The Chosen Wars
Page 36
26. Jonathan D. Sarna, American Judaism, 38.
27. Jonathan D. Sarna, American Judaism, 14.
28. Jonathan D. Sarna, American Judaism, 43.
29. Hasia R. Diner, A Time for Gathering: The Second Migration 1820–1880 (Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992), 149.
30. Jonathan D. Sarna, American Judaism, 79.
31. Marc Lee Raphael, The Synagogue in America: A Short History (New York: New York University Press, 2011), 17. See also Sandee Brawarsky, 2005, “A History of Congregation B’nai Jeshurun, 1825–2005,” B’nai Jeshurun website, http://www.bj.org/Articles/a-history-of-bj-1825-2005/.
32. Leon A. Jick, Americanization of the Synagogue, 53–54.
33. James William Hagy, This Happy Land: The Jews of Colonial and Antebellum Charleston (Tuscaloosa and London: The University of Alabama Press, 1993), 80.
34. Abraham J. Karp, Haven and Home, 45–48.
TWO: LET HARMONY ASCEND
1. Gary Phillip Zola, Isaac Harby of Charleston, 1788–1828 (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press Judaic Studies Series, 1994), 2.
2. Charles Reznikoff, with Uriah Z. Engelman, The Jews of Charleston: A History of an American Jewish Community (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1950), 67.
3. Preservation Society of Charleston, “1838 (April 27–28) Fire” (Charleston: Alfred O. Halsey Map Preservation Research Project, 1949), http://www.halseymap.com/flash/window.asp?HMID=48.
4. James William Hagy, This Happy Land, 112.
5. James William Hagy, This Happy Land, 239.
6. James William Hagy, This Happy Land, 245.
7. Charles Reznikoff with Uriah Z. Engelman, The Jews of Charleston, 4–6.
8. Susanna Ashton, “Slaves of Charleston,” Forward, September 19, 2014.
9. Allan Tarshish, “The Charleston Organ Case,” in American Jewish Historical Quarterly, vol. 54 (June 1965), no. 4, 411–449, 412.
10. Barnett A. Elzas, The Jews of South Carolina: From the Earliest Times to the Present Day (Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1902), https://archive.org/details/jewsofcharleston00elzaiala.
11. James William Hagy, This Happy Land, 37–39.
12. Solomon Breitbart, compiled by Harlan Greene, Explorations in Charleston’s Jewish History. (Charleston and London: History Press, 2005), 35–37.
13. Charles Reznikoff with Uriah Z. Engelman, The Jews of Charleston, 17–18.
14. James William Hagy, This Happy Land, 58–60.
15. Barnett A. Elzas, The Jews of South Carolina: From the Earliest Times to the Present Day (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1902), 150–154, https://archive.org/details/jewsofcharleston00elzaiala.
16. James William Hagy, This Happy Land, 61–68.
17. Solomon Breitbart, Explorations in Charleston’s Jewish History, 113–115.
18. Allan Tarshish, “The Charleston Organ Case,” American Jewish Historical Quarterly, vol. 54 (June 1965), no. 4, 411–449.
19. James William Hagy, This Happy Land, 79–80.
20. L. C. Moïse, Biography of Isaac Harby, with an Account of the Reformed Society of Israelites of Charleston, S.C., 1824–1833 (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press; Central Conference of American Rabbis, 1931), 32–33.
21. “Memorial to the President and Members of the Adjunta of Kahal Kodesh Beth Elohim of Charleston, South Carolina, demanding religious reform, December 23, 1824,” in Gary Philip Zola and Marc Dollinger, eds., American Jewish History: A Primary Source Reader (Waltham, MA: Brandeis University Press, 2014), 79–80.
22. Gary Phillip Zola, Isaac Harby of Charleston, 1788–1828 (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press Judaic Studies Series, 1994) 122, xi, xii.
23. Lou H. Silberman, “American Impact: Judaism in the United States in the Early Nineteenth Century,” Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, B. G. Rudolph Lectures in Judaic Studies (April 19, 1964), no. 2.
24. Michael A. Meyer, Response to Modernity, 229.
25. See James L. Kugel, The God of Old: Inside the Lost World of the Bible (New York: Free Press/Simon & Schuster, 2003), and The Great Shift: Encountering God in Biblical Times (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2017).
26. Allan Tarshish, “The Charleston Organ Case,” American Jewish Historical Quarterly, 417–18.
27. Gary Phillip Zola, Isaac Harby of Charleston, 141–143.
28. Gary Phillip Zola: Isaac Harby of Charleston, 135 ff.
29 Gary Phillip Zola, Isaac Harby of Charleston, xii.
30. Gary Phillip Zola, Isaac Harby of Charleston, 9.
31. Gary Phillip Zola, Isaac Harby of Charleston, 32, 41, 53, 61–3, 94, 96, 112.
THREE: REBELLION IN CHARLESTON
1. Gary Phillip Zola, Isaac Harby of Charleston, 117.
2. James L. Kugel, The Great Shift: Encountering God in Biblical Times (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2017), 317–328.
