by Rory McVeigh
90. Rory McVeigh, Bryant Crubaugh, and Kevin Estep, “Plausibility Structures, Status Threats, and the Establishment of Anti-Abortion Pregnancy Centers,” American Journal of Sociology 122, no. 5 (2017): 1533–71; Peter S. Bearman and Hannah Bruckner, “Promising the Future: Virginity Pledges and First Intercourse,” American Journal of Sociology 106, no. 4 (2001): 859–912.
91. Anthony Oberschall, Social Movements: Ideologies, Interests, and Identities (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1993); Geoffrey Layman, The Great Divide: Religious and Cultural Conflict in American Party Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001); Clyde Wilcox and Carin Robinson, Onward Christian Soldiers? The Religious Right in American Politics, 4th ed. (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2011).
92. Pew Research Center, “America’s Changing Religious Landscape: Christians Decline Sharply as Share of Population: Unaffiliated and Other Faiths Continue to Grow,” May 12, 2015, http://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/.
93. Pew Research Center, “Religion and the Presidential Vote: Bush’s Gains Broad-Based,” December 6, 2004, http://www.people-press.org/2004/12/06/religion-and-the-presidential-vote/.
94. Ewen MacAskill, “Mitt Romney to Steer Clear of Social Conservatism at Liberty University,” Guardian, May 11, 2012, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/may/11/mitt-romney-conservatism-liberty-university.
95. Stephen Mansfield, The Faith of Barack Obama, rev. and updated (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, 2011).
96. John Fea, “The Theology of Ted Cruz,” Christianity Today, April 1, 2016.
97. Amy J. Binder and Kate Wood, Becoming Right: How Campuses Shape Young Conservatives (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2013); Elaine Howard Ecklund, Science vs. Religion: What Scientists Really Think (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010); Robert P. Jones et al., “How Immigration and Concerns about Cultural Changes Are Shaping the 2016 Election: Findings from the 2016 PRRI/Brookings Immigration Survey,” Public Religion Research Institute, 2016; https://www.prri.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/PRRI-Brookings-2016-Immigration-survey-report.pdf; Emma Green, “Most American Christians Believe They’re Victims of Discrimination,” Atlantic, June 30, 2016, https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/06/the-christians-who-believe-theyre-being-persecuted-in-america/488468/.
98. Deborah Orin, “Bush Rejects Abortion ‘Litmus Test’ for Judges,” New York Post, June 15, 1999, https://nypost.com/1999/06/15/bush-rejects-abortion-litmus-test-for-judges/.
99. Robert P. Jones, Daniel Cox, E. J. Dionne Jr., William A. Galston, Betsy Cooper, and Rachel Lienesch, How Immigration and Concerns about Cultural Changes Are Shaping the 2016 Election (Washington, DC: Brookings Institute, 2016).
100. Seymour Martin Lipset, Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1960); Andrew Gelman, Red State, Blue State, Rich State, Poor State: Why Americans Vote the Way They Do (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2009); Clem Brooks and Jeff Manza, “Social Cleavages and Political Alignments: U.S. Presidential Elections, 1960 to 1992,” American Sociological Review 62, no. 6 (1997): 937–46.
101. Lipset, Political Man.
102. Gelman, Red State, Blue State; Brooks and Manza, “Social Cleavages and Political Alignments”; Jeffrey M. Stonecash, Class and Party in American Politics (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2000); Nolan McCarty, Keith T. Poole, and Howard Rosenthal, Polarized America: The Dance of Ideology and Unequal Riches (Boston: MIT Press, 2006).
103. Current Population Survey, data retrieved from DQYDJ Income Percentile Calculator for 2017 U.S. Data, accessed May 11, 2018, https://dqydj.com/income-percentile-calculator/.
104. Sean McElwee, “The Income Gap at the Polls: The Rich Aren’t Just Megadonors. They’re Also Dominating the Voting Booth,” Politico Magazine, January 7, 2015, https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/01/income-gap-at-the-polls-113997.
105. Noam N. Levey, “Trump Voters Would Be among the Biggest Losers in Republicans’ Obamacare Replacement Plan,” Los Angeles Times, March 12, 2017, http://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-pol-obamacare-trump-supporters-20170312-story.html.
106. “New Interactive Map with Local Data: Estimated 2016 ACA Marketplace Enrollment by Congressional District,” Kaiser Family Foundation, January 10, 2017, https://www.kff.org/health-reform/press-release/new-interactive-map-with-local-data-estimated-2016-aca-marketplace-enrollment-by-congressional-district/.
