graffito Aramaic 510
earliest Greek 248, 501
neo-Punic or Latino-Punic 189, 233
northernmost neo-Punic 233
Phoenician commercial 258
Phoenician in Egypt 70, 228, 280–1
Phoenician in the Grotta Regina 230, 284, 548
Phoenician on the Iberian Peninsula 231, 605, 612
Phrygian alphabet 250
Proto-Sinaitic 201
Tartessian or South-western script 608
grape(vine) 82–3, 335, 454, 456, 590, 605; see also wine
Great King of Assyria 483
of Persia on Sidonian coins 387–9
Greek-Punic treaties (Sicily) 151, 544, 546
Grotta Regina 26, 230, 284, 548
Guadalhorce River 80–2, 81, 84
Guadalquivir River 174, 409–10, 454
Guadiana River xvii, 610–11
Gulf of Oristano 524, 526, 528
Gulf of Tunis 145–6, 158, 297
Gunigun (Gunugu; Sidi Brahim) 636
H
Hadad-Ezer of Damascus 471
Hadrian of Tyre 116, 687
Hadrumetum xvii, 159, 320–1
Halykos River 538, 544, 546
Hamath (Hama) 64, 66–7, 473
Hamilcar the Magonid or Hannonid (ʻAbdmelqart) 150–1, 161, 282
Hamilcar Barca coins 397
Iberian campaigns 174–5, 596, 623
Mercenary War 173
on modern banknotes 731, 731, 737
Hannibal and his elephants 737, 739
as avenging demon 169
biography by Cornelius Nepos 264, 678
comic book by Abdel Aziz Belkhodja 731–2
on Tunisian banknote 731
employed Greeks historians 264
erected narrative inscriptions 264
kinship relation with Iberians 175
second Punic War 176–8
suffete 178
tomb in Bithynia 689
treaty with Philip V of Macedonia 170, 176, 264, 283
visit to Melqart temple in Gadir 261, 620
see also Barcids
Hanno the Carthaginian, Periplus 12, 155–6, 159, 632
Hasan-Beyli Phoenician inscription 227
Hasdrubal (ʻAzrabaal), son of Mago 150
Hasdrubal (Kleitomachos) 266, 687
Hasdrubal Barca 174–6, 178; see also Barcids
Hathor 105, 276
Hatti 64, 467, 481
Hazael of Damascus 470–1
Hecatompylus (Theveste) 159, 165, 172
Heliodorus of Emesa; Aethiopica (Aithiopika) 259, 681, 692–3
Heliopolis (colonia Iulia Augusta Felix Heliopolis; Baalbek) 111–12, 114–15, 120–2
Hera 264, 283, 499, 562
Herakleion, Gadir 261–2, 265, 285, 618–21, 624
Herakles (Hercules) archegetes 624
and Alexander the Great 102, 105
and Geryon 263
and Hannibal 177, 261, 387, 620
on coins 104, 397
Egyptian 619, 624
foundation myth of Carteia 623
foundation myth of Icosium 636, 639
foundation myth of Tyre 261, 617–18, 620
foundation myth of Tingi 632, 639
Pillars of 261–2, 265, 619, 648–50, 653
treaty between Hannibal and Philip V 264, 283
see also Herakleion; Melqart
Herennius Philo of Byblos, see Philo of Byblos
Herodian 690–1
Herodotus (Herodotos) Battle of Himera 150–1, 674
Cadmus (Kadmos) myth 723
Greek–Persian conflict 102
Herakles–Melqart 105
“Linos-song” 298
on Phoenicians 40, 647, 672–3, 675, 694, 715
origin of Greek alphabet 245, 723
Phoenician explorations 265, 649
Phoenicians and gold 412, 494
Phoenicians and slave trade 665–6
Phoenicians in the Aegean 494
temple of Herakles, Tyre 261, 278, 618–19, 666
Tyre and Carthage 621
Hiarbas 144, 146, 262, 282, 680
Hiero (Hieron) of Syracuse 155, 161, 171, 173, 674–5
Himera Battle of 61, 150–1, 157, 162, 543, 674
foundation of 147
sack of 161–2, 544
Terillus, tyrant of 150
west necropolis 151
Hippo (Hippo Regius; Hippou; ʻAnnaba) 159–60, 173, 628
Hiram I of Tyre and “Land of Kabul (Cabul)” 469, 661–2
and Solomon 11, 60, 64, 645–6, 660–3, 666
building projects in Tyre 58, 662
expedition to Tarshish 60, 262
