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death of, 557–58
early war strategy of, 59, 69
1860 election of, 22, 27, 199
1860 inaugural address of, 22
1864 reelection of, 572
Emancipation Proclamation by, 385, 480–81, 490
First Manassas Battle and, 98
Frémont’s relationship with, 168
Front Royal reaction of, 288–89
Hooker’s appeal to, 465
Hooker’s appointment by, 504
Jackson’s recognition by, 558
Kernstown reaction of, 228
Lee’s command offer from, 58
McClellan’s dealings with, 165, 166, 202, 203, 205, 228, 289, 291, 300, 340, 351, 370, 438, 440, 441, 446, 455, 489–91
at McClellan’s Grand Review, 161, 162
McClellan’s Second Manassas orders from, 438, 440, 441
McDowell’s march before, 71
McDowell’s May 1862 meeting with, 277, 278, 287–88
Maryland’s treatment by, 453
Meade’s appointment by, 573
Northern critics of, 450, 490, 502
Pope’s appointment by, 395, 397
post–First Manassas military strengthening by, 99
in Seven Days aftermath, 385–86, 395, 397
Shields’s relationship with, 205–6
slavery position of, 20, 22, 168, 238, 383, 384, 385, 480–81
total war strategy of, 397
valley campaign strategy of, 7, 243, 299–301, 305–9, 312, 313, 326
Washington escape plan for, 446
Little Sorrel, 43–44, 55, 88, 184, 234, 294, 374, 389, 407, 449, 479, 486, 518, 541, 548, 574–75
Longstreet, James:
in Antietam Battle, 474, 476, 477, 479
Chancellorsville absence of, 530, 532, 545
desertion complaints of, 408
fame of, 448
at First Manassas Battle, 76, 94
in Fredericksburg Battle, 494, 496, 497, 500, 501, 502
at Jackson’s funeral, 555
Jackson’s relationship with, 334, 337
Johnston’s relationship with, 47, 175
Lee’s promotion of, 393, 489
Lee’s relationship with, 337, 437, 448
in Maryland march, 451
Mexican-American War service of, 104
personality of, 527
post-Antietam position of, 490, 491
postwar criticism of, 571, 572
postwar life of, 571
in pre-Antietam planning, 453, 455
pre-Sharpsburg movements of, 454, 456
in Richmond defense planning, 336–37
at Second Manassas Battle, 422, 424, 434, 435, 436, 437, 441, 442, 443, 444, 573
in Second Manassas flanking maneuver, 414, 416, 417, 418
in Second Manassas planning, 410, 411, 413
in Seven Days campaign, 356, 364, 366, 368, 371, 375, 376, 377, 378, 379, 380, 381
Union army’s misplaced concerns about, 308, 323
valley campaign’s assessment by, 334
in winter 1862–1863, 512
winter 1863 movement of, 521
Lookout Mountain, Battle of, 573
Loring, William W., 178, 179, 180, 181, 184–85, 186, 187, 189, 190–91, 260–61, 387
Louisiana Purchase, 21
Louis-Napoléon, Emperor of France, 450
Louisville Courier-Journal, 97
Luckett, John, 535
Luray Valley:
Army of the Valley’s movements in, 242, 243, 246, 271, 272, 273, 278, 279, 280, 313
bridges in, 313, 315, 316
Front Royal’s approach through, 271, 273, 278
see also Port Republic, Va.