3. Gary Phillip Zola, Isaac Harby of Charleston, 124–125.
4. Lou H. Silberman, “American Impact,” B. G. Rudolph Lectures.
5. Gary Phillip Zola, Isaac Harby of Charleston, 125–128.
6. Allan Tarshish, “The Charleston Organ Case,” American Jewish Historical Quarterly, 413.
7. Gary Phillip Zola, Isaac Harby of Charleston, 130–133.
8. Harlan Greene and Dale Rosengarten, in Solomon Brietbart, ed., Explorations in Charleston’s Jewish History (Charleston, SC: History Press, 2005), 13.
9. Solomon Breitbart, ed., Explorations in Charleston’s Jewish History, 56–58.
10. David Ellenson, “A Disputed Precedent: the Prague Organ,” in David Ellenson, After Emancipation: Jewish Religious Responses to Modernity (Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College Press, 2004), 121–138. The issue of the organ in Hamburg and Prague is also discussed by Allan Tarshish in “The Charleston Organ Case,” American Jewish Historical Quarterly, vol. 54 (June 1965), no. 4, 411–449, drawing on the scholarship of W. Gunther Plaut, The Rise of Reform Judaism: A Sourcebook of Its Europe Origins (New York: World Union of Progressive Judaism, 1963), 34–44 and 165–169. See also James William Hagy, This Happy Land, 242 ff.
11. Allan Tarshish, “The Charleston Organ Case,” American Jewish Historical Quarterly, 411–449.
12. See “Savannah: Historical Overview” in Encyclopedia of Southern Jewish Communities— Savannah, Georgia; Goldring Woldenberg Institute of Southern Jewish Life; http://www.isjl.org/georgia-savannah-encyclopedia.html (accessed July 23, 2016).
13. Charles Reznikoff, Uriah Engelman, The Jews of Charleston, 140.
14. James William Hagy, This Happy Land, 246.
15. Allan Tarshish, “The Charleston Organ Case,” American Jewish Historical Quarterly, 431.
16. James William Hagy, This Happy Land, 248–254.
17. Barnett A. Elzas, The Jews of South Carolina, 210.
18. Charles Reznikoff and Uriah Z. Engelman, The Jews of Charleston: A History of an American Jewish Community, 124.
19. James William Hagy, This Happy Land, 131–132, 144.
20. Robert Liberles, “Conflict Over Reforms in Charleston,” in The American Synagogue: A Sanctuary Transformed, Jack Wertheimer, ed. (Waltham, MA: Brandeis University Press, 1987).
21. Charles Reznikoff and Uriah Engelman, The Jews of Charleston, 129–131.
22. Allan Tarshish, “The Charleston Organ Case,” American Jewish Historical Quarterly, 412–13.
23. Yitzhak F. Baer, “From the Ancient Faith to a New Historical Consciousness,” excerpt from Galut, Robert Warshow, trans. (New York: Schocken Books, 1947), republished in Goldin, Judah, ed., The Jewish Expression (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1976), 390.
24. Lou H. Silberman, “American Impact,” B. G. Rudolph Lectures in Judaic Studies, Syracuse University Press.
25. Decision of the Court of Appeals in the Case of the State Ex Relatione A. Ottolengui, vs. G. V. Ancker and Others—Charleston, February 1846. Published in The Occident and American Jewish Advocate, vol. III
(Adar 5606, March 1846), no. 12.
FOUR: THE GERMAN IMMIGRANTS
1. Arthur Hertzberg, The Jews in America, 106–107.
2. Jonathan Sarna, American Judaism, 63.
3. Leon Jick, Americanization of the Synagogue, 57.
4. Jonathan Sarna, American Judaism, 65.
5. Gary Phillip Zola, We Called Him Rabbi Abraham—Lincoln and American Jewry, A Documentary History (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2014), 11–25.
6. Hasia R. Diner, A Time for Gathering, 64–7.
7. Sydney E. Ahlstrom, A Religious History of the American People, 575.
8. Abraham Karp, Haven and Home, 53.
9. Stephen Birmingham, Our Crowd: The Great Jewish Families of New York (Syracuse, NY: First Syracuse University Press Edition, 1996; originally published 1967), 34, 17–23.
