by Hew Strachan
Voluntary Aid Detachments 109
Von der Tann, S.M.S. 416–17, 428, 431, 434
Vorontsov-Dashkov, Count 719, 776, 786
Vorticism 140
Vorwärts 120–1, 144, 146, 151
Vosges 177, 194, 213, 253
Vyborg 116
Wahabi 807
Wahehe 574, 622
Wahle, Kurt 592, 597–8, 615, 617–19, 622–3, 629, 632–3, 637
Waldersee, Alfred von 54, 167, 287
Waldersee, Georg von 290–1, 319, 324
Wallace, C. A. 620
Wallas, Graham 135
Walvis Bay 548, 554, 560, 600
Wami river 612
Wandel, Franz 1001–2, 1009, 1035–6, 1038
Wandervogel 148, 153
Wangenheim, Hans von 666–9, 671, 676, 686–7, 697–8, 716, 730, 732, 746, 770–1, 774, 780, 782–4
Wangeni 629
Wapshare, R. 584, 586, 599
war aims 1114–15
see also under individual countries
war enthusiasm 161–2, 905, 1013–14
see also under individual countries
War on War League 544
Warburg, Max 946, 975
Warburg, Paul 973
Warburgs 942, 944, 948
Ward, Joseph 444–5
War Industries Committee 1097, 1099–101, 1112
Warrender, George 428–30
Warsaw 287, 290, 306–8, 316, 318, 326–7, 347, 359, 361, 364–6, 369–71, 1093
Wash, the 427
Wassmuss, Wilhelm 771, 780–2, 786, 788–9
Watanists 730–1
Waterberg 565–6
Waterloo, battle of 211
Waziristan 807–8
weather 369–70, 373, 391, 428–9, 477, 504, 602, 607, 609–10, 614, 626, 629, 716, 725–6, 728, 749, 994, 996
Weber, Alfred 1131
Weber, Max 1, 9–10, 103, 139, 1122, 1133, 1137
Webb, Sidney 864
Wedekind, Frank 141
Wegener, Wolfgang 438–9
Weihaiwei 455
Weizmann, Chaim 1083
Wells, H. G. xv-xvi, 162, 1115, 1124
Wermuth, Adolf 852, 890–1
Wesso 525–6
West, G. H. 1075, 1079
West Africa 497–9, 506, 509
West African Frontier Force 495, 502, 505, 511, 521, 627
West Indies 407, 454
Westinghouse 1107
wheat 979, 982, 985–7
Whimo 618
Whitby 429
White, Henry 1010
Wiegand, Theodor 711
Wielmans, General 276
Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, Ulrich von 1122, 1125
Wild von Hohenborn, Adolf 1035–6
Wilhelm I 454
Wilhelm II 6–9, 11–12, 15–16, 20–1, 26, 32–3, 37, 51–3, 57, 60, 71–3, 75, 85–6, 88–90, 121, 123, 142, 151, 172–3, 175–6, 208, 234–5, 262–3, 406, 409, 411–13, 423–6, 431, 437, 440, 449, 462, 1010, 1120, 1132–3, 1137
and Turkish alliance 666, 695–6, 700, 708
Wilhelm, Crown Prince of Prussia 207, 235–6
Wilhelmshaven 406, 426, 449
Wilhelmstal 571, 598
Willenberg 329
Wilson, Arthur 27, 380–1, 386–7, 389–90, 392, 394–5, 400, 402–3, 422
Wilson, Henry 26–7, 29, 93, 198–206, 222, 249, 252, 271, 374, 382, 1012
Wilson, Woodrow 456, 832, 877, 944, 966–7, 974, 976, 978
Winchester 1107
Windhoek 452, 548, 556–8, 560, 562, 564–5, 589
Wingate, Reginald 729, 747–9
Winnington-Ingram, Arthur 1116
Wintgens, Max 570, 585, 617–18, 629–31, 640
wireless 233–4, 391–2, 421–3, 427–8, 434–5, 445, 450–2, 465, 467, 470–1, 474–5, 505, 508, 555, 558, 565, 588–9, 762, 764, 781
Wiseman, William 804
Witte, Sergei 844
Wolf, Theodor 151–2
Agency 706
women and support for the war 107–10, 155, 161
Woodward, Llewellyn 78
Woolley, Leonard 737
Worcestershire Regiment 277
Woyrsch, Remus von 351
Wum Biagas 530, 536
Wundt, Wilhelm 1128, 1130
Wuri 523–4
Württemberg 152, 1029
Albrecht, Grand Duke of 207, 274
Wyck, Neels van 564
Wyllie, Curzon 794
Wytschaete 277
Yamamoto Gombei 457
Yanushkevitch, N. 84, 314–15, 318, 786
Yao 636
Yap 452
Yarmouth 428
Yashiro Rokuro 464
Yasu, Lij 747
Yemen 658, 683, 706
Yeniköy 725–7
Yola 516, 521–2, 704
Emir of 533, 542
Ypres 266, 273, 275–80, 367–8, 371, 993–4, 999, 1002
Yser 270, 273–6