Lyle, John, 34, 87, 217, 236, 438
Lynchburg, Va., Jackson mourned in, 561
Lynchburg Virginian, 256
McCabe, James, 128
McClellan, Elizabeth Steinmetz Brinton, 342, 347
McClellan, George B.:
after Antietam, 489–91
ambition of, 165, 439
in Antietam Battle, 462, 464, 465, 468, 469, 472, 474, 475, 476, 477, 478, 479
Army of the Potomac appointment of, 99, 164
Army of the Potomac splitting by, 352
Army of the Potomac training by, 164, 194–95
in Ball’s Bluff fiasco, 167, 168
Banks’s Shenandoah Valley redeployment by, 228, 240
Civil War vision of, 164, 384–85, 397
command style of, 340, 369, 374
early August 1862 redeployment of, 397, 399, 410, 413, 414, 418, 430, 438
early summer 1861 western Virginia movements of, 53, 57, 68
education of, 127, 163, 342–43, 345, 347
enemy strength assessments by, 166, 167, 196, 202–3, 205, 228, 289, 353, 354, 356, 361, 369, 397, 439, 456, 460, 462, 479
Gaines’s Mill telegram of, 369–70
Grand Review of, 161–62
Hooker’s relationship with, 466
Jackson’s relationship with, 99, 345
Lincoln’s dealings with, 165, 166, 202, 203, 205, 228, 289, 291, 300, 340, 351, 370, 438, 440, 441, 446, 455, 489–91
Mary Lee’s treatment by, 351
Mexican-American War service of, 56, 104, 163, 345
military cautiousness of, 165–67, 191, 202, 203, 228, 277, 300, 320, 340, 351, 353, 356–57, 361, 366, 374, 415, 438, 439, 453, 462, 464, 466, 477, 478, 489–90
Northern reputation of, 110, 164, 166, 340
in peninsula campaign, 7, 205, 244, 277, 278, 340, 438, 466
personality of, 163, 164, 165, 199, 340, 343, 345, 347
Pope’s reinforcement by, 397, 410–11, 413, 418, 430, 438, 440, 441
post–Second Manassas reappointment of, 446
postwar life of, 572
pre-Antietam intelligence obtained by, 455, 459
pre-Antietam movements of, 453, 454, 456–58
pre–Civil War career of, 162–63
presidential bid of, 441, 572
Richmond attack plans of, 2, 3, 7, 8, 202, 203, 204, 207, 212, 228, 234, 244, 256, 268, 274, 277, 289, 290, 300, 320, 326, 331, 335, 338, 339, 340, 348, 349, 351, 353, 354, 361–62, 379, 384–85, 397; see also peninsula campaign; Seven Days campaign
Scott’s relationship with, 164, 165, 166
Second Manassas absence of, 438–41, 446
in Seven Days aftermath, 384–85, 386, 397
in Seven Days campaign, 351, 352, 353, 356–57, 358, 361–62, 363, 364, 366, 368–70, 371, 372, 374, 375, 381, 382
slavery position of, 481
Southern sympathies of, 345, 384, 395, 396
straggling complaints of, 452
McClellan, Nelly, 164, 165, 303, 354, 439, 479, 490
McDonald, Cornelia, 201
McDowell, Battle of, 251–56, 257, 331
casualties in, 254, 255–56, 257, 304
Jackson’s destruction of mountain passes on, 306
Jackson’s plan for, 252
Jackson’s strategic victory in, 255, 256
troop movements following, 256, 266, 267, 268
Union retreat following, 256, 266
McDowell, Irvin, 57–58
Army of the Valley’s strength assessment by, 308
Army of Virginia appointment of, 394
Banks’s blame of, 272
Banks’s reinforcement by, 289, 300
First Manassas flanking march of, 74, 75, 80–81, 83, 87–88, 166
First Manassas gains by, 85, 88
First Manassas mistakes of, 88, 93, 98, 232
First Manassas retreat of, 93–94
First Manassas troop positioning by, 71–72
Front Royal’s retaking by, 302, 304, 305, 308
Jackson’s deception of, 250
Jackson’s Port Republic Battle complaint to, 326
Lincoln’s May 1862 visit to, 277, 278, 287–88
mid-July 1861 Virginia position of, 56, 60, 62, 66, 68
post–First Manassas
reputation of, 110
postwar life of, 573
pre–First Manassas concerns of, 69
pre–Second Manassas position of, 416
Rappahannock command of, 228, 239, 243, 244, 267, 268, 272, 277, 278
at Second Manassas Battle, 423, 424, 427, 429, 435, 436–37, 443, 446
McDowell, Va., Union seizure of, 245
McFarland, Francis, 189
McGuire, Hunter, 43, 94, 185, 202, 334, 378, 382, 387, 392, 398, 413, 437, 438, 473, 503, 511, 541, 542, 543, 544, 546, 547, 549, 550, 551, 555, 567
McIntosh, David Gregg, 537
McKim, Randolph H., 310
