Mottones (Muttines) 160, 171
Motya (Mozia) Cappidazzu 79–80, 541–2, 547–8
Casa dei Mosaica/Casa dei Capitelli 444–5
epigraphic evidence 230, 304, 548
fortifications 537–8, 546
Kothon sanctuary, Motya 80, 541, 547
mentioned by Thucydides 147, 537
Moscati, Sabatino 26
necropolis 80, 541, 549
organization and development of the city 80, 150, 540–3, 540, 545
tophet 230, 284, 288–9, 320–1, 539, 541–2
Mount Carmel 40, 125, 128, 279–80, 664
Mount Eryx 149, 543
Mount Hermon 120–1
Mount Lebanon Byblos at the foot of 719
forming an obstacle 40, 58, 70
Hivites on 659
Ituraeans on 113
timber from 58, 68
visit of Lucian of Samosata 118
mudbrick (adobe brick) 131, 447–8, 546, 588–9, 607–10
mules 266, 466, 475
multiculturalism 95, 117, 188, 191
municipium 187, 581, 597
murex shells crushed 129, 440
depicted on coins 391–2, 399
deposits 94, 365
purple dye from mollusks 403, 413
see also purple, dye production
Myriandros 62, 125, 472, 494
N
Nahr el-Kelb (Nahr al-Kalb) 69, 113
naiskos (small shrine) 320, 351, 366, 548
Nebuchadnezzar II 62, 68–9, 95, 573, 666
Necho II 70, 649
Negev 469–70, 472, 474
neo-Punic script 187, 190–1, 200, 202
Nepos, Cornelius 264, 678
Nile Delta 350, 356, 394, 719
Nimrud gold-and-gem-work of Phoenician style 406
Phoenician ivories 360, 360, 473
Phoenician metal bowls 356, 357, 505, 512
Phoenician transport jar 474
tomb of Queen Yaba 359
Nineveh 67–8, 425, 482, 513
Nonnus (Nonnos) of Panopolis, Dionysiaka 261–2, 278, 617–19
Nora seasonal stopover and trading post 530
settlement 436, 527
source shrine 366
stele 200, 230, 243, 244, 249, 527
survey 454
tophet 284, 288, 320–1
Numidia institution of suffetes 188
rulers and élites 156, 165, 178–9, 185–6, 188–9
territory 149, 185, 187
numismatics Aradus 93, 386, 392–4
Byblos 93, 394–6, 399
Carthage 164, 397–9
Cyprus 485, 488–9
Ibiza 578–81
Malaka 84, 580
mint “of the Lybians” 173
neo-Punic 189, 598, 632, 638
Numidia 189
Persepolis 386
Persian-period Phoenicia 93–6
Phoenicia after conquest of Alexander the Great 104, 117, 618, 677
Selinus 546
Sidon 93, 117, 358, 386–90, 389, 399
Tyre 93, 261, 386, 390–2, 399, 618–19, 667, 688
nuraghe S’Urachi 522, 524, 530
nuraghe Sirai 522, 530
nuraghi tower(s) 523, 527
nuts 162, 302, 594
O
Olbia 436, 522, 529, 532
olive cultivation 454, 456, 459, 590–1, 594, 700
oil 48, 410, 554, 561, 564, 578, 581
presses 458
tree at Herakleion, Gadir 620
tree on Ambrosial Rock 261, 618
wood burnt during burial rituals 300, 303
Ophir 60, 403, 645–6
opus africanum (pier-and-rubble masonry) 127, 130, 130, 131, 448
quadratum 448, 547
signinum 440, 550, 561–2
tesselatum 441
figlinum 441
Orientalism 121, 703–5
Orontes River 114, 471
Osiris 105, 119, 279, 285
Osorkon I 58, 69, 469–70
ostracon (ostraca) from Akko 228
from Ashkelon 228
from Beirut 226
from Bustan esh-Sheikh 226
from Cádiz 79, 231
from Castillo de Doña Blanca 231, 611
from Dor 228
from Elephantine 281
from Gheriat el-Garbia 235
from Idalion 228, 485
from Motya 230
from Tavira 231, 611
ostrich eggshell and Phoenician trade 460, 499–500, 578, 611, 639
cargo in shipwreck 424, 429, 592
decorated or inscribed 363, 364, 429, 608, 611
Othoca 522, 528–31
Oulomos 259, 261
Oulpianos of Tyre, see Ulpian of tyre
ovicaprids as offerings or eaten at (funerary) feasts 285, 302–3, 315, 621
as tribute for Shalmaneser III 402