10. Hasia R. Diner, A Time for Gathering, 65.
11. Hasia R. Diner, A Time for Gathering, 129.
12. Jonathan Sarna American Judaism, 23–4.
13. Jonathan Sarna, American Judaism, 70.
14. Leon A. Jick, The Americanization of the Synagogue, 34–35.
15. Abraham Vossen Goodman, “A Jewish Peddler’s Diary,” published in American Jewish Archives, June 1951.
16. Jonathan Sarna, American Judaism, 66.
17. Jonathan Sarna, American Judaism, 46.
18. Abraham J. Karp, Haven and Home, 23.
19. Hasia R. Diner, A Time for Gathering, 113.
20. Hasia R. Diner, A Time for Gathering, 108.
21. Leon A. Jick, The Americanization of the Synagogue, 103–150.
22. Nathan Glazer, American Judaism, 34.
FIVE: GERMAN RABBIS IN AMERICA
1. Abraham J. Karp, “Overview: The Synagogue in America—A Historical Typology,” in Jack Wertheimer, ed., The American Synagogue: A Sanctuary Transformed (Hanover and London: Brandeis University Press, 1987, 1995), 7–8.
2. Alan Silverstein, Alternatives to Assimilation: The Response of Reform Judaism to American Culture 1840–1930 (Hanover and London: Brandeis University Press, 1994), 9–10.
3. Arthur Hertzberg, The Jews in America, 33.
4. Gordon S. Wood, “A Different Story of What Shaped America,” New York Review of Books, July 9, 2015.
5. John M. Blum and Bruce Catton, Edmund S. Morgan, Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., Kenneth M. Stampp, and C. Vann Woodward, The National Experience: A History of the United States, 2d ed. (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc., 1968), 256–57.
6. Sydney E. Ahlstrom, A Religious History of the American People, 379.
7. Sydney E. Ahlstrom, A Religious History of the American People, 366.
8. Quoted in John M. Blum et al., The National Experience: A History of the United States, 252.
9. Quoted by Arthur Hertzberg, The Jews in America, 75.
10. Jonathan D. Sarna, American Judaism, 46–47.
11. Leon A. Jick, The Americanization of the Synagogue, 71– 73.
12. Leon A. Jick, The Americanization of the Synagogue, 77.
13. Leon A. Jick, The Americanization of the Synagogue, 119–120.
14. Abraham J. Karp, Haven and Home, 10.
15. Abraham J. Karp, Haven and Home, 59.
16. Michael A. Meyer, Response to Modernity, 27–28.
17. Leora Batnitzky, How Judaism Became a Religion: An Introduction to Modern Jewish Thought (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011), 13.
18. Simon Schama, The Story of the Jews, 91.
19. Michael A. Meyer, Response to Modernity, 40–41.
20. Shmuel Ettinger, essays in “The Modern Period” section of A History of the Jewish People, H. H. Sasson, ed. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1969, 1976), 834. The preceding section on the Jewish Enlightenment draws from Ettinger’s chapters, among other scholarly works, including Michael Meyer’s Response to Modernity.
21. Quoted in Michael A. Meyer, Response to Modernity, 91.
SIX: THE TURBULENT ISAAC MAYER WISE
1. Isaac Mayer Wise, Reminiscences, trans. and ed. by David Philipson, 2d ed., originally published 1901 (New York: Central Synagogue of New York, 1945), 14–17.
2. Meyer, Michael A., Response to Modernity, 238.
3. Nathan Glazer, American Judaism, 37.
4. Sefton D. Temkin, Isaac Mayer Wise: Shaping American Judaism (Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 41–43.
5. Jonathan D. Sarna, American Judaism, 92.
6. Michael A. Meyer, Response to Modernity, 238.
7. James G. Heller, Isaac M. Wise: His Life, Work and Thought (New York: Union of American Hebrew Congregations, 1965), 202.
8. Sefton D. Temkin, Isaac Mayer Wise, 43.
9. William Kennedy, O Albany! Improbable City of Political Wizards, Fearless Ethnics, Spectacular Aristocrats, Splendid Nobodies, and Underrated Scoundrels (New York: Penguin Books, 1983), 216. Citation is from “The Jews in Albany, NY (1655–1914),” by Louis Silver, American Jewish Historical Quarterly.
10. William Kennedy, O Albany!, 218 ff.
11. Max B. May, Isaac Mayer Wise: The Founder of American Judaism, A Biography (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1916), 56.
12. Sefton D. Temkin, Isaac Mayer Wise, 48.
13. Sefton D. Temkin, Isaac Mayer Wise, citing The Occident (March 1847), 50.
14. Naphtali J. Rubinger, “Dismissal in Albany,” in American Jewish Archives, November 1972, 160–183.
15. Sefton D. Temkin, Isaac Mayer Wise, 52–53.
16. Sefton D. Temkin, Isaac Mayer Wise, 54.
17. Max B. May, Isaac Mayer Wise, 66.
18. Sefton D. Temkin, Isaac Mayer Wise, 58–60.
SEVEN: A FISTFIGHT IN ALBANY
1. James William Hagy, This Happy Land, 257, 263
2. Jonathan D. Sarna, American Judaism, 95.
3. Sefton D. Temkin, Isaac Mayer Wise, 64.
4. Eugene B. Borowitz, “What Do We Expect in the Messianic Age?” Reform Judaism Magazine, Spring 1999, 68–86.
5. Leon Wieseltier, “A Passion for Waiting: Liberal Notes on Messianism and the Jews,” in a privately published volume in honor of Daniel Bell. Thanks to the author for providing the text.