McLaws, Lafayette, 454, 456, 457, 458, 460, 469, 471, 522, 525, 526, 530, 539, 545
McLean, Wilmer, 66
Magruder, John B., 34, 56, 105, 106, 107–8, 352, 356, 357, 369, 371, 372, 373, 375, 376, 379, 381, 382, 393
Mahan, Dennis Hart, 343
malaria, 387
Malvern Hill, Battle of, 378–82
aftermath of, 384, 386
Malvern Hill, Va., Union retreat to, 376
Manassas, First Battle of, 65–94
aftermath of, 97–109, 110, 166, 167, 340, 388
Anna’s visit following, 175
armies inexperienced in, 67, 69, 74, 93
artillery disparities in, 232, 233
Beauregard’s initial plan for, 66–67, 68, 100
Beauregard’s official report on, 100–101
Beauregard’s revised plan for, 74–76, 78, 79
casualties in, 82, 83, 84, 88, 91, 92, 93, 97
Confederate army’s position after, 162, 170, 172, 174, 193, 201, 202, 203, 207
Confederate defensive line in, 68–69, 71, 72, 74, 77, 78, 79–80, 93
Confederate strategy in, 60, 62–63, 68, 72, 166
Davis’s appearance at, 94, 171, 387
Henry Hill fight in, 83, 84–93, 98, 100, 103, 175
Jackson’s nicknaming during, 4, 90, 103
Jackson’s orders to join, 63–64, 66, 67
Jackson’s renown after, 6, 73, 100–103, 110, 298, 331
Jackson’s tactical decisions in, 80, 85, 86–87, 89
Jackson’s troop movements prior to, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65–66
Jackson’s wounding at, 89, 92, 94
McDowell’s reluctance prior to, 69
Matthews Hill fight in, 81–83, 85, 86
rebel yell’s creation at, 91–92
turning point in, 90
Union army’s flanking march in, 73–74, 75, 78, 80–81, 83, 87–88, 166
Union army’s retreat from, 93–94, 98, 162
Union reconnaissance prior to, 69
Union’s final Chinn Ridge attack in, 93, 100
Union’s opening artillery fire at, 75–76, 77
Union spectators at, 71, 72, 94
Union’s strategic blunder prior to, 60–63
Union strategy in, 60, 61, 62, 63
Union troop positioning prior to, 71–72
see also Bull Run
Manassas, Second Battle of, 193, 410–22, 423–46, 473, 560, 573
aftermath of, 445–46, 448–51
army positions prior to, 410, 411, 413, 415–16, 418, 421, 422
casualties in, 418, 420, 429, 432, 433, 434, 437, 445
Chinn Ridge fight in, 444
Groveton shoot-out in, 428–30, 440
Henry Hill fight in, 444
Jackson’s defensive positions in, 422, 424, 427, 431–34, 435, 437, 442
Jackson’s flanking march prior to, 413–18, 449, 527
Lee’s communication methods in, 414
Lee’s plans in, 410–11, 413–14, 416, 417, 429–30, 431, 432, 434–35, 436, 437, 442, 443–44, 445, 448
Longstreet’s advance in, 444
Longstreet’s position in, 434, 435, 436, 437, 441, 442, 443, 573
McClellan’s absence from, 438–41, 446
Pope’s final attack in, 442–45
Pope’s mistakes in, 416, 424, 430, 431, 434, 435–36, 437, 441–42, 573, 574
Pope’s plans in, 418, 423–24, 430, 431, 432, 435–36
Union court-martial after, 435, 573, 574
Union retreat from, 443, 444, 445, 446, 448
Manassas Gap Railroad, 64, 66, 288
Manassas Junction, Va.:
Beauregard’s mid-July 1861 position at, 56
Bull Run’s course through, 69
Confederate fortification of, 66
1st Virginia Brigade’s July 1861 transfer to, 64, 65–66
Jackson’s supply depot capture at, 417–18, 419–22, 423, 439
McDowell’s July 1861 march to, 62
strategic importance of, 66
Mansfield, Joseph, 469, 470
Marsh, John C., 226
Marshall, Charles, 568
Martinsburg, Va.:
Confederate July 1861 retreat to, 52
Union garrison at, 453, 454
Union summer 1861 occupation of, 53, 61
Maryland:
Banks’s retreat to, 297
Jackson’s tactical view of, 44–45
Lee’s invasion of, 447, 451–53, 573; see also Antietam, Battle of
political status of, 44, 452–53
Union army’s July 1861 retreat to, 62
“Maryland, My Maryland,” 452, 513
Mary (slave), 238
Massie, James, 38
Maury, Dabney, 211, 342, 344, 345
Meade, George, 104, 353, 498, 499, 500, 520, 525, 526, 528, 538, 573
Mechanicsville, Battle of, 357–61, 363, 399
Meigs, Montgomery, 509
Mexican-American War, 57, 60, 80, 103–9, 172, 179, 182, 185, 206, 212, 247, 251, 343, 394
Beauregard’s service in, 56, 104
Davis’s service in, 3, 171
