Girl in Black and White
Page 31
White Slave, The, 130, 139–140, 167
Hill, Henry, 44
“History of Ida May” (Andrew), 135, 136, 177, 199, 207, 298n
Holley, Sally, 110
Holmes, Isabella, 56, 58
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 122–123, 137, 139
Homer, Winslow, 252
Houston, Sam, 205
Howard, Cordelia, 167–168
Howe, Samuel Gridley, 71–72, 75, 147, 148, 201, 205–206
Huckins, James, 107, 109
Hudson, Mary, 147
Hunter, Robert, 97
Hutchins, Calvin, 60
Ida May: A Story of Things Actual and Possible (Pike)
Aunt Venus, 112
Bill, 113–115, 116
book sales, 104
Chloe, 112, 113, 114, 115
and emotional response to kidnapping, 116
James Bell, 191
Kelly, 113–114, 115
plot, 5, 6, 111–115, 180
publication date, 5, 104, 180, 206
reviews, 104–105, 112, 189
title page and preface, 111
Walter Varian, 111–112, 190–191, 193
white sympathy courted for white child, 112
see also Pike, Mary Hayden Green
“I’m not to blame for being white, Sir” cartoon, 144, 145, 146
Independent, 124, 147
“Influence of Slavery upon the White Population” (Barker), 41
Ingersoll, Charles, 81, 82
Inman, Hannah Marsh, 196–197
J. S. Potter & Co., 135
Jackson, Francis, 11–12
Jackson, Josephine and James, 264
Jane (Betsey’s daughter), 18, 24, 27
Jaspar, Daniel, 51, 52
Jay, William, 219
Jerry (Jesse Cornwell’s slave), 24
Jesse (son of Prudence). see Nelson, Jesse Bell
Johnson, Adelaide, 258, 269
Johnson, Arlette, 255, 256
Johnson, Charles, Jr., 255
Johnson, Charles William, 258, 269
Johnson, Evelina Bell. see Bell, Evelina
Johnson, Frederick, 258
Johnson, Henry West, 258–259, 308n
Johnson, Robert, 257–258, 266
Johnson, Robert, Jr., 258–259, 308n
Johnson, William, 258, 308n
John Taylor (steamship), 3
Jones, James (“Lean Jimmy”), 152–153
Jordan (assemblyman), 129
Juba (Juber), 14–15, 16–17, 24, 52
Kansas, battle over slavery, 230–244
Kansas-Nebraska Act, 230, 231
Keitt, Laurence M., 237, 238
Kelley, Samuel, 106, 107
King, J. W., 18
King, Kitty. see Cornwell, Kitty
King, William (Billy), 18, 24, 26, 33–34, 289n
Knight, William, 182
Know Nothings (American Party), 149, 153, 187
Lawrence, Annie, 264
Lawrence, Mary, 264, 265
Leighton, Caroline “Carrie” Andrews, 202, 226
Lettice (“Letty”), 8, 16, 19, 22–24, 28, 30
Lewis, Dio, 264–265
Lewis, Edmonia, 255
Lexington, MA, census, 264, 309n
Liberator
Caroline F. Putnam, 110–111
E. M. Bannister ad in, 255
on Everett School, 248, 249
on Frederick Douglass, 249–250
Garrison and, 126, 147, 149, 209
Ida May review, 112
on kidnapped infants, 181
masthead designer, 159
Robert Johnson, Jr., letter, 259
on Salome Muller, 191–192
light-skinned slaves
in popular books, 159, 167–168, 171
prurient interest in, 40–41
seen as unfit, 37–38, 40
Lincoln, Abraham, 251, 253, 258, 307n
Lipscomb, Phillip D., 78, 262
Longfellow, Fanny, 201
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 137, 147, 156, 201, 303n, 306n
Loring, Edward G., 2, 102, 185–186, 302n
Loring, Ellis Gray, 60
Lovejoy, Joseph, 62, 64
Ludwell (son of Prudence). see Nelson, Ludwell Bell
Lynn, Isaac, 26
Lynn, John and Sarah, 288n
Lynn, Moses, 22
Lynn, Seymour, 52
Lynn family, 22, 289n
Mahala (Betsey’s daughter), 18, 24, 27, 290n
Martin (Jesse Cornwell’s slave), 24
Maryland laws governing free blacks, 29
Massachusetts Historical Society and Mary’s daguerreotype, 6, 120, 287–288n, 297n
Massachusetts Spy, 155
Maury, John W., 119
May, Samuel J., 210, 227
Maynard, Mary, 268–269, 309n
McClees’ Gallery of Photographic Portraits of the Senators, Representatives, & Delegates of the Thirty-Fifth Congress, 121
