Girl in Black and White
Page 30
p. 145 Courtesy American Antiquarian Society
p. 159 Courtesy “Uncle Tom’s Cabin and American Culture” and Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia
p. 178 Courtesy Massachusetts Historical Society
p. 224 Courtesy Concord Museum, www.concordmuseum.org
p. 238 Courtesy New York Public Library Digital Collections
p. 252 Courtesy of the Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division
p. 255 Courtesy of the Museum of African American History, Boston and Nantucket
p. 260 Courtesy Massachusetts Historical Society
p. 273 Courtesy Morgan & Owens
p. 276 Courtesy Morgan & Owens
INDEX
Page numbers listed correspond to the print edition of this book. You can use your device’s search function to locate particular terms in the text.
Note: Material in illustrations is indicated in italics.
Endnotes are indicated by n or nn after the page number.
Abram, 17, 24
Adams, John Quincy, 72
Agassiz, Louis, 201
Agnes (Pike), 110
Albert (son of Prudence). see Nelson, Albert Bell
Alvord, Caroline (Caroline Alvord Sherman), 133–134, 182, 305n
Alvord, Daniel Wells, 133, 305n
Alvord, Henry Elijah, 133, 134, 298n
Alvord, Martha, 134
ambrotypes, 118, 120, 177, 178, 179
American Antiquarian Society, 139, 298n, 299n
American Anti-Slavery Society, 41, 138, 210, 211
American Party (Know Nothings), 149, 153, 187
“Am I Not a Man and a Brother?”, 126
“Am I not a Woman and a Sister?”, 126
Andrew, John Albion
abolitionist George Thompson’s influence, 70
about, 69–71
“Am I not a Woman and a Sister?” medallion, 126
bargaining over freedom for Elizabeth’s family, 80–81, 82–85, 87–92
bargaining over freedom for Prue’s sons, 95–96
Boston Anti-Man-Hunting League, 73
Budget for Destitute Fugitives, 73
carte de visite, 70
copies of Mary’s picture made, 131–132, 133
correspondence with Sumner about Cornwell v. Weedon, 79–80
correspondence with Sumner about Elizabeth’s family, 82–85
correspondence with Sumner about reuniting Elizabeth’s family, 92–95, 102–103
correspondence with Sumner and Neale about Evelina and Prue, 87–92
friendship with Sumner, 75
fundraising for Ludwell’s freedom, 135, 136, 207
as governor, 258
headaches, 70, 73
“History of Ida May” broadsheet, 135, 136, 177, 199, 207, 298n
letter to Sumner about Henry Williams, 73–74, 207
Mary called another “Ida May” by, 135, 136, 200–201
obtaining manumission for Henry Williams, 73–75, 77
offer to redeem Elizabeth’s family from Weedon, 80
opposition to Mexican War, 147
on reunion of Williams family, 176–177, 301n
support for Sumner’s publicity campaign for Mary, 101–102, 185
Vigilance Committee, 71–72, 73
Andrews, Caroline “Carrie” Cushing, 202, 226
Andrews, Jane, 202
antimiscegenation laws, 288n
Anti-Slavery Anniversary Week celebrations, 211, 218–219
Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women, 125
Anti-Slavery Enterprise, 1–2, 207, 209, 213, 216
Appleby, Caty Cornwell Petty
appraisal of Prudence and her children, 40, 86
Betsey sold south by, 27
Cornwell v. Weedon deposition, 51–52
father’s death, 12
fight with Kitty over parents’ property, 25–26
husband Eli’s death, 17–18
illiteracy, 33
inheritance from parents, 21, 22
and Jesse Nelson’s freedom suit against John Cornwell, 97
on John Cornwell’s slaves, 31–32
marriage to Eli Petty, 12, 24
opposition to sale of Jesse and Albert, 43–45, 47–48, 51–52, 97
Powell’s Run purchased, 289–290n
Appleby, John, 26–27, 40, 86
Army Life in a Black Regiment (Higginson), 260
Ash, James, 88–89
Ash Grove plantation, 134
“Baby Show” (Barnum), 164–165
Bannister, Christianna Carteaux, 254
Bannister, Edward Mitchell, 254–256, 307–308n