Grant’s service in, 103, 104, 179, 229
Jackson’s service in, 16, 29, 33, 34, 36, 80, 104–9, 117, 121, 130, 143, 345, 404
Johnston’s service in, 48, 104
Lee’s service in, 3, 36, 56, 104, 337
McClellan’s service in, 56, 104, 163, 345
outcome of, 21
Scott’s service in, 16, 36, 56, 58, 104, 106, 108, 109, 173, 337
weaponry used in, 229, 232
Mexican Cession, 21
Mexico City, Battle of, 106–9
Middletown, Va., Banks and Jackson’s clash near, 285
Miles, Dixon, 454, 457, 458, 459
Miller, James A., 178
Mill Springs, Battle of, 194
Milroy, Robert H., 245, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 266, 267, 271, 279, 320
Mine Run, Battle of, 572–73
Minié, Claude-Étienne, 229, 230
minié balls, 222, 226, 229–30, 231–32
Mississippi River, 277
Missouri, Frémont’s martial law declaration in, 168
Missouri Compromise of 1820, 21
Mitchell, Barton, 454
Monroe, James, 493
Montcalm, Marquis de, 145
Morrison, Joseph, 398, 540, 544, 546, 547, 549, 555, 568–69
Morrison, Mary Graham, 152
Morrison, Robert Hall, 152, 570
Morrison, S. B., 548, 549
Mosby, John S., 472, 558
Moss Neck, 508, 509–10, 511
Mount Jackson:
Army of the Valley’s camp near, 240, 241–42
Ashby’s fight at, 262
Banks’s approach of, 241, 242
Munford, Thomas, 267, 322–23, 375–77, 380, 531, 532, 535
muskets:
rifled, 195, 218, 230, 231, 232, 233, 254, 357, 451
smoothbore, 195, 200, 218, 229, 231, 232, 233, 254, 451
Napoléon, Emperor of France, 229, 230, 232, 332, 455
Nashville, Tenn., surrender of, 194, 195
Neff, John, 292
New Market, Battle of, 575
New Orleans, La., Confederate loss of, 7, 277
New York, N.Y.:
Lincoln’s funeral cortege
in, 557
Union arsenal’s transfer to, 445
New York Times, 98–99, 332, 389, 459, 502
New York Tribune, 59, 203, 502
Norfolk, Va., Confederate evacuation of, 277
North:
abolitionism in, 20, 25, 26, 27, 31, 384, 385–86, 447
Antietam’s perception in, 480
Beauregard’s invasion proposals for, 68, 173
Civil War advantages of, 99
Civil War anticipated in, 55–56, 59
Civil War debate in, 447, 450
Confederacy’s perception in, 237
Fredericksburg reaction in, 502
horses’ use in, 209, 210
Jackson’s invasion plan for, 172–74, 303, 336, 338, 388, 396, 448
Jackson mourned in, 558–60
Jackson’s reputation in, 8, 24, 288, 289, 299, 300, 301, 308, 312, 319, 332–33, 334, 339, 356, 361, 369, 389–90, 405, 407, 449, 459, 460, 558–60
late 1861 morale in, 168–69
Lee’s invasion plans for, 46, 336, 411, 447–48, 573; see also Antietam, Battle of; Gettysburg, Battle of; Maryland, Lee’s invasion of
Lincoln’s critics in, 450, 490, 502
McClellan’s reputation in, 110, 164, 166, 340
press in, 4, 55, 56, 58, 59, 98–99, 164, 166, 202, 203, 332, 348, 353, 480, 489, 490, 502, 504
Richmond’s anticipated fall in, 4, 348
slavery debate’s implications for, 21
view of slavery in, 155, 237–38, 383–84, 447, 481, 559
War Department’s railroad seizure in, 300
see also Union
North Anna, Battle of, 572
North Carolina, Confederate coastal defenses in, 203
Noyes, George F., 474
Oak Grove, Battle of, 353–54
Orange and Alexandria Railroad, 66, 393, 413, 418, 534, 560
Oregon Territory, 21
Palfrey, Francis W., 470
Palmerston, Lord, 450
Parrott guns, 88, 213, 218, 280, 292, 380
Patterson, Robert, 49, 50, 53, 56, 60–63, 68, 72
Patton, John M., 179, 221
Paxton, E. F., 568
Paxton, Frank “Bull,” 548
Pegram, J. H., 567
Pelham, John, 498
Pemberton, John C., 191
Pender, Dorsey, 542
Pendleton, Alexander S. “Sandie,” 43, 180, 216, 219, 220, 226, 264, 296, 298, 304, 317, 378, 392, 510, 511, 543, 544, 550, 553, 554, 555, 566, 567, 568
Pendleton, William Nelson, 43, 49, 175, 180, 509, 554, 571
peninsula campaign:
Confederate opposition in, 278
Hooker’s promotion in, 466
Lincoln’s opinion of, 203
McClellan’s preparation for, 205
McClellan’s progress in, 244, 277, 340
McClellan’s proposal for, 203
McClellan’s reputation after, 438
valley campaign’s effect on, 7
Pennsylvania, Lee’s invasion of, 573