McClellan, George B., 262
McCulloch, Hugh, 146–147
Melville, Herman, 60, 104, 173
Mexican War, 134, 147
Minkins, Frederick “Shadrach,” 59–61, 62, 63, 64, 69
Morgan, Edwin, 236, 237–238, 240
Morris, Robert, 60, 246, 247
Mount Pleasant Cemetery, Rockland, MA, 272–275
Muller, Salome (Sally Miller), 191–192, 193
Muncaster, Otho Z., 48
Muncaster & Dodge Hardware, 48, 80
Murray, Ambrose, 236, 237
My Bondage and My Freedom (Douglass), 183–184, 215, 304n
National Anti-Slavery Standard, 204, 211, 218
Neale, Christopher
bargaining over freedom for Elizabeth’s family, 80–81, 82–86, 87–92
bargaining over freedom for Prue’s sons, 95–96, 97
Cornwell v. Weedon appeal, 54
Cornwell v. Weedon arguments and depositions 1848–1849, 51–53, 54
Cornwell v. Weedon suit filed in 1847, 49
correspondence with Sumner and Andrew about Evelina and Prue, 87–92
on John Cornwell’s requests for slaves from Nelson, 49
redemption of Elizabeth’s family from Weedon, 82
Nell, William Cooper
burial, 278
correspondent for Frederick Douglass’s Paper, 187–189, 217
fight for rights for people of color, 58, 247
selling of antislavery portraits, 138
Union Progressive Association, 254
Nelson, Albert Bell
ability to read and write, 33
appraisal, 22–24, 36–37, 39, 48
in Conney Cornwell’s will, 19
fathered by Thomas Nelson, 19, 28, 32
grave, 273–274
hired out by John Cornwell, 49–50, 95
manumission, 97, 257
move to Boston, 257
move to Nelson’s plantation, 28
oral history of move to New Jersey, 257
refusal to deliver slaves to anyone but John Cornwell, 29–30
training as blacksmith, 32–33, 50
transport to Washington for auction, 43–45
in Yellow House slave jail, 45, 47, 48, 50
Nelson, Bettie Weedon, 263
Nelson, Catherine Bell, 30, 36–37, 39, 86
Nelson, Edwin, 31, 53, 263–264
Nelson, Elizabeth, 35
Nelson, Eliza Jane Weedon, 30–31, 35, 263
Nelson, Horatio, 31, 35, 263
Nelson, Isabella Pike, 257, 274
Nelson, Jesse Bell
ability to read and write, 33
appraisal, 36–37, 39, 48
birth, 30
death, 257, 265
fathered by Thomas Nelson, 19, 30, 32
freedom suit against John Cornwell, 96–97
hired out by John Cornwell, 49–50, 95, 96
home in East Abingdon, 256
manumission, 97, 256
train
ing as millwright, 32
transport to Washington for auction, 43–45
in Yellow House slave jail, 45, 47, 48, 50, 96
Nelson, Ludwell Bell (Lundy)
ability to read and write, 78
appraisal, 36–37, 39
bargaining over freedom for, 95–96, 176
birth, 30
fathered by Thomas Nelson, 30
headstone at Mount Pleasant Cemetery, 274–275
hired by Phillip D. Lipscomb, 78, 262
hired out by John Cornwell, 95
hired out by Weedon, 77–78
home in East Abingdon, 256
manumission, 96, 256
marriage, 257
oral history of move to New Jersey, 257, 274
Nelson, Thomas
as Conney Cornwell’s executor, 18–19, 20, 21
death, 34
and John Cornwell’s requests for slaves, 31, 49
marriage to Eliza Jane Weedon, 30–31
protection of sons from harm, 32–33
Prudence’s children fathered by, 19, 30, 31, 32
Prudence’s residence on plantation arranged by, 28–30
sexual exploitation of Prudence, 30–31, 40–41
slaves and other property, 34–35
training of sons in profitable careers, 32–33
Nelson, William Ludwell, 274
Newburyport, MA, 201–202, 226
Newell, Joseph Keith, 262–263, 264
New England Emigrant Aid Society, 230
New-York Daily Times, 163, 165–166, 171, 173, 193–194, 236–237
New York Evening Post, 104–105, 150
Non-Resistant Convention, Worcester, MA, 195–196, 197–199
North Carolina Migration Law of 1826, 29
