The Chosen Wars
Page 37
2. Jonathan D. Sarna, American Judaism, 113–114.
3. Bertram Korn, American Jewry and the Civil War, 49.
4. Jonathan D. Sarna, American Judaism, 116–124.
5. Gary L. Bunker and John J. Appel, “ ‘Shoddy’ Antisemitism and the Civil War,” in Jonathan D. Sarna and Adam Mendelsohn, eds., Jews and the Civil War, 311 ff.
6. Stephen V. Ash, “Civil War Exodus,” in Jonathan D. Sarna and Adam Mendelsohn, eds., Jews and the Civil War, 368. See also John Simon, “That Obnoxious Order,” Jonathan D. Sarna and Adam Mendelsohn, eds., Jews and the Civil War, 353–384.
7. Jonathan D. Sarna, American Judaism, 121.
8. Eli N. Evans, “Overview: The War Between Jewish Brothers in America,” in Jonathan Sarna and Adam Mendelsohn, eds., Jews and the Civil War, 44. See also Joakim Isaacs, “Candidate Grant and the Jews,” in Jonathan D. Sarna and Adam Mendelsohn, eds., Jews and the Civil War, 409.
9. Bertram Korn, “Jews and Negro Slavery in the Old South, 1789–1865,” in Jonathan D. Sarna and Adam Mendelsohn, eds., Jews and the Civil War, 117.
10. Robert N. Rosen, “Jewish Confederates,” in Jonathan D. Sarna and Adam Mendelsohn, eds., Jews and the Civil War, 232–234.
11. Harold Holzer, Lincoln and the Jews, 4.
12. Hasia R. Diner, A Time for Gathering, 176.
13. Eli N. Evans, “Overview,” Jonathan D. Sarna and Adam Mendelsohn, eds., Jews and the Civil War, 37.
14. Eli N. Evans, Judah P. Benjamin: The Jewish Confederate (New York: Free Press, 1988), 32–33.
15. Eli N. Evans, Judah P. Benjamin, xvi–xix.
16. Seymour Drescher, “Jews and New Christians in the Atlantic Slave Trade,” in Jonathan D. Sarna and Adam Mendelsohn, Jews and the Civil War, 67.
17. Bertram W. Korn, “Revolution and Reform: The Antebellum Jewish Abolitionists,” Jonathan D. Sarna and Adam Mendelsohn, Jews and the Civil War, 110.
18. Bertram W. Korn, American Jewry and the Civil War (New York: Meridian Books; World Publishing Company and Jewish Publication Society of America, new edition 1961), 15.
19. Louis Ruchames, “The Abolitionists and the Jews: Some Further Thoughts,” in Jonathan D. Sarna and Adam Mendelsohn, Jews and the Civil War, 149.
20. Jonathan D. Sarna, American Judaism, 116.
21. Bertram Korn, American Jewry and the Civil War, 35–39.
22. Jayme A. Sokolow, “Revolution and Reform: The Antebellum Jewish Abolitionists,” Jonathan D. Sarna and Adam Mendelsohn, eds., Jews and the Civil War, 135–140.
23. Bertram Korn, American Jewry and the Civil War, 41.
24. Bertram Korn, American Jewry and the Civil War, 44–46.
25. Howard B. Rock, “Upheaval, Innovation, and Transformation: New York City Jews and the Civil War,” American Jewish Archives Journal, vol. LXIV (2012). nos. 1 and 2.
26. M.J. Raphall, “The Bible View of Slavery,” January 15, 1861, published by Jewish–American Historical Society: http://www.jewish-history.com/civilwar/raphall.html.
27. Michael Heilprin, “Michael Heilprin’s Anti-Slavery Editorial” Jewish-American History Foundation; http://www.jewish-history.com/civilwar/heilprin.html.
28. David Einhorn, “David Einhorn’s Response to ‘A Biblical View of Slavery,’ ” Jewish American History Foundation, trans. from the German, in “Sinai,” vol. VI, 2–22, Baltimore, 1861, by Mrs. Kaufmann Kohler; http://www.jewish-history.com/civilwar/einhorn.html (accessed December 16, 2016).
29. Isaac M. Fein, “Baltimore Rabbis During the Civil War,” Jonathan D. Sarna and Adam Mendelsohn, eds., Jews and the Civil War, 183–189.
30. David Herbert Donald, Lincoln (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995), 565–567.
31. Gary Phillip Zola, ed., We Called Him Rabbi Abraham: Lincoln and American Jewry—A Documentary History (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2014), 147–226.
32. Eli N. Evans, “Overview: The War Between Jewish Brothers in America,” in Jonathan D. Sarna and Adam Mendelsohn, eds., Jews and the Civil War: A Reader, 42. See also Bertram W. Korn, American Jewry and the Civil War (Meridian Books; World Publishing Company and Jewish Publication Society of America, new edition 1961).