farming 413, 457, 558, 590
hides 639
P
paideia 101–3
palace archive at Idalion 228, 235, 485
Assyrian, Nimrud 505
in Babylon 69
of Ashurnasirpal II, Kalhu 59, 64, 66
of Esarhaddon, Nineveh 68, 482
of Sargon II, Khorsabad 62, 425
of Sennacherib, Nineveh 425–6, 426
Phoenician 361
Palaepaplos 481, 482, 483, 489
Palermo (Panormus, Panormos) cults of 548
domestic architecture 435
fortification wall 547
in Thucydides 147, 537, 539
necropolis 300–3, 305, 539
orthogonal urban layout 544–5
Paleapolis and Neapolis 539–60
Palestrina (Praeneste) 230, 360, 512–14
Palmyra 112, 115
Pani Loriga 522, 527
Panormus (Palermo), see Palermo
Pantelleria 26, 199, 435–6, 441–2, 558, 560–1
papyrus amulet 229, 258, 359
fragility of 11–12, 91, 96, 230, 249, 716
from Cádiz 79, 258
from Carthage 12
from Saqqara 228, 281
from Tal-Virtù 229
scroll 361, 363
Paros 245, 499–500
Pausanias 165, 260, 494, 688
Pentathlos 147, 543
periplus (periplous/periploi) as an original Phoenician genre 265
of Hanno the Carthaginian 12, 155–6, 159, 632
of Himilco 365
of Pseudo-Skylax 125, 638
Pomponius Mela influenced by Phoenician 365, 671
Persepolis 386, 398, 423
Pescennius Niger 112, 115, 690
petrographic studies on pottery 129, 426
Pfeilertempel 547, 550
Philip V of Macedonia 170, 176, 264, 283
Philistia 51, 64, 200, 393, 474, 667
Philistines 39, 51, 68
Philistus of Syracuse 142
Philo (Philon) of Byblos lost works 117, 260
on the foundation of Tyre 262, 278, 618–19
on Phoencian cosmogony 117, 120, 259–62, 275, 394, 688
quoted by Eusebius of Caesarea 11, 116, 260–2, 275, 618, 624
quoted by Porphyry 116, 259–60, 264, 686, 694
translated work of Sanchouniathon 11, 116, 264, 275, 394, 680, 693
Philostratus (Philostratos) 10, 116, 264, 620–1, 624, 633, 687
Phocaeans 147–9, 161, 529, 578, 593
Phoenice, province 685; see also Syria Phoenice
Phoinikika 10, 680–1, 688, 693
pier-and-rubble masonry (opus africanum) 127, 130, 130, 131, 448
pig 315, 457, 590, 612
Pillars of Herakles 261–2, 265, 619, 648–50, 653
Pindar 108, 161, 674
piracy 67, 148, 170, 174, 593, 596
Piraeus 92, 102, 216, 230, 485, 501 Pithekoussai (Pithecusae; island of Ischia) xvii, 146, 248, 248, 501, 510–11, 514, 532, 595
Plato 155, 266, 673, 680
Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia on African geography 187, 265, 632, 634–7
on Boethos the bronze smith 165
on Gades 620
on Ibiza 580
on Romans building ships based on Punic model 430
on the extraction of silver 405
on the first Phoenician colonies 141
used works of Mago the Carthaginian 156, 266
used works of Silenos of Kaleakte 264
Plutarch 102, 116, 156, 258–60, 264
poenus (poeni) 184, 199–200, 672, 677–9, 681
Poggio alla Guardia (Vetulonia) 508–9, 509, 512
Polybius (Polybios) on Carthage 442, 653, 662, 676, 700
on First Punic War 171, 264
on Hannibal 264, 639, 676
on Romans building ships based on Punic model 172, 430
on the Mercenary War 160, 172–3
on the treaty between Hannibal and Philip V 264, 283
on treaties between Rome and Carthage 149, 163, 543, 575, 596
pomegranate (malum punicum) 302, 456
Pompeius Trogus, see Justin, Epitome
Pompey 112, 264, 598
Pomponius Mela 265, 619, 621, 624, 671, 679, 688
Pontecagnano 508, 510, 513
Populonia 411, 510–11, 514–15
Porphyry (Malchus; Malkos) cited by Eusebius of of Caesarea 11
from Tyre 116, 686