107. Jill S. Quadagno, The Color of Welfare: How Racism Undermined the War on Poverty (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994); David Brady, Rich Democracies, Poor People: How Politics Explain Poverty (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009).
108. Rory McVeigh, David Cunningham, and Justin Farrell, “Political Polarization as a Social Movement Outcome: 1960s Klan Activism and Its Enduring Impact on Political Realignment in Southern Counties, 1960 to 2000,” American Sociological Review 79, no. 6 (2014): 1144–71; Morris P. Fiorina, Samuel J. Abrams, and Jeremy Pope, Culture War?: The Myth of a Polarized America (New York: Longman, 2006); Alan I. Abramowitz and Kyle L. Saunders, “Ideological Realignment in the U.S. Electorate,” Journal of Politics 60, no. 3 (1998): 634–52; Paul DiMaggio, John Evans, and Bethany Bryson, “Have American’s Social Attitudes Become More Polarized?,” American Journal of Sociology 102, no. 3 (1996): 690–755; Delia Baldassarri and Peter Bearman, “Dynamics of Political Polarization,” American Sociological Review 72, no. 5 (2007): 784–811.
109. Abramowitz and Saunders, “Ideological Realignment in the U.S. Electorate.”
110. Alan I. Abramowitz and Kyle L. Saunders, “Is Polarization a Myth?,” Journal of Politics 70, no. 2 (2008): 542–55.
8. WHITE NATIONALISM VERSUS THE PRESS
1. “The Menace of Modern Immigration,” Dawn, November 10, 1923, 14; William A. Gamson, Talking Politics (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
2. David A. Snow, E. Burke Rochford Jr., Steven Worden, and Robert Benford, “Frame Alignment Processes, Micromobilization, and Movement Participation,” American Sociological Review 51, no. 4 (1986): 464–81.
3. Gamson, Talking Politics; David Snow and Robert Benford, “Ideology, Frame Resonance, and Participant Mobilization,” in From Structure to Action: Social Movement Participation across Cultures, ed. Bert Klandermans, Hanspeter Kriesi, and Sidney Tarrow (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1998).
4. Felix Harcourt, Ku Klux Kulture: America and the Klan in the 1920s (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2017), 38.
5. Kelly J. Baker, Gospel According to the Klan: The KKK’s Appeal to Protestant America, 1915–1930 (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 2011), 21.
6. Rory McVeigh, The Rise of the Ku Klux Klan: Right-Wing Movements and National Politics (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009), 6, 11, 101–22.
7. McVeigh, Rise of the Ku Klux Klan, 11; Imperial Night-Hawk, March 28, 1923, 4.
8. “Klan Komment,” Imperial Night-Hawk, July 18, 1923, 7.
9. “Klan Komment,” 7.
10. Kathleen M. Blee, Women of the Klan: Racism and Gender in the 1920s (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991); McVeigh, Rise of the Ku Klux Klan; Leonard J. Moore, Citizen Klansmen: The Ku Klux Klan in Indiana, 1921–1928 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991).
11. Roland G. Fryer Jr. and Steven D. Levitt, “Hatred and Profits: Under the Hood of the Ku Klux Klan,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 127, no. 4 (2012): 1882–1925.
12. David Chalmers, Hooded Americanism: The History of the Ku Klux Klan, 3rd ed. (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1987), 30.
13. Susan Kessler Barnard and Franklin Garrett, Buckhead: A Place for All Time (Athens, GA: Hill Street Press, 2006); Buckhead Heritage Society, “National
Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Mary Elizabeth Tyler House,” accessed May 9, 2018, http://www.buckheadheritage.com/sites/default/files/NR—Mary%20Elizabeth%20Tyler%20House.pdf.
14. Chalmers, Hooded Americanism, 163.
15. Fryer and Levitt, “Hatred and Profits”; Linda Gordon, The Second Coming of the KKK: The Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s and the American Political Tradition (New York: Liveright Publishing, 2017).
16. Gordon, Second Coming of the KKK, 64–65; Buckhead Heritage Society, “National Register of Historic Places Registration Form.”
17. Gordon, Second Coming of the KKK, 65.
18. Gordon, Second Coming of the KKK, 66.
19. “Imperial Wizard Assumes Control of Klan Propagation Department,” Imperial Night-Hawk, March 28, 1923, 7.
20. Fryer and Levitt, “Hatred and Profits”; see also Gordon, Second Coming of the KKK, 1891.
21. Gordon, Second Coming of the KKK, 68–69; Chalmers, Hooded Americanism, 281–82.
22. Chalmers, Hooded Americanism, 252–53.
23. Chalmers, Hooded Americanism, 168.
24. Fryer and Levitt, “Hatred and Profits.”
25. Blee, Women of the Klan, 76–77.
26. Nancy MacLean, Behind the Mask of Chivalry: The Making of the Second Ku Klux Klan (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 168.