Barker, Louisa Jane Whiting, 41
Barnum, P. T., 104, 164–165, 199
Barringer, D. M., 129
Barthes, Roland, 127
Bay State Steamboat Company, 173
Bay State (steamship), 173
Beecher, Henry Ward, 242, 250, 303n
Bell, Evelina (Evelina Bell Johnson)
appraisal, 22–23, 36–38, 39
bargaining for freedom of Evelina and Prue, 87–92
birth, 21
in black community late in life, 266
in census records, 266
damaged hands, 54, 90
death, 266
and death of Prudence, 256, 274
fathered by Thomas Nelson, 28
gravesite, 276
hired by Seymour H. Storke, 35–36, 38
journey north in 1855, 163–164, 172–174
manumission, 92
marriage to Robert Johnson, 257–258
move to Nelson’s plantation, 28
portrait of Prudence commissioned by, 255, 256
scarcity of archival information, 8
Bell, James (husband of Prudence), 18, 28, 30
Bell, Prudence Nelson
appraisal, 22–24, 36–40
bargaining for freedom of Evelina and Prue, 87–92
care for young John Cornwell, 18
children’s ability to read and write, 33
in Conney Cornwell’s will, 19
death, 255–256, 265, 274
delivered to sheriff during Cornwell v. Weedon, 53
gravesite of family, 273
headstone inscription, 272–273
inherited by John Cornwell, 19–21
journey north in 1855, 163–164, 172–174
Kitty’s claim of ownership, 29–30
manumission, 92
marriage to James Bell, 18, 28
meal obtained from Nelson’s mill, 33–34
move to Nelson’s plantation, 28–30
portrait, 255, 256, 308n
in possession of J. C. Weedon, 35–36
purchase by Conney Cornwell, 8, 16, 51
sexual exploitation, 30–31, 40–41
Bellefair Mills, VA, 42, 55, 74
Besley, Isaac, 134
Bethel, Jerry, 129
Betsey
children, 18, 24, 27, 290n
as Conney Cornwell’s slave, 16, 18, 24
move to Nelson’s plantation, 290n
sold south by John and Caty Appleby, 27
sold to John Appleby by Kitty, 26–27
Billings, Hammatt, 159
Black, James Wallace, 137
“Bleeding Kansas,” 230
Booth, Nathaniel, Fanny, and Ida, 245, 309n
Borden, William, 173
Boston Anti-Man-Hunting League, 73
Boston Commonwealth, 2, 142
Boston Courier, 176, 179, 186, 190
Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society, 208–209
Boston Recorder, 176
Boston Telegraph, 5, 104, 130–131, 143, 151–152, 190, 299n
Botts, John Minor, 57
Botts, Seth (slave name of Henry Williams)
journey from Virginia to Boston, 56–57
marriage to Elizabeth, 42, 54
name changed to Henry Williams, 57, 181–
182, 268
owned by father, 42, 55, 292n
planning escape, 55
see also Williams, Henry
Bowditch, Henry Ingersoll, 71
Bowdoin, David, 177–179
Boyle, Cornelius, 238–239
Bradley, Ella L., 267, 275, 276, 278
Brainard, Charles Henry, 119, 137, 163–164, 165, 172, 296n
Brainard & Co., 119
Brainard’s Portrait Gallery of Distinguished Americans, 119, 137, 163, 296n
Brayton, Benjamin, 173
Brockley, Nancy Cornwell, 22, 24, 26, 35
Brooks, Mary, 61
Brooks, Preston, 234–238, 239–242, 243
Brown, John, 110, 243–244, 251, 260
Bruin, Joseph, 44–45, 47, 97
Bryant, William Cullen, 104, 242–243
Buchanan, James, 125
Burch, James H., 45, 46
Burlingame, Anson, 234
Burns, Anthony
appearances with Mary Williams, 189
capture, trial, and return to slavery, 2, 3, 102, 186
freedom for, 131, 186, 294n
rendition protested by Boston citizens, 2–3, 204
vocation as minister, 294n
Butler, Andrew
call for disarmament of the people of Kansas, 231
cousin to Preston Brooks, 234, 240
on “higher law” ideology, 156
interruption of Sumner’s speech, 151, 154–155, 231, 235
maligned in Sumner’s “Crime Against Kansas” speech, 231–232, 233, 241
stroke, 241
Byrnes, Frederick, 62, 69
Calvert, Humphrey, 13, 16
Campbell, Lewis, 239, 240
cartes de visite, 70, 120, 138–139, 260
Caste: A Story of Republican Equality (Pike), 110, 296n
Caty. see Appleby, Caty Cornwell Petty