Yuan Shih-kai 456, 462–3, 483, 485–9, 802–3
Yudenich, Nicolai 719, 725–7, 786
Yukaduma 525–7, 532
Yunnan 488
Zabern 28, 119, 149
Zaians 767
Zambezi river 600, 621, 636, 639
Zandvoorde 276
Zanzibar 10, 406, 575, 580, 588, 704
Zeebrugge 202, 273
Zekki Pasha 735, 738
Zenker, Hans 431
Zentral-Einkauf Gesellschaft 944–5
Zeppelin 211, 431, 590
Zhilinskii, I. G. 307, 309, 315–18, 326–8, 331–2, 335
Zimmerman, in Cameroons 517, 524, 526–7, 529, 533, 535, 537–40, 570, 643
Zimmermann, Arthur 72–3, 697, 700, 707, 774
Zimmern, Alfred 1114, 1124–7
Zionism 696–7
Zivin 727
Zlocow 353
Zlota Lipa river 353, 356
Zugmayer, Erich 781, 788
Zuwaitinah 750
Zuwarah 751
Zweig, Stefan 104–5, 141
1 Tim Travers, ‘The development of British military historical writing and thought from the eighteenth century to the present’, in Charters, Milner, Wilson (eds.), Military history and the military profession, 34; see also Hew Strachan ‘“The Real War”: Liddell Hart, Cruttwell, and Falls’, in Bond (ed.), The First World War and British military history. (Full references to works cited in the notes will be found in the Bibliography.)
2 Lindsay, The London Scottish in the Great War, 48–53.
3 See Alex Danchev, ‘“Bunking” and debunking: the controversies of the 1960s, in Bond (ed.), The First World War and British military history, 263, 279–81.
4 Talbot Kelly, A subaltern’s odyssey, 19.
5 Strachan, ‘“The Real War” ‘, in Bond (ed.), First World War and British military history, 59.
6 Wells, Mr Britling sees it through, 206.
7 The Times, 9 Nov. 1981.
1 In addition to books specified in subsequent footnotes, the following works have been of general assistance throughout this chapter: Albertini, Origins of the war ; Berghahn, Germany and the approach of war ; Bridge and Bullen, Great powers and the European states system ; Droz, Les causes ; Fischer, War of illusions ; Jarausch, Enigmatic chancellor ; Joll, Origins ; Kaiser, Journal of modern history, LV (1983), 442–74; Keiger, France and the origins ; Kennedy, Rise ; Koch (ed.), Origins ; Krumeich, Armaments ; Steiner, Britain and the origins ; Williamson, Politics of grand strategy.
2 Langdon, July 1914, 20–65; Herwig, International Security, XII (1972), 5–44; Droz, Les causes, 12–19.
3 Lloyd George, War memoirs, i. 32.
4 Fay, Origins of the world war, i. 2.
5 Renouvin, La Crise européeenne, 1939 edn., 183.
6 Fischer, War of illusions, pp. viii-ix; on Fischer’s reaction to the debate, see Fisher World power or decline ; Droz, Les causes, provides an excellent historiographical survey.
7 I. Geiss, ‘Origins of the first world war’, in Ko
ch (ed.), Origins, 46.
8 Tables in Trebilcock, Industrialisation, 433–5.
9 Quoted by Paul Kennedy, in Röhl and Sombart (eds.), Kaiser Wilhelm II, 155. Much of what follows rests on the essays in this book, particularly those of Röhl and Deist, and on Isabel V. Hull, The entourage of Kaiser Wilhelm II.
10 Hull, The entourage of Kaiser Wilhelm II, 97; see also Craig, Modern Germany, 273.
11 Quoted by Craig, in New York Review of Books, 18 Feb. 1988 (refferring to Mommsen, Weber).
12 Peter Winzen, ‘Zur Genesis von Weltmacht—Konzept und Weltpolitik’, in Röhl (ed.), Der Ort Kaiser Wilhelms II.
13 Steiner, Britain and the origins, 68–71; Herwig, Luxury fleet, ch. 6, esp. pp. 106–7.
14 midst the vast literature on this subject, Kaiser, Journal of Modern History, LV (1983), 442–74, speaks much sense.