27. Blee, Women of the Klan, 82.
28. Blee, Women of the Klan, 79.
29. Blee, Women of the Klan, 80.
30. Chalmers, Hooded Americanism, 61.
31. Chalmers, Hooded Americanism, 61.
32. Chalmers, Hooded Americanism, 60–63.
33. Chalmers, Hooded Americanism, 35–36.
34. Chalmers, Hooded Americanism, 38.
35. Chalmers, Hooded Americanism, 51.
36. McVeigh, Rise of the Ku Klux Klan, 92–97, 103–6.
37. Moore, Citizen Klansmen; Chalmers, Hooded Americanism; McVeigh, Rise of the Ku Klux Klan.
38. McVeigh, Rise of the Ku Klux Klan; Chalmers, Hooded Americanism.
39. “The Law Violator’s Pledge,” Imperial Night-Hawk, April 25, 1923, 3.
40. “The Menace of Modern Immigration,” 14.
41. Gordon, Second Coming of the KKK, 114.
42. Chalmers, Hooded Americanism, 101–6.
43. Gordon, Second Coming of the KKK, 13.
44. Frank Bohn, “The Ku Klux Klan Interpreted,” American Journal of Sociology 30, no. 4 (1925): 396.
45. “Lanier University Will Be Abandoned,” Atlanta Constitution, July 13, 1922.
46. Gordon, Second Coming of the KKK, 15.
47. Chalmers, Hooded Americanism, 169.
48. McVeigh, Rise of the Ku Klux Klan, 191–92.
49. Buckhead Heritage Society, “National Register of Historic Places Registration Form.”
50. MacLean, Behind the Mask of Chivalry, 78.
51. Blee, Women of the Klan, 88.
52. Gordon, Second Coming of the KKK, 46.
53. “Bolshevists Fear Power of Klan; Tampering with American Negros,” Imperial Night-Hawk, April 18, 1923, 4.
54. McVeigh, Rise of the Ku Klux Klan; Oliver Hahl, Minjae Kim, and Ezra W. Zuckerman Sivan, “The Authentic Appeal of the Lying Demagogue: Proclaiming the Deeper Truth about Political Illegitimacy,” American Sociological Review 83, no. 1 (2018): 1–33.
55. Sidney Tarrow, Power in Movement: Social Movements, Collective Action and Mass Politics (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994); Doug McAdam, Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency, 1930–1970 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982).
56. Edwin Amenta, Kathleen Dunleavy, and Mary Bernstein, “Stolen Thunder? Huey Long’s ‘Share Our Wealth,’ Political Mediation, and the Second New Deal,” American Sociological Review 59, no. 5 (1994): 678–702; McVeigh, Rise of the Ku Klux Klan.
57. Anthony Oberschall, Social Movements: Ideologies, Interests, and Identities (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1993).
58. Gordon, Second Coming of the KKK; Kenneth Jackson, The Ku Klux Klan in the City, 1915–1930 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967).
59. Moore, Citizen Klansmen, 46–50; Gordon, Second Coming of the KKK, 69.
60. “Imperial Wizard Presents Charters to Klans of Indiana at Huge Meeting Held at Kokomo,” Imperial Night-Hawk, July 11, 1923, 6.
61. “Imperial Wizard Outlines Klan Objectives before Immense Gathering in Ohio,” Imperial Night-Hawk, July 18, 1923, 2.
62. “Grand Dragons and Great Titans Hold Successful Meeting at Ashville, N.C.,” Imperial Night-Hawk, July 25, 1923, 2.
63. “Grand Dragons and Great Titans,” 3.
64. “Louisiana Klansman Outlines the Aims, Purposes and Principles of His Order,” Imperial Night-Hawk, May 30, 1923, 6.
65. ““Klan Saves Family from Want,” Imperial Night-Hawk, August 6, 1924, 2.
66. “Net Assets of Klan Now over $1,000,000; Liabilities of Order Have Been Wiped Out,” Imperial Night-Hawk, August 22, 1923, 2.