in Tiglath-pileser III’s inscription 59
and Kition 62–3
religious reforms in Tyre 58, 286, 618
Hiram II of Tyre (also of the Sidonians) 63, 65, 67, 408, 482
Hiram (Hiram-abi; Hiram Abi), the craftsman 65, 402, 660–1, 721
Ḫirbet Maktar 235, 251, 283, 288
Homer Iliad 375, 493, 672
image of Phoenicians in 379, 657–8, 681–2, 694, 716, 723
Odyssey 376, 493, 672
Phoenician metal bowls 31, 356, 372, 376, 672
Phoenicians as slave traders 493, 665–6, 672
Homs (Emesa) 112, 690–2
honey 301–2, 336, 458, 475, 563
Honeyman stele 243, 244
Ḥorbat Rosh Zayit 128, 132, 408
Hoya de los Rastros (Ayamonte) 300
Hr. el-Hami 312, 322
Huelva xvii, 75–7, 76, 231, 409, 414, 531–2, 586, 587–8, 613
hypogeum 294, 298, 302, 305–6, 574, 576, 578
I
Iadnana (Cyprus) 482, 484
Ialysos 494, 499
Iamblichos 259, 691–2
Iberians 150, 175–6, 178
Ibiza (Iboshim; ʻybšm; Ebesos; Ebusus) 147, 569, 579, 581, 586, 595, 596, 597, 628; see also Can Partit; Es Cuyram Cave; Illa Plana sanctuary; Puig d’en Valls; Puig de Vila; Puig des Molins; Sa Caleta
Icosium (‘yksm) 627, 628, 636, 639
Idalion xviii, 12, 228, 376, 482, 485–6, 488–9
Iglesiente mines 149, 411
Illa Plana sanctuary 572, 575
incense burners (thymiateria), see thymiateria
Incirli trilingual inscription 200, 227
ingot copper 77, 424, 429, 525, 592
depicted on Shalmaneser III’s Balawat gates 402
glass 424
lead 429, 592
metal 404, 410
production 609
silver 385
tin 406, 424, 429, 592
ink inscription 226, 228–30, 233
Iôl (Iôl Caesarea) 627, 628, 636
Ionian revolt 481, 488
Ipsambul (Abu Simbel) 70, 228, 280–1
iron earliest objects in 406–7, 412
mines 149, 472
production and smelting, 50, 404, 405, 407–8, 410–12
technology 408–9, 508
Isaiah, Hebrew Bible 60, 665, 700
Isis dedications in Grotta Regina 284
figurine 500
priestess of 163, 164
Tas Silġ, cult of 559, 562
worshipped in Byblos 276, 285
worshipped in Carthage 165, 283
Isocrates 101, 103, 155, 488
Ithobaal (Itto-Baal), see Ethbaal
Ituraeans 112–14, 120
Iustinus, see Justin
ivory carving workshop 361, 375, 414, 438, 472–3, 496
J
Jablé Plain 127, 133
Jeremiah, Hebrew Bible 69, 660, 667
jewelry workshop 48, 349, 438, 496, 578
Jezebel 65, 375, 470, 660, 663–4
Jezreel (Plain, Valley) 58, 468
Joel, Hebrew Bible 660, 667
Jordan River (valley) 10, 58, 657, 661
Josephus (Flavius Josephus) Against Apion 11, 142, 663
foundation of Car
thage 142, 281
Hiram and Solomon 618, 662–3, 666
history of Phoenicia 62, 67–8, 114, 260, 483, 494, 694
history of Tyre 58–63, 65, 286
Jewish Antiquities 662–3
Phoenician archives 11–12, 258, 262–3
see also Dios; Menander of Ephesus
Joshua, Hebrew Bible 659–60, 663
Judah 65–6, 663, 667
Judges, Hebrew Bible 659–60, 663
Julian of Aeclanum 681
Julian, emperor 687, 691–2
Julius Caesar 186–7, 598, 624
Juno 146, 559, 562
Jupiter 122, 144, 146, 262
Justin (Iustinus), Epitome of Pompeius Trogus foundation myth of Carthage 142–6, 262
foundation myth of Gadir 619, 622–4
history of Carthage 147, 150, 156, 159, 163, 537, 680
myth of Gargoris and Habis 263
oracle of Melqart-Herakles 620
K
Kach Kouch (Dhar el-Mouden) 627, 634
Kadmos, see Cadmus
Kalhu, Ashurnasirpal II’s palace 59, 64, 66
Karatepe Phoenician inscription 200, 227, 244, 280
reliefs 473
Kar-Esarhaddon 67, 474
Karkemish (Carchemish) xviii, 64, 68, 467, 472, 497
Kassiterides (Tin Islands) 648, 651, 652