33. Adam Mendelsohn, “Introduction: Before Korn: A Century of Jewish Historical Writing About the Civil War,” Jonathan D. Sarna and Adam Mendelsohn, Jews and the Civil War, 18.
34. Adam Mendelsohn, “Introduction,” Jonathan D. Sarna and Adam Mendelsohn, eds., Jews and the Civil War, 8–9.
TEN: PROSPER AND DIVIDE
1. Leon A. Jick, Americanization of the Synagogue, 140–143 and 179.
2. Leon A. Jick, Americanization of the Synagogue, 154–155.
3. Abraham J. Karp, Haven and Home, 85–86.
4. Hasia R. Diner, A Time for Gathering, 117.
5. Leon A. Jick, Americanization of the Synagogue, 115.
6. Alan Silverstein, Alternatives to Assimilation, 23–24.
7. Jonathan D. Sarna, “The Debate Over Mixed Seating in the American Synagogue,” in Jack Wertheimer, ed., The American Synagogue, 363–369.
8. Jonathan D. Sarna, “The Debate Over Mixed Seating in the American Synagogue,” in Jack Wertheimer, ed., The American Synagogue, 363–394. The account and quotations in this section are drawn from this article.
9. Marc Lee Raphael, The Synagogue in America, 38–39.
10. Michael A. Meyer, Response to Modernity, 226–227.
11. Hasia R. Diner, A Time for Gathering, 230.
12. Jonathan D. Sarna, American Judaism, 129.
13. Alan Silverstein, Alternatives to Assimilation, 20.
14. Michael A. Meyer, Response to Modernity, 252.
ELEVEN: REFORMISTS AND RADICALS
1. Michael A. Meyer, Response to Modernity, 243.
2. “Reform Judaism: Declaration of Principles: 1869 Philadelphia Conference,” Zionism and Israel Information Center; http://www.zionism-israel.com/hdoc/Philadelphia_Conference_1869.htm.
3. Michael A. Meyer, Response to Modernity, 255–258.
4. Sefton D. Temkin, Isaac Mayer Wise, 218.
5. Michael A. Meyer, Response to Modernity, 259.
6. Sefton D. Temkin, Isaac Mayer Wise, 243–245.
7. Michael A. Meyer, Response to Modernity, 259.
8. Michael A. Meyer, Response to Modernity, 263.
9. Sefton D. Temkin, Isaac Mayer Wise, 227.
10. “Illustrated History of 1867 Synagogue,” Jewish Historical Society of Greater Washington, “Lillian and Albert Small Jewish Museum,” https://www.jhsgw.org/history/synagogue (accessed August 1, 2017).
11. Ralph Waldo Emerson, “Remarks at Organization of Free Religious Association, Boston, May 30, 1867,” The Complete Works, 1904, vol. XI, Miscellanies, XXVII, http://www.bartleby.com/90/1127.html (accessed August 10, 2017).
12. John Morton Blum et al., The National Experience, 251. See also Sydney E. Ahlstrom, A Religious History of the American People, 579.
13. Sydney E. Ahlstrom, A Religious History, 767.
14. Leon A. Jick, The Americanization of the Synagogue, 133.
15. Benny Kraut, From Reform Judaism to Ethical Culture: The Religious Evolution of Felix Adler (Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College Press, 1979), 1–168.
16. Benny Kraut, From Reform Judaism to Ethical Culture, 18.
17. Benny Kraut, From Reform Judaism to Ethical Culture, 56, 74, 78, 85.
18. Michael A. Meyer, Response to Modernity, 266.
TWELVE: THE TREFA BANQUET
1. Lance J. Sussman, “The Myth of the Trefa Banquet: American Culinary Culture and the Radicalization of Food Policy in American Reform Judaism,” American Jewish Archives Journal, vol. 57 (2005), nos. 1–2, http://americanjewisharchives.org/publications/journal/PDF/2005_57_01_02_sussman.pdf (accessed August 9, 2017).
2. John J. Appel, “The Trefa Banquet,” Commentary, February 1, 1966, https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/the-trefa-banquet/ (accessed August 9, 2017).
3. Matthew LaGrone, “Disagreement and Denominationalism: The
Kohut-Kohler Debate of 1885,” Conservative Judaism, vol. 64 (Summer 2013), no. 4, 71–89.
4. Jonathan D. Sarna, American Judaism, 135.
5. Elias Bickerman, “The Maccabean Uprising: An Interpretation,” trans. from the German by Krishna Winston (Berlin: Schocken Books, 1937), republished in Judah Goldin, ed., The Jewish Expression, 80–81.