quotes work of Philo of Byblos 116, 259, 264, 685, 694
on the Herakleion at Gadir 619–20
Portus Magnus 628, 635–6
Poseidon 261, 264, 276–7, 280, 283, 488, 494
Posidonius 156, 619–20, 676
postcolonial perspective 5, 30, 311, 316, 380, 587
potters’ workshop in Amathous 487
in Cerro del Villar 82–4, 83
in Ibiza 580
in Motya 80
in Nuraghe Sirai 530
in Sarepta 129, 340–1, 340, 345
in Tell Akko 50, 51
in Tell er-Rachidiyeh 339–40
in the Bay of Cádiz 597
on the coast of Málaga 591
Praeneste (Palestrina) 230, 360, 512–14
prostitution, ritual as sanctioned promiscuity 703–5
in Roman Byblos 119
in story of Elissa and the founding of Carthage 144, 262, 281
in Eryx 284, 287, 549
in Le-Kef (Sicca Veneria) 287
in Kition 287
Psammetichus I 69–70
Psammetichus II 70
Pseudo-Scylax (-Skylax) 125, 494, 632–8, 675
Ptah 165, 351
Ptolemais (colonia Claudia Stabilis Germanica Felix Ptolemais) 104, 111–16, 122
Ptolemy I 104, 489
Puig d’en Valls sanctuary 572, 575
Puig des Molins 298–301, 299, 303, 305, 406, 570, 573–5, 577–8
Puig de Vila (Bay of Ibiza settlement) 569, 572–3, 572, 575–7
Pumayyaton of Kition 485, 489
“Punic faith” (punica fides) 672, 677–81, 689
Punicization 183, 184; see also poenus (poeni)
purple, dye production Carthage 440
during the Roman Empire 113, 413
Herakles as inventor of 262
Ibiza 578
North Africa 639
Phoenician colonies on the south-eastern Iberian coast 591
Phoenicians 42, 90, 94–5, 267, 403, 413
Sarepta 48
Sidon 94, 365, 401–2
Tyre 365, 391, 399, 401–2, 667
see also murex shells
Pygmalion (Pumayyaton) 61, 117, 143–4, 262–3, 281, 680, 688
pyre for offering or cremation 300–1, 315
Pyrgi (Santa Severa) 148, 230, 284–5, 412, 509, 514–15, 664, 704
Pyrrhus of Epirus 156, 161, 163, 171
Q
Qalaat Faqra 121
Qarqar Battle 63, 65–6, 350, 471
Qarthadasht (Qart-hadasht, Cyprus) 63, 141, 481–4
Que (Cilicia) 62, 67
Qurdi-’Aššur-lamur 59, 64, 67, 68
R
Rachgoun 435, 592, 627, 635, 639
Rahianu (Rezon) of Damascus 65, 67
Ramesses III 51, 425
Ramesses XI 45
Ras al-Bassit (Ras el-Bassit; Posideion) xviii, 10, 436
Ras il-Wardija 26, 556, 561
Ras ir-Raħeb shrine 561
razor (hatchet-) 26, 165, 297, 299
Regolini-Galassi tomb (Cerverteri) 31, 505, 514; see also Cerveteri
Regulus (Atilius Regulus, Marcus) 159–60, 172, 177
rephaim (ancestors) 304
Reshef (Resheph) 280, 283, 364, 485
Reshef-Melqart 593
Rezon (Rahianu) of Damascus 65, 67
Rhodes amphorae from 174
“discovered” by Phoenicians 647
eastern products and imitations on 499
Phoenician (bilingual) inscriptions from 229, 500
Phoenician settlement on 494, 499, 501
place of alphabet transmission 248–9
Wild Goat style pottery of 373
rig, brailed 424–5
Río Tinto mines 405, 407–10, 588
Rochelongue shipwreck 410, 429
Romanization 80, 111, 183, 258
Rusaddir (Rūš ’Addir) 628, 634, 639
S
Sa Caleta 436, 444, 446–7, 571–2, 574
sacrifice, human tophet 288–9, 311, 316–19, 676–7
stereotype attached to Phoencians 686, 689, 691, 694, 697, 699, 703
in Phoinikika 681, 692, 694
Sado estuary 586, 607
Saguntum xvii, 175–7, 620
Said Aql 715, 723–4
Sainte-Monique necropolis, Carthage 148, 163
Saite rulers, Egypt 356, 362
Sala (sl ʻt) 628, 630, 639
Salamis Abdemon of 488
Battle of 61, 151, 386, 482, 650, 674
bichrome bowl with Phoenician inscription 481
–Cellarka necropolis 487
Phoenician luxury goods 360–1, 487
Phoenician pottery 481