6. Yitzhak F. Baer, “From the Ancient Faith to a New Historical Consciousness,” excerpt from Galut, Robert Warshow, trans. (New York: Schocken Books, 1947), republished in Judah Goldin, ed., The Jewish Expression (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1976), 387–396.
7. See David Biale, “Introduction: Israel Among the Nations,” in The Norton Anthology of World Religions, vol. 2, Jack Miles, general ed. (New York and London: W. W. Norton & Co., 2015).
8. Eugene B. Borowitz, “What Do We Expect in the Messianic Age?,” 78.
9. Jacob Katz, “Israel and the Messiah,” in Essential Papers on Messianic Movements and Personalities in Jewish History, Marc Saperstein, ed. (New York: New York University Press, 1992).
10. Eugene B. Borowitz, “The Messianic Age: A Reform Perspective,” 82.
11. Isaac M. Wise, Reminiscences, 141–152.
12. James William Hagy, This Happy Land, 267–8.
13. Max B. May, Isaac Mayer Wise, 100.
14. Sefton D. Temkin, Isaac Mayer Wise, 68.
15. Sefton D. Temkin, Isaac Mayer Wise, 71.
16. Naphtali J. Rubinger, “Dismissal in Albany,” 166–167.
17. Naphtali J. Rubinger, “Dismissal in Albany,” 168.
18. Isaac M. Wise, Reminiscences, 161.
19. Naphtali J. Rubinger, “Dismissal in Albany,” 171–172
20. Naphtali J. Rubinger, “Dismissal in Albany,” 176.
21. David Philipson and Louis Grossmann, eds., Selected Writings of Isaac M. Wise with a Biography by the Editors (Cincinnati: Robert Clarke Co., published under the auspices of the Alumnal Association of the Hebrew Union College, 1900), 38.
22. Naphtali J. Rubinger, “Dismissal in Albany,” 178.
23. Isaac M. Wise, Reminiscences, 165.
24. Isaac M. Wise, Reminiscences, 166–16
7.
25. Sefton D. Temkin, Isaac Mayer Wise, 73.
26. Sefton D. Temkin, Isaac Mayer Wise, 74.
EIGHT: THE “TWO ISAACS”
1. Leon A. Jick, Americanization of the Synagogue, 59.
2. Jonathan D. Sarna, American Judaism, 102.
3. Marc Lee Raphael, The Synagogue in America, 34.
4. Lance J. Sussman, Isaac Leeser and The Making of American Judaism (Detroit: Wayne State University Press., 1995), 253.
5. Michael A. Meyer, Response to Modernity, 235.
6. Lance J. Sussman, Isaac Leeser, 173–176.
7. James G. Heller, Isaac M. Wise, 107.
8. Lance J. Sussman, Isaac Leeser, 168–169.
9. James G. Heller, Isaac M. Wise, 197–199.
10. James G. Heller, Isaac M. Wise, 218–20.
11. Michael A. Meyer, Response to Modernity, 230–242.
12. Sefton D. Temkin, Isaac Mayer Wise, 102.
13. Michael A. Meyer, Response to Modernity, 244–245.
14. Sefton D. Temkin, Isaac Mayer Wise, 137.
15. Michael A. Meyer, Response to Modernity, 248–252.
16. Sefton D. Temkin, Isaac Mayer Wise, 140–141.
17. Sefton D. Temkin, Isaac Mayer Wise, 142 (citing The Occident, December 1855, 429).
18. Sefton D. Temkin, Isaac Mayer Wise, 142–147.
19. Michael A. Meyer, Response to Modernity, 255.
20. Stephen Prothero, American Jesus: How the Son of God Became a National Icon (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2004).
21. Sefton D. Temkin, Isaac Mayer Wise, 205.
22. Allan Tarshish, “The Charleston Organ Case,” American Jewish Historical Quarterly, 446–448.
23. Lee C. Harby, “Penina Moïse: Woman and Writer,” American Jewish Committee Archives; http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/1905_1906_3_Biographies.pdf (accessed July 21, 2016).
NINE: JEWS IN THE CIVIL WAR
1. Eli N. Evans, “Overview: The War Between Jewish Brothers in America,” in Jonathan Sarna and Adam Mendelsohn, eds., Jews and the Civil War: A Reader (New York and London: New York University Press, 2010), 27. See also Harold Holzer, Lincoln and the Jews: The Last Best Hope of Earth (Los Angeles: The Skirball Cultural Center, 2002), 3.