Northup, Alonzo, 302n
Northup, Solomon
appearances with Mary Williams, 180, 185–186, 189, 195–196
Twelve Years a Slave, 5, 45–47, 104, 180, 301–302n
Octoroon, or Life in Louisiana, The (Boucicault), 167, 192–193
Old Colony Railroad, 174–175
Order of the Star Spangled Banner, 153
Ottoman (brig), 70–71
Parker, Theodore, 72, 186, 219, 250, 307n
Parker Fraternity lecture series, 250–251, 307nn
partus sequitur ventrem legal doctrine, 15
“passing,” 268
Payne, Adelaide, 42, 55, 291n
Pearson, Henry Greenleaf, 70
Pennington, Alexander C. M., 239
Petty, Caty. see Appleby, Caty Cornwell Petty
Petty, Eli, 17, 289nn
phenotypic examination to assess race, 189–194, 198
Phillips, Sampson, & Co., 105, 296n
Phillips, Stephen C., 72
Phillips, Wendell, 4, 72, 186, 218–219, 250
photographs of Mary Williams
ambrotype with Oscar, 177, 178, 179
copy daguerreotype, 132, 133, 298n
crystalotype copy of daguerreotype, ii, 135, 137, 139, 299n
daguerreotype lost for 80 years, 120, 297n
daguerreotype placed at Boston State House, 5, 130, 131, 143
daguerreotype sent to Stone by Sumner, 5–6, 103, 287n
daguerreotype shown to Henry Williams by Andrew, 130
daguerreotypes taken at Vannerson’s Gallery, 117–118, 120–122, 125, 296n, 297n
daguerreotype use to influence public sentiment, 125, 126–127, 132–133, 171
examination to assess race, 190
Mary Alvord Sherman and, 133, 134–135, 182, 305n
with Thomas Wentworth Higginson, 200, 203
see also Williams, Mary Mildred
photography
ambrotypes, 118, 120, 177, 178, 179
cartes de visite, 70, 120, 138–139, 260
crystalotype process, 137
daguerreotypy, 119–120, 122–123
effects on society and history, 123–127, 250
first halftones printed in newspapers, 287n
Frederick Douglass on, 139, 249, 250–251, 252, 307n
photographic silence, 8, 271
publicity campaign around Mary Williams, 4, 5–6
use of antislavery photographs, 124–126, 128–129, 138–139
see also photographs of Mary Williams
Pierce, Franklin, 230, 231
Pike, Frederick Augustus, 105, 109–110, 296n
Pike, James Shepherd, 109
Pike, Mary Hayden Green
Agnes, 110
“atrocities” witnessed in South Carolina, 111
Caste: A Story of Republican Equality, 110, 296n
Ichabod Codding and, 106–109
marriage, 105, 110
Mary Langdon pseudonym, 104, 105
photograph, 106
Sydney A. Story pseudonym, 110
see also Ida May: A Story of Things Actual and Possible
Pike, Mary Sterns, 105
Plessy v. Ferguson, 247
popular sovereignty, 230, 231
Post, Amy Kirby, 189
Powell’s Run, 16–17, 21, 24, 42, 289–290nn
Prince William County, VA
archives left to rot by clerk, 262–264
court records, 22, 49, 53, 292n
Ludwell Nelson hired by county clerk, 78, 262
tax records, 13
Union occupation of, 262–263
Prudence (Prue). see Bell, Prudence Nelson
Putnam, Caroline F., 110–111
Quarles, Benjamin, 216
Radburn, Ebenezer, 45, 46
Redmond, Charles, 58
Republican party, 125, 150, 199
Roberts, Benjamin, 246, 247
Roberts, Sarah, 246, 247
Robertson, Agnes, 193
Roberts v. City of Boston, 246–247
Rock, John Sweat, 58, 118, 217–218
Roe v. Wade, 156
Running a Thousand Miles for Freedom (Craft), 180–181
Russell, A. L., 133
St. Albans Messenger, 179, 186–187
Sarah Roberts v. City of Boston, 246–247
schools
boarding school at Ash Grove plantation, 134
Everett School, 245–256, 248–249
Freedmen’s school, Fairfax County, VA, 133–134
integrated schools in Boston system, 58, 202, 208, 249
integrated schools in Cambridge system, 58
selective solidarity or sympathy, 7, 112, 126, 139
Seward, Frances, 157
Seward, William H.