15 The main works in English on the naval programme are Herwig, Luxury fleet, and Steinberg, Yesterday’s deterrent.
16 Kennedy, Anglo-German antagonism, 291.
17 Offer, First World War, 6; Sumida, In defence of naval supremacy, 7, 13–23.
18 Williamson, Politics of Grand Strategy, chs. 1 and 2.
19 On German naval plans, see Lambi, Navy and German power politics, esp. 242–4, 257–60.
20 Bucholz, Moltke, Schlieffen, and Prussian war planning, 207–8; Herrmann, Arming of Europe, 30–5, 37–41, 52–5; Stevenson, Armaments and the coming of war, 68–75.
21 Balfour, Kaiser, 252–4.
22 Keiger, France and the origins, ch. 2; Hayne, French foreign office, 139–40.
23 Marder, From the Dreadnought, i. 40–2.
24 Sumida, In defence of naval supremacy, 37–61.
25 Marder (ed.), Fear God and dread nought, ii. 51, 55.
26 Howard, Continental commitment, 51–2; on the British position in general, see Steiner, Britain and the origins.
27 Williamson, Politics of grand strategy, ch. 3, esp. 72–4, 81–3.
28 Gooch, Plans of war, 217.
29 McDonald, United government and foreign policy in Russia, 4, 97–110; Neilson, Britain and the last Tsar, pp. xiv, 11–12, 267–9; D. W. Spring, Slavonic and East European Review, LXVI (1988), 583–91.
30 Epkenhans, Wilhelminische Flottenrüstung, 26.
31 Jarausch, Enigmatic chancellor, 71–91.
32 Steiner, Britain and the origins, 60–4.
33 Ibid. 54–6; Epkenhans, Wilhelminische Flottenrüstung, 32–91.
34 Duroselle, La France, 12–19; Keiger, France and the origins, 37–40; Kaiser, Politics and war, 321–2.
35 Keiger, France and the origins, 34; Hayne, French foreign office, 199–214.
36 Quoted in Morris, The Scaremongers, 286.
37 Hiley, Historical Journal, XXVI (1983), 881–4.
38 Herrmann, Arming of Europe, 55–6, 84.
39 Gooch, Plans of war, 165–73; Gooch, Prospect of war, pp. vii-viii, 93–112; Spiers, Haldane, 3–4, 9, 38–44, 64–5, 71–3, 77–81, 193–5.
40 Paul Hayes, ‘Britain, Germany and the Admiralty’s plans for attacking German territory 1906–1915’, in Freedman et al. (eds.), War, strategy and international politics.
41 Grigg, Lloyd George, 133; Gilbert, Lloyd George, 76.
42 Gregor Schöllgen, ‘Germany’s foreign policy in the age of imperialism: a vicious circle?’, 129–30, and Gustav Schmidt, ‘Contradictory postures and conflicting objectives: the July crisis’, 138, in Schöllgen (ed.), Escape into war?.
43 Steiner, Britain and the origins, 244–5; also 113, 117.
44 Hayne, French foreign policy, 242–3.
45 Stevenson, Armaments and the coming of war, 239–41.
46 On Poincaré’s policy in general, see Keiger, France and the origins ; on the importance of the 1912 guarantees, L. C. F. Turner, ‘Russian mobilisation in 1914’ in Kennedy (ed.), War plans, 252–6.
47 Krumeich, Armaments, ch. 6.
48 Ritter, Sword and the sceptre, ii. 223.
49 Krumeich, Armaments, esp. 17–18, 125.
50 Quoted in ibid. 74.
51 Herwig, Luxury fleet, 75.
52 Marder, From the Dreadnought, i. 275–6; Epkenhans, Wilhelminische Flottenrüstung, 114–42.
53 Stevenson, Armaments and the coming of war, 174–5, 215.
54 Geyer, Deutsche Rüstungspolitik, 89.
55 Kroboth, Finanzpolitik des Deutschen Reiches, 306, 312.
56 Epkenhans, Wilhelminische Flottenrüstungspolitik, 312–24, 343, 396.
57 Churchill, Unknown war, 49.
58 Thompson, In the eye of the storm, 60–5.
59 In addition to the works cited in n. 1 above, the following books and articles have been of general assistance in the writing of this section: Beztuzhev, Journal of Contemporary History, I (1966), 93–112; Bridge, From Sadowa to Sarajevo ; Dedijer, Road to Sarajevo ; Lieven, Russia and the origins ; Leslie, Wiener Beiträge, XX (1993), 307–94; Linke, Miltärgeschichtliche Mitteilungen, 32 (1982), 9–34;May, Passing of the Hapsburg monarchy ; Mommsen, Central European History, VI (1973), 3–43; Mommsen, ‘Topos of inevitable war in Germany in the decade before 1914’, in Berghahn and Kitchen (eds.), Germany in the age of total war ; Pares, Fall of the Russian monarchy ; Renouvin, Crise Européenne ; Röhl, Historical Journal, XII (1969), 651–73; C. J. Smith, Russia’s struggle for power ; Stone, Past and Present, 33 (1966), 95–111; Turner, Origins ; Valiani, End of Austria-Hungary ; Williamson, Austria-Hungary ; Zeman, Break-up of the Habsburg Empire.