Phoenician ruling dynasty 488
right of coinage 489
rivalry with Kition 485
see also Euagoras I; Euagoras II
Salammbô lagoons 178
tophet 190, 311–12, 312, 315–20
Salda 628, 637
Sallust, Bellum Iugurthinum 156, 189, 258, 263, 620, 678, 679
salt production 403, 413, 569, 576, 578, 632
Samaria xviii, 95, 361, 375, 472, 664
Samemroumos (–Hypsouranius) and Ousoos 262, 618
Samos 499, 562, 595
Samuel, Hebrew Bible 660–1, 663, 666
San Cerbone necropolis (Populonia) 510, 514
San Giorgio di Portoscuso 302, 522, 527
San Pantaleo 26, 540; see also Motya
San Pawl Milqi 26, 554, 564
Sanchouniathon (Sanchounyaton; Sanchuniathon) 11, 116, 264, 275, 394, 680, 690; see also Philo of Byblos
Sant Vicenç shipwreck 454
Sant’ Imbenia 76, 76–7, 411, 522, 524–6, 531–2
Sant’Antioco (Sulky, Sulcis) 79, 522, 526–7, 531–3
Santa Olaia 410, 604, 609–10
Santarém 410, 603–5, 604, 607
Saqqara 228, 280–1, 424
sarcophagus, see coffin
Sardanapalos (Elagabalus), see Elagabalus
Sardus Pater 284, 365
Sarepta (Zarephath; Sarafand) excavations 48, 48, 127–30, 436
industrial quarters (pottery workshop) 129, 340–1, 340, 345
inscriptions from 92, 226, 277
ivory 360
in Classical authors 90
part of broader “Canaan” 659
Shrine of 132–3, 352
survey 126–7
Tanit (Tinnit)-Ashtart 94, 279
s’ Argentera mines 596
Sargon II 63–4, 67, 360; see also palace, of Sargon II
satrap of Cilicia 389–90, 396, 399
satrapy of the Transeuphrates 101
Saturn (Kronos) 12, 276, 282–4, 288, 313, 316, 394, 677
scarab design on jewelry 359, 361
Egyptian 573
faience 362, 510
found in Portugal 605, 608, 612
found in southern Italy 508, 510, 512
found in Crete 496
found in Ibiza 573, 578
found in Malta 563
found in Rhodes 499
gold 424
green jasper 363
with royal name 349
seals with imprint of 79, 258
stamp seal 362, 362, 363
steatite 362, 510
winged 354, 361
Scipio Aemilianus (Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus Africanus Numantinus) 160, 163, 165, 185, 258, 282, 653, 706
Scipio Africanus (Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus the Elder) 177–8, 596
Scipio Calvus (Cneus Cornelius Scipio Calvus) 579
Sea Peoples 42, 45–6, 50–1, 350, 466–7
seeds 78, 162, 456, 590, 611
Segesta 163, 171, 538, 543–4
Segura River 174, 570, 586, 590
Seks 586, 586, 590, 592–4, 595, 596, 598
Seleucids 104, 112–14
Selinunte (Selinus) and Carthage in 6th and 5th century BCE 151, 537, 543–4, 675
defensive architecture 547
domestic architecture 438–9, 441–3, 443, 445–7, 549–50
foundation date 147
Punic settlement on acropolis 546, 549
sack by Carthage 544, 675
temples 547–8, 550
Sennacherib 60, 63, 67; see also palace, of Sannacherib
Septem Fratres (Ceuta) 627, 628, 633, 639
Septimius Severus 112, 115–17, 689–90, 693
Serābīṭ el-Ḫādim (Serabit el-Khadim) turquoise mines 201, 241
inscriptions 201, 241–2
Sertorian Wars 581, 598
Setúbal 604, 608–9
Seville, Phoenician inscription 231; see also El Carambolo
Shadrafa 283–4, 365
Shalmaneser I 1, 10
Shalmaneser III Battle at Qarqar 63–6, 471
gates at Balawat 59, 62, 66, 401–2, 401, 425, 471
inscriptions of 62, 64, 66, 402
receives tribute form “kings of the seashore” 64, 66, 472
Shalmaneser V 67
Shamash 283, 593
Sharon Plain 40, 125, 279
sheep, see ovicaprids
shekel (š-q-l) of Byblos 394, 396
of Carthage 397
The Oxford Handbook of the Phoenician and Punic Mediterranean Page 111