Chandler, Theophilus P., 69
Chapman’s Mill, 32, 291n
Chase, Samuel P., 152, 155
Clark, John, 74, 75, 294n
Clarke, James F., 70
Clay, Henry (black man in Lexington, MA), 264
Clay, Henry (senator), 61, 148, 225
Codding, Ichabod, 106–109
Colfax, Schuyler, 234
colonization and separatist movements in black community, 58
Compromise of 1850, 97, 148
conditional limitation of freedom, 88–89
Cooper, John, 35, 38–39
Cornhill Coffeehouse, 59–60, 61–62, 64, 69, 265
Cornwell, Augustine, 13, 14
Cornwell, Caty. see Appleby, Caty Cornwell Petty
Cornwell, Charles H., 13, 21
Cornwell, Constance Calvert (Conney)
dowry for Caty, 17
estate, appraisal of, 21–24, 289–290n
husband’s death, 11–13
husband’s debts paid off, 14, 288n
illiteracy, 8, 33
leased farm, 13, 14, 288n
Powell’s Run land purchased, 16–17, 289n
proprietor of the New Market tavern, 13–14
purchase of Prudence and Letty, 8, 16, 51
sale of Juba (Juber), 16–17
self-governing feme sole widow status, 14
will, 18–21, 49, 51, 263
Cornwell, Jesse
death, 11–13
early life, 13–14
illegitimacy, 13, 15
proprietor of the New Market tavern, 13–14
will, 12–13, 21
Cornwell, John
bargaining over freedom for Elizabeth’s family, 80–81, 82, 86, 88–92
bargaining over freedom for Prue’s sons, 95–96, 97
birth, 15
Cornwell v. Weedon, 49–53, 78–79, 81, 92, 263, 309n
as free black, 15, 16
hiring out of Prue’s sons, 49–50, 95, 96
living in Georgetown, 31, 48, 292nn
manumission for Elizabeth, Oscar, Mary, and Adelaide Rebecca, 82
manumission for Evelina and Prue, 92
move away from Nelson’s plantation, 28–29
move to Nelson’s plantation, 28
nonhuman possessions inherited, 19, 22
parentage, 14–15, 52
requests to Thomas Nelson for slaves, 31, 49
sale of slaves forbidden by Conney’s will, 19, 20–21, 49
slaves inherited from Conney Cornwell, 19–20, 24
teenage odd jobs, 18
Weedon v. Cornwell, 289n
Cornwell, Kitty (Kitty King, Catherine Cornwell)
Cornwell v. Weedon deposition, 52
fight with Caty over parents’ property, 25–26
illiteracy, 26, 33
inheritance from parents, 21, 24, 25
jail time for disturbing the peace, 18
Kitty’s claim of ownership of Prudence, 29–30
marriage to Billy King, 18, 21
pregnancy, 14–15, 17
slaves borrowed or hired from family members, 24–25
Cornwell, Lidia, 13
Cornwell, Lydia, 21, 24, 26, 35
Cornwell, Nancy, 22, 24, 26, 35
Cornwell v. Weedon
appeal, 54, 78, 81
arguments and depositions, 1848–1849, 51–53
correspondence of Andrew and Sumner about, 79–80
John Cornwell and, 49–53, 78–79, 81, 92, 263, 309n
Prudence delivered to sheriff during, 53
suit filed in 1847, 49
Virginia Supreme Court decision, 81, 92
Weedon responses to, 50–51
Weedon unable to sell slaves during, 53, 78
Craft, Ellen, 181
Craft, William, 180–181
Crittenden, John, 237
Cruikshank, George, 159
crystalotype process, 137
Curtis, George T., 60, 61
Cutting, James Ambrose, 118, 177–179
Daguerre, Louis-Jacques-Mandé, 250
daguerreotypy, 119–120, 122–123
Dall, Caroline Healey, 204, 206
Dana, Richard Henry, Jr., 60
DeKrafft, John William, 42
Derby, J. C., 104
Douglas, Stephen A., 119, 231, 233–234, 241
Douglass, Charles, 258
Douglass, Frederick
battle against prejudice, 215
critique of Lincoln’s decision not to arm black troops, 307n
Emancipation Proclamation and, 252–253
as icon, 216
letter to Sumner, 214–215
My Bondage and My Freedom, 183–184, 215, 304n
on photography, 139, 249, 250–251, 252, 307n
response to Sumner’s speech, 213–215, 216–217
strained relationship with Garrison, 215
support for John Brown, 243–244, 251–252
Douglass, Lewis, 258
Dumfries, VA, 17, 18, 290n
Edmundson, Mary and Emily, 44
Elizabeth (daughter of Prudence). see Williams, Elizabeth A.
