1970.
Fangmann, P., et al. “Half a Century of Antidepressant Drugs.” Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 28 (2008): 1–4.
Shorter, Edward. Before Prozac: The Troubled History of Mood Disorders in Psychiatry. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
———. A Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
Conclusion: The Future of the Drug Hunter: The Chevy Volt and the Lone Ranger
Chevy Volt history
Edsall, Larry. Chevrolet Volt: Charging into the Future. Minneapolis: Motorbooks, 2010.
Viagra—sildenafil
Ghofrani, H. A., et al. “Sildenafil: From Angina to Erectile Dysfunction to Pulmonary Hypertension and Beyond.” Nature Review Drug Discovery 5 (2006): 689–702.
Cialis—tadalafil
Rotella, D. P. “Phosphodiesteras 5 Inhibitors: Current Status and Potential Applications.” Nature Review Drug Discovery 1 (2002): 674–82.
NovoBiotic Pharmaceuticals story
Grady, Dennis. “New Antibiotic Stirs Hope Against Resistant Bacteria.” New York Times, January 7, 2015.
Kaeberlin, T., et al. “Isolating ‘Uncultivable’ Microorganisms in Pure Culture in a Simulated Natural Environment.” Science 296 (2002): 1127–9.
Naik, Gautam. “Scientists Discover Potent Antibiotic, A Potential Weapon Against a Range of Diseases.” Wall Street Journal, January 9, 2015.
Index
1893 World’s Exposition in Chicago, 117
1906 Pure Food and Drug Act, 100
606. See Salvarsan
Abbott Laboratories, 133, 142
abscess, 46
ACE, 186–88
acetylsalicylic acid. See aspirin
Act Up, 106
actinomycin, 138
adrenaline, 184–86
adrenaline receptors, 92, 93, 185
adulterants, 109
Advil, 73
Aetios of Amida, 221
agar plates, 128, 132
Age of Chemistry, 152
Age of Dirt, 140, 142, 163, 193
Age of Genetic Medicine, 193
Age of Industrial Formulation, 58
Age of Plants, 31, 38, 43, 55, 152, 163, 193, 227
Age of Synthetic Chemistry, 72, 93, 163, 193
AIDS, 106, 135, 139, 143, 252
albuterol, 93
alchemy, 20, 33, 44, 58
alcohol, 3, 19, 20, 34, 38, 104, 109
alpha receptors, 185
ALS, 227
Alzheimer’s, 9
American Birth Control League, 206
American Cyanamid. See Cyanamid
American Home Products, 56–57, 106
American Lawyer, 108
American Medical Association (AMA), 102
American Psychiatric Association, 233
Amgen, 167
amino acids, 164
amputation, 46
analogs (chemical), 141, 241
anesthetics, 11–12, 44, 47–49, 123, 155, 227
gaseous surgical anesthetics, 227
angina, 44–45, 184
angiotensin converting enzyme. See ACE
animal testing, 69, 86, 100
Anson, Commodore George, 228
anthrax, 127
antibiotics, 12, 98, 138–43, 218, 247, 251–52
antibiotic drugs held in reserve, 141
antibiotics discovery programs, 12, 142
broad-spectrum antibiotics, 98
economics of antibiotics, 127, 251–52
marginalized antibiotic research, 142
narrow-spectrum antibiotics, 98
antibiotic-resistant bacteria, 141–142
MRSA, 141
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 141
Staphylococcus aureus, 141
antibodies, 91, 167, 169, 177–78,
antidepressants, 58, 110, 239–41
antidotes, 103, 122
anti-flatulents, 45
antifungals, 5, 149, 247, 252
antigens, 91
antihelminthic, 4
antihistamine, 234
anti-hypertensives, 182–86, 189, 235
antipsychotics, 110, 237–40
Anti-spitting laws, 135
anti-tuberculin drugs, 139
aphrodisiacs, 39, 147–48
apothecaries, 32, 37, 44, 51–53, 64, 68, 119
American, 44
Engel-Apotheke, 21
in Romeo and Juliet, 51
Worshipful Society of Apothecaries, 51
arms race between diseases and cures, 24, 140
arsenic, 87–88, 97
arsphenamine. See Salvarsan
Arthur Eichengrün. See Bayer Company
artificial hibernation, 234
ascorbic acid. See vitamin C
aspirin, 26, 61f, 67–75, 88, 93, 98, 150, 199, 207, 210, 236
false history of Aspirin, 74–75
asthma, 93, 185
atherosclerosis, 180
athlete’s foot, 5, 7, 167, 250
atoxyl, 87
autopsies, 81
Aventis, 142
Ayerst Pharmaceuticals, 5
aztreonam, 212–13
bacitracin, 140
bacteria, 81, 84, 86, 97–99, 127–43, 162–66, 176, 252
/> E. coli, 141, 162, 166
M. smegmatis, 137
spirochete bacterium, 87
Staphylococcus aureus, 127, 141
Steptomyces griseus, 138
streptococci bacteria, 99
Streptomycetes, 137
tuberculosis bacterium (M. tuberculosis), 134–38
Vibrio cholera, 177
Banting and Best, 145f, 153–61, 169
black eye, 157
dogs, 155–57
industrial-scale run, 161
Thompson, Leonard, first patient for insulin, 159–60
Banting, Frederick. See Banting and Best
Baron de Hirsch Agricultural College, 204
Baron de Hirsch Fund, 203
Baroness Karen von Blixen-Finecke. See Dinesen, Isak
Bayer Company, 22, 63, 66–75, 98–99
Duisberg, Carl, 66–75
Hoffman, Felix, 69, 73–75
Bayer AG, 98
Béchamp, Antoine, 87
Beecham, plc, 105
benzene, 12, 63
benzodiazepines, 109
Librium, 109, 258
Valium, 258
benzylpenicillin. See penicillin
Berg, Paul, 162
beriberi, 231
Best, Charles. See Banting and Best
beta blockers, 163, 166
beta receptors, 185, 247
Beyer, Karl, 182
Bigelow, Henry, 48
Big Pharma, 4, 6, 7, 14, 26, 55, 68, 105, 106, 112, 133, 141, 164, 167, 183, 193, 218, 233, 238, 248, 251–52
Abbott Laboratories, 133, 142
American Home Products, 56–57, 106
avoiding psychiatric drugs, 233
Bayer Company, 22, 63, 66–75, 98–99
Beecham, plc, 105
Biogen, 167
birth of Big Pharma, 55
Bristol Myers, 55, 133, 190
career move to FDA, 112
Cyanamid, 39–40, 56, 63, 105, 112
E. R. Squibb and Sons, 55–56, 58, 67, 70, 133, 142, 164–66, 186–90, 212
Eli Lilly, 133, 142, 150–53, 157–61, 164–66
G. D. Searle, 218–20
giving up on antibiotics, 141
GlaxoSmithKline, 105
Hoechst AG, 64, 88
Lilly (company), 70, 133, 142, 150–52, 157–61, 164–66, 248
Merck (company), 4, 21, 63, 133, 138, 180–82
Novartis, 4, 8, 63, 237
Parke Davis, 133
penicillin club of Big Pharma, 133
Roche, 63
Schering, 133
SmithKline, 105, 236–37
Upjohn, 133
Wyeth, 26, 108, 142