Kefar Veradim ribbed bowl 357
Kerkouane domestic buildings 185, 435, 439, 441–2, 444–5, 447
elite burials 301
epigraphic evidence 160, 306
foundation 149, 159
trade with Rome 163
Khalde(h) (Tell Khan) 127, 134, 349, 358
Khirbet en-Nahas 408
Khorsabad 62, 364, 425, 475
kilns, pottery Bay of Cádiz 597
bicameral 414
Cerro del Villar 82, 83, 84
coast of Málaga 591
Nuraghe Sirai 530
Sarepta 129, 340–1, 340, 345
Tell er-Rachidiyeh 339
Kinet Höyük 227, 468–9, 475
Kings, Hebrew Bible 660–4, 666, 721
Kition (Kittim; Larnaka) “tariffs” 229, 234
and Hiram I 63
colony of Tyre 63, 77, 471, 483
Cypro-Phoenician kingdom 280, 481, 482, 483–9
epigraphic evidence 12, 228–9, 287
Milkyaton of 229
possibly Qarthadasht (Qart-hadasht) 63, 483–4
Pumayyaton 485, 489
Kleitomachos (Hasdrubal) 266, 687
Knossos (cemeteries) 493, 495–7; see also Crete
koine 107, 402, 550
Kommos Phoenician artifacts 77, 471, 495–7
Phoenician inscription 229, 248
Phoenician shrine 497, 562
Kore (Persephone) cult 161, 283, 285, 548
Kos 229, 499–500
Kothon sanctuary, Motya 80, 541, 547
Kourion Treasure 376–7
Kronos (Saturn) 12, 276, 282–4, 288, 313, 316, 394, 677
Kuass 627, 632, 639
Kulamuwa inscription, Zincirli 227, 243, 244, 296
Kythera 494, 647
L
Las Chorreras colonial settlement 585, 586, 590–1
domestic architecture 436, 444, 446–7, 590
Nuragic material 532
La Fonteta 438, 457, 570–1, 586, 590, 593
La Rebanadilla 80, 81, 436, 586, 588–9
“Land of Kabul” 65, 469, 661
Lapethos 487–9
Larnaka-tis-Lapithou 482, 488
Las Cumbres 594
Latino-Punic script 189, 200
Latium 169, 171, 230, 511–15
Laurion silver mines 407
Le-Kef (Sicca Veneria) 159, 165, 172, 287, 704
lead cargo in shipwrecks 429, 592
as indicator for silver production 405–7, 410
as tribute to Shalmaneser III 401–2
mines in eastern Iberia 406, 409–10
mines on Ibiza 569
mines on Sardinia 406, 411
pipes 442
production 412, 591
weights 83, 438
Lefkandi, Euboea 471, 500–1
Lepcis Magna 117, 118, 149, 159, 187, 679, 689
Les Andalouses 627, 635, 639
Liber Pater 283, 689
libri punici 156, 189, 258
Libyan War (Mercenary War; Truceless War) 160, 172–4, 177
Libyans 142–3, 150, 159–60, 172–3, 177
Libyco-Berber alphabet 188–9, 251
Libyphoenicians 160, 191, 265
Lilybaeum (Lilybaion; Lilibeo; Marsala) amphorae from Malta 560
First Punic War 171–2, 544, 560
inhumation burials 301, 549
orthogonal urban layout 544–5
Phoenician and Punic cults 303, 548
primary cremation burials 549
shipwreck 172, 429–30
tophet 548
visit of Porphyry 116
wall construction 547
lion depicted on coins 388, 395–6, 399
goddess with 496
head 358, 397
hunt 388, 512
skin 397
Lisbon, Phoenician inscriptions 231, 605, 606
Livy (Titus Livius) 176, 178, 264, 557
Lixus (hill of Tšemmis) analysis of carpological remains 456
analysis of faunal remains 457–8
in Classical sources 141, 587, 632
metallurgical activity 412
Phoencian levels 630–2
residential architecture 435
temple of Melqart 632, 639
Lucian of Samosata, De Dea Syria 118–20, 276
Lulî of Sidon 60, 63, 67, 425, 426
Luwian language bilingual inscription with Phoenician 62, 227, 376
inscription on metal bowl 376
personal name in Phoenician 12, 227
spoken in the Levant 374
trilingual inscription with Akkadian and Phoenician 227
Lykos/Platani River (Sicily) 538, 544, 546
M
Maʻabed inscriptions 91
Macchiabate cemetery, Francavilla Marittima 508, 509, 512