Emancipation Proclamation, 252–253, 258
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 4, 63, 123–124, 208, 225, 250
Empire State (steamship), 173–174
Everett, Edward, 245–246, 306n
Everett School, 245–256, 248–249
Fairfax, Henry, 134
Fillmore, Millard, 61
Fisk, James, 173
Folson, James, 55, 63, 69, 73, 74, 75, 292n
Foot, Solomon, 119
Foster, L. F. S., 237
Frank (Conney Cornwell’s slave), 24, 27, 290n
Frederick Douglass’s Paper, 104, 187–189, 216–217
free blacks, legal codes governing, 29, 52, 290–291n
Free Soil movement, 69, 148, 149, 151, 231
Fugitive Slave Law
about, 58, 60
Anthony Burns and, 2, 3–4, 186
bill to strengthen law, 61, 150, 151–152, 155
fear of child kidnapping and enslavement, 5, 18
0–181
Henry Williams and, 62
higher law ideology and, 154, 156, 233
passage in 1850, 58
petitions and bills to render ineffectual, 102, 150, 185
reaction of Boston’s black community, 58–59
reaction of Boston’s Vigilance Committee, 72
speeches in Senate against, 150–155
Gage, Joan, 135, 298n
Gagin, Agnes, 267
Gardner, Henry, 302n
Garrison, William Lloyd
Anti-Slavery Anniversary Week celebrations, 218–219
birth in Newburyport, MA, 212
at Boston’s Tremont Temple (1855), 4, 212
burial, 278
call for immediate emancipation, 127, 195–196
Constitution viewed as pro-slavery document, 156
hidden by Robert Johnson, 258
initiation in antislavery work, 215
investment in selling portraits, 138
letters of introduction for fugitives, 62, 64
Liberator, 126, 147, 149, 209
“No Union with Slaveholders” slogan, 149
opposition to Fugitive Slave Law, 156
sectionalism and, 149
strained relationship with Frederick Douglass, 215
and violence in the service of freedom, 196
Gillette, Francis, 150–151, 152–153, 167
Gooding, Thomas, 289n
Gosling, Eliza, 27
Green, Elijah, 109
Greenfield, Gerard T., 88, 89
Greenfield, Maria Ann T., 88
Grimes, Leonard, 3, 70, 249, 251, 252–253, 257
Grimké, Angelina, 128, 202
Grimké, Charlotte Forten, 128–129
Grimké, Sarah, 125, 128, 202
Grozlier, Leo, 119, 137, 164
Hannah (Conney Cornwell’s slave), 16, 18, 24, 25
Hard Times (Dickens), 104
Harpers Ferry raid by John Brown, 243–244
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 137
Hayden, Lewis, 58, 61, 254, 258
Hayes, Joseph, 206–207
Hedges, Robert and Mary, 288n
Higginson, Thomas Wentworth
attempt to free Anthony Burns, 186, 199
command of black regiment in Civil War, 260–262
fugitive woman with children cared for by, 226–227
Henry Williams and, 200–201, 202
indictment for obstruction of justice, 186
interest in Mary, 199–203, 226–229, 267–268, 305nn
in Kansas, 231
Oscar Williams and, 200
Part of a Man’s Life, 267
photograph, 260
prejudice, 261–262
reforms in Worcester, MA, 196
support for John Brown, 243, 260
Thoreau and, 202
Vigilance Committee, 72
wife’s illness, 199
higher law ideology, 154, 156, 195, 233
Hildreth, Richard
Boston Telegraph, 5, 130, 131, 299n
Sumner’s letter about Mary published, 5, 130–131, 287n