Charles Sumner and, 234
condemnation of Know Nothing nativism, 153–154
daguerreotype, 119
investigation of assault on Sumner, 239
opposition to Fugitive Slave Law, 150, 151, 153, 156–157
Underground Railroad and, 156–157
Sewell, Samuel E., 60
sexual slavery
of Mary Williams’s ancestors, 6, 30–31, 40–41, 42, 166, 181
owners’ profit from, 15
taboo and obfuscation surrounding, 4, 6, 166–167
Shaw, Lemuel, 60, 246, 247
Sherman, Caroline Alvord, 133–134, 182, 305n
Sherman, Franklin, 134
Sherman, James, 134
Slack, Charles Wesley, 248–249
slave ship cross section, 125–126
Smith, John J., 61
Snowden, Samuel, 56–57, 58
Stanton, Edwin M., 258
Stearns, Edward J., 168
Stone, James
daguerreotype of Mary Williams, 5–6, 103, 130, 287n
“Independent Lectures on Slavery” at Tremont Temple (1854–1855), 1, 3–4, 204–205
Northup and Mary’s visit to Boston State House and, 185
Sumner’s February 19 letter to, 5, 103, 128, 130–131, 143, 160
Storke, Seymour H., 35–38, 39
Stowe, Harriet Beecher
opposition to Fugitive Slave Law, 157–158
reaction to assault on Sumner, 243
rumored as Ida May author, 104–105, 225
Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 44, 116, 157–158, 159, 167–168, 225, 243
Sumner, Alice Mason, 147
Sumner, Charles
about, 146–147
Anti-Slavery Enterprise, 1–2, 207, 209, 213, 216
assault threat against, 234
attack by Preston Brooks, 234–237, 238, 240–241
attack by Preston Brooks, aftermath of, 238–243
bargaining over freedom for Elizabeth’s family, 87–92
bargaining over freedom for Prue’s sons, 95–96
bias and toleration of segregation, 213, 216
bill introduced to enlist colored troops, 258
collection of engravings, 119
correspondence from Andrew about Elizabeth’s family, 82–85
correspondence from Andrew about Henry Williams, 73–74, 207
correspondence with Andrew about Cornwell v. Weedon, 79–80
correspondence with Andrew about reuniting Elizabeth’s family, 92–95
correspondence with Andrew and Neale about Evelina and Prue, 87–92
“The Crime Against Kansas” speech, 231–233, 234, 235, 241
daguerreotype, 119, 120
early antislavery activity, 147–148
election to U.S. Senate, 148
February 19 letter to Dr. Stone, 5, 103, 128, 130–131, 143, 160
first term in the Capital, 58, 148–150
“Freedom National; Slavery Sectional” speech, 149
Free Soil movement, 148, 149, 231
friendship with Andrew, 75
fundraising for Williams family, 201
at Garrison speech in 1845, 147
higher law ideology, 154, 156
“I’m not to blame for being white, Sir” cartoon, 144, 145, 146
lecture in New York, 211, 219
lecture schedule in 1855, 210–211
Mary called another “Ida May,” 103–104, 165, 171, 181, 183
Mary Williams used as poster child for American slavery, 146, 159–160
meeting Mary Williams, 4–5
memorization of speeches, 210, 233
newspaper smears by Beverley Tucker, 142–144, 146, 168–170, 171
news stories about slave purchases, 141–142, 299–300n
obtaining manumission for Henry Williams, 74–76
opposition to Fugitive Slave Law, 150, 151–152, 154–155, 156, 159–160, 231, 233
opposition to Mexican War, 147–148
publicity campaign planned around Mary, 101–102, 159
rejection of distinctions between the races, 212–213, 217–218
and Sam Houston’s speech, 205–206
Sarah Roberts v. City of Boston, 246–247
three-part proposal for freedom, 208
Tremont Temple speech (1855), 1–2, 4, 7, 206–210, 212–213
Vigilance Committee, 72, 73–74
western tour, 225–226
Taber & Co., 132, 133
Taney, Roger B., 89
Tansill, John, 22, 25, 39–40, 289n, 290n