Samsara, Nirvana, and Buddha Nature
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cognitive faculties
afflictions and, 121
after death, 171
arising of, 182
craving and, 14, 179, 191
impermanence of, 54
mindfulness of, 204
objects of, feeling, 176–77, 183
obscuration of, 277–78
cognitive obscurations, 259–62
of arhats, 265–66
of ārya bodhisattvas, 258
to buddha nature, 308–9
cessation of, 31
latencies of afflictions as, 130
manifest, 260
collection of merit, xvi, 131, 228, 306, 313–14
collection of wisdom, 131, 298, 313
collective unconscious, 136
Commentary on Bodhicitta (Nāgārjuna), 321
Commentary on Reliable Cognition (Pramāṇavārttika, Dharmakīrti), 19
on counterforces, 280–81
on duḥkha, 48, 57
on mind’s transformation, 281
on nature of mind, 279
on order of afflictions, 105, 106
Commentary on the Awakening Mind (Nāgārjuna), 206–7
Commentary on the “Pristine Wisdom on the Verge of Transcendence Sūtra” (Kelzang Gyatso), 322–23
compassion
of bodhisattvas, 9
of buddhas, 69
and determination for freedom, relationship between, 228
developing, 193
effort in cultivating, 122
ethical conduct and, 241
freedom from craving and, 180
inability to generate, 342
limitless cultivation of, 282
mental factor of, 64–65
motivation of, in twelve links, 198
for oneself, 222
for ourselves and others, 225, 226–27
primary consciousness and, 138
righteous anger and, 113
of Śāriputra, 118
seeds of, 128
for suffering of others, 103, 219
in transforming buddha nature, 298
in unawakened mind, 316
valid foundation for, 280
as virtuous mental state, 111
without attachment, 60
wrong views regarding, 86
See also great compassion
Compendium of Determinations (Viniścaya-samgrahaṇi), 250
Compendium of Instructions (Śāntideva), 131
Compendium of Knowledge (Abhidharmasamuccaya, Asaṅga), 11, 18, 31
on afflictions, 64, 65–66, 89
on auxiliary afflictions, 92–94, 96, 345–46n34, 346n35
on bardo, twelve links in, 200
on dependent arising, 157
on fetters, 98
on virtue, five types, 138–39
on wrong views, 86
Compendium of the Mahāyāna (Mahāyānasaṃgraha, Asaṅga), 293
competition, afflicted and positive aspects of, 95
concealment, 93, 109, 345–46n34
conceit, 95–96, 115, 118
conceit of I am (asmimāna), 71, 72
concentration
alternating, 43
attachment to, 89, 183, 204
craving as inspiration in, 67
in experiencing subtle impermanence, 14
full, 242
limitless cultivation of, 282
relaxed feelings from, 60
seeds of, 128
single-pointed, 41, 116, 137, 148, 253–54, 278, 286
in suppressing defilements, 204
in transcendental dependent origination, 239, 242–44
two principal faults of, 254
concentration, higher training in, 1, 129–30, 226, 241, 253
conception, 15, 168–69, 170, 173, 174, 190, 202
conceptual fabrications, 245
conceptualizations. See distorted conceptions
conditionality, 13–14, 156, 209, 210, 232, 244, 267. See also twelve links of dependent origination
conditioned phenomena, 210
analysis of, 243
buddha nature as, 293, 323–24
death as, 190
disenchantment with, 246
duḥkha and, 29
having-ceaseds as, 133
impermanence of, 54–55
path as, 273
sentient beings as, 226
three characteristics of, 244
three types, 127, 144, 159
transforming buddha nature as, 298
true paths as, 37
conditioning action, 165. See also formative actions (saṃskāra karman)
conditions, three types, 176
confidence, xiv
in awakening, 279, 334, 340
false sense of, 92
lack of, 93
in mind’s ability to transform, 283
in nirvāṇa, 231, 232
stable, 240
in true path, 35
confusion
ignorance and, 68, 73, 74
immunity to, 247
karma and, 48
as obstruction to buddha nature, 308
as root affliction, 1, 11, 88, 259
between virtue and nonvirtue, 115
from wrong views, 85
Connected Discourses on Causation, 157
conscientiousness, 96, 138, 139, 155, 193
consciousness
afflictive, 128, 169
of arhats’ realization, 272–73
arising of, three conditions for, 176
bases of, 278
as basis of designation of self, 186
and brain, Buddhist view of, 106
Buddhist and Western views of, compared, 136–37
causal, 165, 168, 169, 177, 182
as clear and cognizant, 332
coarse and subtle, 284, 349n77
at conception, 15, 202
conceptual, 346–47n43
continuity of, 6, 206, 265, 349n72
momentariness of, 55
name and form as mutual conditions of, 170
psychological causality and, 143
resultant, 168–69, 171, 177, 188
six types, 169, 170, 172, 173, 260
true paths as, 12
Vaibhāṣika view of, 90
variant views on, 169
See also foundation consciousness; primary consciousness