Magna Graecia 162, 164, 396, 595
Mago Barca 579
Mago of Carthage, agricultural treatise 156, 266, 453
Magonids 147, 150
Mainoba 593–4, 595
Maktar, see Ḫirbet Maktar
Málaga (Malaka) Bay of 80, 81, 82
coinage 84, 580
development of city 84, 593
earliest horizon 84
in Roman period 596, 598
in Classical sources 586
Punic graffiti 231
temples 593
see also Cerro del Villar; Guadalhorce River; Las Chorreras; La Rebanadilla; Morro de Mezquitilla; Toscanos
Malchus (Malco; Mazeus) in Justin 147, 537, 543, 574, 622
Malophoros, temple of (Selinus) 547–8
Marsala, see Lilybaeum
Marsala shipwreck 172, 429–30
Marsascirocco cippi (bilingual cippi of Malta) 229, 553, 623–4
Marsaxlokk, Bay of 558, 562–3
“Marseilles tariff” (“Carthage tariff”) 234
marzeaḫ (mrzḫ) feast 226, 287, 303; see also banquet; conviviality; feast
Masinissa, Numidian king 177–9, 638
masks 26, 294, 364, 499, 539
Massalia (Marseilles) 148, 234, 529
Massyli 173–4
Mauretania aristocracy 188–9
coins 397
kings of 189, 619, 638, 678
Mazaeus (Mazday) 389–90, 399
Mazzarón shipwrecks 410, 428–9
Megiddo xviii, 468–9, 474
Melilla 627, 634
Melos 245–6, 494
Melqart (Milqart) and Carthage 282–3, 622–3, 625, 675
and Hannibal 175, 177, 261, 620
and Hiram I of Tyre 58–9, 286, 618
bilingual ded
ication from Arados 115
cult of 275–6
depicted on coins 106–7, 391–4, 397, 618
egersis 59, 278–9, 286–7, 618, 621–2, 664
foundation myth of Gadir 624
foundation myth of Tyre 261, 617–18, 620
on Mount Carmel inscriptions 279–80
on the Maʻabed inscriptions 91
on Aramaic inscription at Brayj (Brej; Bredj) 63, 353, 472
oracular deity 261–2, 617–20, 623, 625
temple at Lixus 632, 639
temple at Tell Suqas 94
temple at Thasos 647
temple at Tyre 618, 620, 623, 666
worshipped in Cyprus 280, 485, 488
worshipped in Hellenistic Tyre 105
worshipped in Sardinia 284
worshipped in Sicily 284, 546
worshipped in Ibiza 233
worshipped in Malta 284, 561, 623–4
see also Herakleion; Herakles
Memphis xvii, xviii, 70, 280, 365
Menander of Ephesus (Menandros of Ephesos) consulted and translated Phoencian archive 11, 77, 142
foundation date of Carthage 142
history of Tyre 10–11, 58–9, 67, 264, 469–70, 483, 662–3
Phoinikika genre 10, 680
his quotes in Flavius Josephus 663
Mercenary War (Libyan War; Truceless War) 160, 172–4, 177
Mersa Madakh (Medakh) 435, 635–6, 639
Mértola 604, 611–12
Mesha stele in Moab 57, 241, 243
Messina 171, 538
Metagonians 637–8
Methone 501
Milkashtart 279, 283, 624
Milqart, see Melqart
mines copper 77, 402, 404, 408
galena 407, 569
iron 149, 411
lead 411
silver 405, 409, 411, 455
turquoise 201, 241
Mochos(-Laitos) 259, 264, 680, 690
Mogador 82, 403, 412, 627–30, 628, 648, 651
molk (mlk) sacrifice 233, 280, 289, 312, 314–15, 317, 319–22
Mondego estuary 586, 607, 609–10
Monolith-Inscription 402
Mont’ e Prama 522, 523–4
Monte Iato 435, 447, 547
Monte Sirai agricultural center 495
burial rituals 294, 294, 300, 302, 304–5
chronology and development 149, 527
domestic architecture 436
fortifications 79
Moscati, Sabatino 26, 521
tombs of wealthy Carthaginians 306
tophet 284, 288, 314
Monte Vetrano 508–10
Morro de Mezquitilla 76, 79, 82, 585, 586, 590–1, 594
mortar, hydraulic 440–2
mortise-and-tenon joinery (coagmenta punicana) 424, 429
The Oxford Handbook of the Phoenician and Punic Mediterranean Page 110