60 Macartney, Habsburg Empire, 755–6; Trebilcock, Industrialization, 443–4; Valiani, End of Austria Hungary, 4.
61 Fischer, ‘World policy, world power and German war aims’, in Koch (ed.), Origins, 150–1.
62 Bridge, From Sadowa, 277–80; see also 268–9; Dedijer, Road to Sarajevo, 368–9.
63 Shanafelt, The secret enemy, 4–6.
64 Williamson, Austria-Hungary, 14–30; Renouvin, Crise européene, 94; Leslie, Wiener Beiträge, XX (1993), 367–8.
65 May, Hapsburg monarchy, 394.
66 Dedijer, Road to Sarajevo, ch. 7.
67 Bridge, From Sadowa, 297–324, provides much detail on the Bosnian crisis; for the Russian perspective, see Lieven, Russia and the origins, 33–7; McDonald, Union government and foreign policy, 102, 130–51.
68 Leslie, Wiener Beiträge, XX (1993), 314, 326–8; Stevenson, Armaments and the coming of war, 85, 114, 141–2; Hermann, Arming of Europe, 108–10.
69 Fuller, Strategy and power in Russia, 419–20; Neilson, Britain and the last Tsar, 289, 296–302.
70 Lambi, Navy and German power politics, 304.
71 Tunstall, Planning for war, 60–8; Hermann, Arming of Europe, 128–30; Stevenson, Armaments and the coming of war, 114–22.
72 Dedijer, Road to Sarajevo, 371–8.
73 Fritz Fischer’s writings are the main source for these points; see Germany’s aims, 9–11, 28–9; War of Illusions, 6–11, 139–40; Fischer, in Koch (ed.), Origins.
74 Herwig, ‘Imperial Germany’, in E. May (ed.), Knowing one’s enemies, 82.
75 Bosworth, Italy and the approach, 17.
76 Herwig, in May (ed.), Knowing one’s enemies, 86.
77 Fischer, War of Illusions, 291–8; Fischer, in Koch (ed.), Origins, 141–8.
78 Lieven, Russia and the origins, 45–6.
79 Fuller, Strategy and power in Russia, 396, 427–30, 433.
80 See p. 29.
81 Hermann, Arming of Europe, 178.
82 Zeman, ‘The Balkans and the coming of war’, in Evans and Pogge von Strandmann (eds.), The coming, 31.
83 Schulte, Europäische Krise, 295–6; also Vor dem Kriegsausbruch, 14–15, 39–46.
84 Bridge, From Sadowa, 348; Williamson, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, XVIII (1988), 800; L. C. F. Turner, ‘The Russian mobilisation in 1914’, in Kennedy (ed.), War plans, 252–6; McDonald, United government, 180–6.
85 Jarausch, Enigmatic chancellor, 133–4.
86 Fischer, War of illusions, 160–203;Röhl, Histor
ical Journal, XII (1969), 651–73;Röhl, Kaiser and his court, 162–89. A constructive critique is Lambi, Navy and German power politics, 382–4.
87 Rosenberger, Zeitungen als Kriegstreiber?, 213.
88 Quoted in Hecker, Rathenau, 148. The fullest discussion of the needs of training and civil order is in the writings of Schulte, Die Deutsche Armee ; Vor dem Kriegsausbruch ; Europäische Krise. See also Stevenson, Armaments and the coming of war, 295–6.
89 Geyer, Deutsche Rüstungspolitik, 88; the discussion which follows rests on Hermann, Arming of Europe, and Stevenson, Armaments and the coming of war.
90 Kitchen, German officer corps, 65–6, 72.
91 Ritter, Sword and the sceptre, ii. 106–7, 194, denies this; but see Lambi, Navy and German power politics, 242–4, 259–60.
92 Hull, Wilhelm II, 239–42, 255–9, 262–5; see also Groener, Lebenserinnerungen, 136.
93 März, Austrian banking, 103.
94 Leslie, Wiener Beiträge, XX (1993), 315–17, 333–40, 360–9, 377–9; Leslie, ‘Österreich-Ungarn vor dem Kriegsausbruch’, 667–70; Stevenson, Armaments and the coming of war, 253–5, 267–75; Rauchensteiner, Tod des Doppeladlers, 20–1.