contact
mental factor of, 171–72
in twelve links, 176, 177–78
contemporary society, 101, 107, 112, 221–22
contempt, 94–95, 261, 341, 342
contentment, 55, 291, 292
continuities, of type and substance, 333–34
conventional existence, 81, 157, 211, 214, 260
conventional level of truth, 18, 208, 214, 285, 286, 316
conventional nature (svabhāva), 279
conventional reliable cognizers, 25
cooperative conditions, 29, 30, 148, 149
correct mental direct perceivers, 298–99
cosmic substance. See primal matter
cosmology, 141–43, 144–48, 154
counterforces, 114–16. See also antidotes
covetousness, 66, 94, 130, 187
craving
afflictions related to, 94
as antidote to itself, 117
antidotes to, 114–15
and clinging, relationship between, 182, 183
duḥkha of change and, 56
and feeling, space between, 177–78
forms of, 99
freedom from, 180
as grasping to inherent existence, 161
ignorance and, 202
nirvāṇa and, 271
in origin of duḥkha, 11, 12, 14–15, 28–30, 59
releasing, 50
types of, 179–80, 184
Vaibhāṣika emphasis on, 292
virtuous and nonvirtuous forms of, 67–68
creators, 6, 7, 24, 29, 30, 31, 55, 84, 85, 86, 135–36, 142
innate clear
light mind as, 287–88
refutation of, 144, 145, 158, 211, 212
cruelty, 70, 92, 345–46n34
cyclic existence (saṃsāra), xiii, xvi, 55–56, 307
as beginningless, 49, 52, 135–36, 159, 218–19
bondage to, 186
clinging to, 69
craving and, 180
cutting root of, 12, 19, 204, 236
dependent arising of, 214–15, 237
determination for freedom from, 39–40, 52, 57–59, 227–29
disadvantages of, 49, 51–52
disenchantment with, 23
eliminating causes for, 218
formative karma and, 164
freedom from, 27, 36
as illness, 1–3
in Indian tradition, 10
innate clear light mind as basis of, 287–88
meditation on defects of, 219–20
mind as basis for, xiii–xiv, 297, 328
releasing attachment to, 22
remedies to, 191, 233, 348n60
renouncing, 54, 167, 190
root and ultimate root, distinctions between, 162
root of, 11, 75, 78, 98, 161
roots of in Pāli tradition, 202
as self-perpetuating, 177
terror of, 200
D
daily life
afflictions in, 126, 232
attachment in, 66
clear light mind in, 349–50n77
craving in, 180
duḥkha in, 63
lack of mindfulness of karma in, 250
reflecting on lack of inherent existence in, 221
six sources in, 174
Darwin, Charles, 154
death, 187
birth as cause of, 188
clinging at, 182, 183–84, 186
consciousness at, 128, 283, 284, 286–87, 349–50n77
craving arising at, 15, 179, 186
disadvantage of, 52
elements at, 147
karmic seeds ripening at, 26
lord of, 155
meditating on, 219
mind-wind at, 146, 301, 328
mini-, 167, 347n52
name and form at, 171
primordial mind at, 335
pristine wisdom at, 322
renewed existence during, 186
seeds of self-grasping at, 128
state of mind at, 167
suffering of, 13, 48, 53, 54, 56, 58
uses of term, 189
view of extremes at, 208
See also aging or death (jarāmaraṇa)
deceit, 93, 95, 109, 345–46n34, 346n35
defilements, xiv, xvi
ability to be eliminated, 297
as adventitious, 291, 301, 302, 313, 316
classifications of, 87, 100, 101
emptiness of, 64
eradication at arhatship, 248, 272
as fetters, 129
in fourfold cessation, 15–16
indentifying, purpose of, 87–88
subtle, 278
as underlying tendencies, 89, 129
definite emergence (niḥsaraṇa), 33
delight, 240, 241, 242
demons, 46
dependent arising, 6–8, 56, 156, 157–58, 238, 273, 347n48. See also twelve links of dependent origination
dependent designation, 157, 273
dependent origination, transcendental, 238–49, 274
depression, 48, 101, 102, 106
Descent into Lanka Sūtra (Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra), 326, 337–38, 339–40
desire. See sensual desire
desire realm, 41, 44–45
attachment of, 89, 153
clinging in, 183
craving of, 223–24
ethical dimensions of, 111
feelings in, 109
hindrances in, 100
latencies of sense faculties in, 135
lower fetters and, 97
mind in, 286
obscurations to buddha nature in, 303, 304, 305, 308
renewed existence in, 187
ripening of karma in, 167
twelve links in, 173
types of karma in, 166, 249
desire-realm devas, 44–45, 46
devas, 44–45, 46, 166, 173, 187, 189, 305
Dhammadinnā, 79
Dhammapada, 256
Dhammasaṅgani, 88
dhammata, 144, 347n45
Dharamsala, example of karma and environment in, 150–51
dhāraṇī, 232–33
Dharma
actions of, 69
as antidote to afflictions, 114
arrogance due to, 72–73
attachment to, views on, 60–61
gratitude toward, 204
Jewel of, 253
meanings of term, 114
as medicine, 1–3
resilience in practicing, 30
respecting, 2