67. Harcourt, Ku Klux Kulture, 32–33.
68. Harcourt, Ku Klux Kulture, 36.
69. Harcourt, Ku Klux Kulture, 36.
70. Harcourt, Ku Klux Kulture, 39.
71. McVeigh, Rise of the Ku Klux Klan; Harcourt, Ku Klux Kulture.
72. Harcourt, Ku Klux Kulture, 38–41.
73. Chalmers, Hooded Americanism, 202.
74. Harcourt, Ku Klux Kulture, 20.
75. Harcourt, Ku Klux Kulture.
76. Imperial Night-Hawk, May 30, 1923.
77. Moore, Citizen Klansmen, 26.
78. “Here’s a Typical Example of How Some Newspapers Will Falsify about Klan,” Imperial Night-Hawk, May 9, 1923, 6.
79. “Here’s a Typical Example,” 6.
80. McVeigh, Rise of the Ku Klux Klan; Robert Coughlin, “Konklave in Kokomo,” in The Aspirin Age, 1919–1941, ed. Isabel Leighton (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1949), 105–29.
81. Harcourt, Ku Klux Kulture, 10.
82. Chalmers, Hooded Americanism, 252–52.
83. See, for example, Lori Robertson and Robert Farley, “Fact Check: The Controversy Over Trump’s Inauguration Crowd Size,” USA Today, January 24, 2017, https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2017/01/24/fact-check-inauguration-crowd-size/96984496/; Glenn Kessler, “Spicer Earns Four Pinocchios for False Claims on Inauguration Crowd Size,” Washington Post, January 22, 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2017/01/22/spicer-earns-four-pinocchios-for-a-series-of-false-claims-on-inauguration-crowd-size/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.6b2c3afac6d9.
84. Saba Hamedy, “The Top 5 Sean Spicer Quotes,” CNN Politics, July 21, 2017, https://www.cnn.com/2017/07/21/politics/sean-spicer-five-best-quotes/index.html.
85. Gromer Jeffers Jr., “Donald Trump Regales Dallas Crowd with Chest-thumping, Promise of ‘Wins’,” Dallas News, September 2015, https://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/2015/09/14/thousands-filing-into-american-airlines-center-for-donald-trump-rally; “List of Rallies for the Donald Trump Presidential Campaign, 2016,” Wikipedia, accessed May 9, 2018, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rallies_for_the_Donald_Trump_presidential_campaign,_2016.
86. Ray Sanchez, “Man Accused of Attacking Rally Protester Says Trump Inspired Him,” CNN Politics, April 16, 2017; https://www.cnn.com/2017/04/15/politics/d
onald-trump-rally-lawsuit/index.html.
87. David Leonhardt and Stuart A. Thompson, “Trump’s Lies,” New York Times, July 21, 2017.
88. Charles Ventura, “Trump Revives False Claim That Illegal Ballots Cost Him the Popular Vote,” USA Today, January 23, 2017, https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/onpolitics/2017/01/23/president-trump-illegal-ballots-popular-vote-hillary-clinton/96976246/.
89. Jeffrey Gottfried, Michael Barthel, and Amy Mitchell, “Trump, Clinton Voters Divided in Their Main Source for Election News: Fox News Was the Main Source for 40% Of Trump Voters,” Pew Research Center, January 18, 2017, http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/17160025/PJ_2017.01.18_Election-News-Sources_FINAL.pdf.
90. Andrew Soergel, “Cable News Enjoys Banner Year as Fox News Takes Ratings Crown,” U.S. News and World Report, December 29, 2016, https://www.usnews.com/news/national-news/articles/2016-12-29/fox-news-takes-ratings-crown-for-2016.
91. Monica Davey and Julie Bosman, “Donald Trump’s Rally in Chicago Canceled after Violent Scuffles” New York Times, March 11, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/12/us/trump-rally-in-chicago-canceled-after-violent-scuffles.html.
92. Wilson Ring and Jill Colvin, “Protesters Interrupt Trump Vermont Rally Despite Screening,” Associated Press, January 8, 2016, https://www.apnews.com/4931a428a2274d4f9ad862b2226ec0de.
93. Reid Wilson, “Final Newspaper Endorsement Count: Clinton 57, Trump 2,” The Hill, November 6, 2016, http://thehill.com/blogs/ballot-box/presidential-races/304606-final-newspaper-endorsement-count-clinton-57-trump-2.
94. Patrick Sharkey, Gerard Torrats-Espinosa, and Delaram Takyar, “Community and the Crime Decline: The Causal Effect of Local Nonprofits on Violent Crime,” American Sociological Review 82, no. 6 (2017): 1214–40.
95. John Nolte, “‘Ferguson Effect:’ America’s New Crime Wave Is All Part of the Plan,” Breitbart, May 30, 2015, http://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2015/05/30/ferguson-effect-americas-new-crime-wave-is-all-part-of-the-plan/.