study and investigation, importance of, 337
See also three turnings of Dharma wheel
Dharma practice, 58, 60, 65, 219–22
dharmadhātu. See nature of phenomena (dharmadhātu)
dharmakāya. See truth body (dharmakāya)
Dharmakīrti, 336. See also Commentary on Reliable Cognition (Pramāṇavārttika)
dharmatā, impermanence of, 55
dhyānas, four, 41, 42–44, 344n10, 344nn12–15
analytical meditation and, 244
attaining first, 243
factors of, 242–43
feelings in, 109
joy in, 241, 349n67
neutral feelings in, 177
overcoming underlying tendencies in, 91
seven preparations for, 186, 348n58
dhyāni buddhas, five, 147
Dignāga, 336
discouragement, 93, 113, 221–22, 316, 341
discrimination, 42, 171–72, 177
disenchantment, 239, 244–46
disintegration, 21–22, 23, 54–55, 133, 245, 262, 271
dispassion, 239, 246–47, 274
disposition
ārya, 292–93
five types, 294–95, 311, 312
See also buddha nature/disposition/essence
dissatisfaction, 14–15, 28, 54, 223–24, 240
distorted attention (ayoniśo manaskāra), 66–67, 70, 76, 107–8, 163, 164, 197
distorted conceptions, 25, 101, 107–8, 119–21, 199, 316–17, 341–42. See also four distorted conceptions
Distortions of the Mind, 20
distraction, 93, 94, 253, 287
divine eye, 47, 120, 305
Dodrubchen Jigme Tenpai Nyima, Third Dodrup Rinpoche, 331, 335, 336
doubt
about true path, 34
antidotes to, 122
and anxiety, relationship between, 102
contemplating four truths in eradicating, 19
and curiosity, differences between, 76
deluded, 66, 76, 88, 89, 97, 98, 99, 115, 125
feelings accompanying, 109
freedom from, 210
inclined to correct conclusion, 298
order of arising, 104, 105
types of, 76
underlying tendencies and, 129, 345n31
dreams
appearances as, 206, 207
latencies of, 135
mind in, 176, 286
objects in, 172
unconscious in, 136
duḥkha (unsatisfactory circumstances), xiii, xvi, 141, 245
aggregates as basis of, 171
between aging and death, 190–91
arising of, analyzing, 58
Asaṅga’s ten points on, 54–57
cessation of, 32, 237
contemplating, 49
creating causes for, 198
dependent arising of, 214–15
of desire realm, 45
determination to be free of, 227–28
Dharma Jewel and, 253
eight unsatisfactory conditions of, 53–54
eli
minating causes for, 218
four attributes of, 20–27
as illness, 1–3
impermanence and, 23
links that are, 193–94
nature of, 11, 12
nonvirtue as cause of, 137
origin of (see true origins (samudaya-satya))
of others, meditating on, 122
as proximate cause for faith, 239, 240
reflecting on, purpose of, 39–40, 57
renouncing, 10
three types, 13, 22, 33, 47–50, 50–51, 55–56, 123, 226
twelve links and, 235
wrong views about, 184
Dzogchen tradition, 283–84, 324–25, 327, 331, 334–35
E
educational system, 122
effort. See joyous effort
ego-identity, 61, 179
eight worldly concerns, 53, 166
eightfold path, 12, 232, 234, 240, 253, 343n9, 348n60
Eight-Thousand-Line Perfection of Wisdom Sūtra (Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra), 297
elements, 147–48, 150, 171
Elucidation of the Five Stages of Guhyasamāja (Tsongkhapa), 285
emanation body (nirmāṇakāya), 9, 288
manifestation of, 309, 310
pure lands of, 44
subtlest wind and, 302
transforming buddha nature as, 313, 314
emotions, xvi
as afflictions, 278, 279
in contemporary society, 101
differences in, 64
disadvantages of, 119–21
general antidote to, 115
habitual, 107
ignorance and, 37
learning to identify, 96
as motivation, 58
multipronged approaches to healing, 102
as obstruction to buddha nature, 305
overwhelming, 22–23
repression of and seeds of, differences between, 128
twelve links and, 197, 203
emptiness, 37, 256, 343n3
of agent, action, object, 207
of aggregates, 23–25
and causal dependence, compatibility of, 217
clear light mind and, 284, 321
of defilements, 64
direct realization of, 125, 251
in examining duḥkha, 54, 56, 57
fallacious reasoning on, 124
fear of, 338
five factors that hinder realization of, 341–42
of four truths, 18
free from elaborations of inherent existence, 264
in highest yoga tantra, 288–89
meditating on, 131
motivation to understand, 168, 193
as nature truth body, 9, 288, 302, 339
nirvāṇa as, 270, 273
obscurations to direct perception of, 162
of persons and phenomena, 232
of phenomena, 207, 213
posited in relation to objects, 300
reflecting on, 116
in second turning, 319
and selflessness, Prāsaṅgika view of, 25
subtle, 27
of true cessations, 12
twelve links and, 157, 158, 211
two types of buddha nature and, xiv
as ultimate virtue, 138–39
See also wisdom realizing emptiness