6. Jonathan D. Sarna, American Judaism, 136.
7. Jonathan D. Sarna, American Judaism, 136.
8. Isidore Singer, George Alexander, Cyrus Adler “Alexander Kohut,” Jewish Encyclopedia, 1906 (accessed May 28, 2017; http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/9436-kohut-alexander).
9. Jonathan D. Sarna, American Judaism, 147.
10. Matthew LaGrone, “Disagreement and Denominationalism: The Kohut-Kohler Debate of 1885,” Conservative Judaism, vol. 64 (Summer 2013), no. 4, 72.
11. Michael A. Meyer, Response to Modernity, 267.
12. Abraham Leon Sachar, A History of the Jews (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1968), 162 ff.
13. Matthew LaGrone, “Disagreement and Denominationalism: The Kohut-Kohler Debate of 1885,” Conservative Judaism, 77–79.
14. Cyrus Adler, “Kaufmann Kohler” in Jewish Encyclopedia, http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/9419-kohler-kaufmann (accessed February 11, 2017).
15. Jonathan D. Sarna, American Judaism, 147.
16. Michael A. Meyer, Response to Modernity, 271.
17. Michael A. Meyer, Response to Modernity, 273.
18. Sydney E. Ahlstrom, Religious History of the American People, 763–765.
19. Matthew LaGrone, “Disagreement and Denominationalism,” Conservative Judaism, 75–82.
20. Benny Kraut, From Reform Judaism, 156, 158, 160.
THIRTEEN: NEW DIVISIONS
1. Jonathan D. Sarna, American Judaism, 148.
2. W. Gunther Plaut, “The Pittsburgh Platform in the Light of European Antecedents,” in Walter Jacob, ed., The Pittsburgh Platform in Retrospect (Pittsburgh: Rodef Shalom Congregation Press, 1985), 18.
3. Kaufmann Kohler, Hebrew Union College and Other Addresses (Cincinnati: Ark Publishing Co., 1916), 67 ff.
4. Michael A. Meyer, Response to Modernity, 245.
5. Jonathan D. Sarna, American Judaism, 148–149.
6. “The Pittsburgh Platform,” in Michael Meyer, Response to Modernity, appendix, 387–388.
7. W. Gunther Plaut, “The Pittsburgh Platform in the Light of European Antecedents,” in Walter Jacob, ed., The Pittsburgh Platform in Retrospect, 19–21.
8. Samuel E. Karff, “The Theology of the Pittsburgh Platform,” in Walter Jacob, ed., The Pittsburgh Platform in Retrospect, 76 ff.
9. Sefton D. Temkin, Isaac Mayer Wise, 293.
10. Irving Howe, World of Our Fathers: The Journey of the East European Jews to America and the Life They Found and Made (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1976), 5.
11. Howard M. Sachar, A History of the Jews in the Modern World (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005), 197 ff.
12. Sefton D. Temkin, Isaac Mayer Wise, 295–296.
13. Jeffrey S. Gurock, “Resisters and Accommodators: Varieties of Orthodox Rabbis in America, 1886–1983,” American Jewish Archives, November 1983 (100–187), 105.
14. Abraham J. Karp, Haven and Home, 96.
15. Jeffrey S. Gurock, “Resisters and Accommodators,” American Jewish Archives (November 1983), 108.
16. Quoted in Michael R. Cohen, The Birth of Conservative Judaism: Solomon Schechter’s Disciples and the Creation of an American Religious Movement (New York: Columbia University Press, 2012), 3.
17. Michael A. Meyer, Response to Modernity, 276–287.
18. Nathan Glazer, American Judaism, 139.
19. Michael A. Meyer, Response to Modernity, 293–295.
20. See “The Guiding Principles of Reform Judaism,” “The Columbus Platform” of 1937; Central Conference of American Rabbis, website: https://www.ccarnet.org/rabbis-speak/platforms/guiding-principles-reform-judaism/.
21. “Reform Judaism: A Centenary Perspective; Adopted in San Francisco—1976,” https://ccarnet.org/rabbis-speak/platforms/reform-judaism-centenary-perspective/.
22. “A Statement of Principles for Reform Judaism; Adopted at the 1999 Pittsburgh Convention Central Conference of American Rabbis, May 1999,” https://ccarnet.org/rabbis-speak/platforms/statement-principles-reform-judaism/.
EPILOGUE: AN AMERICAN RELIGION
1. Jonathan D. Sarna, American Judaism, 66.
2. Hasia R. Diner, A Time for Gathering, 122.
3. Hasia R. Diner, A Time for Gathering, 178–181. See also Saul Jay Singer, “Longfellow and the Jewish Cemetery at Newport,” in Jewish Press, July 21, 2016.
4. Goldin, Judah. Introductory essay to The Jewish Expression (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1976), xxi.
5. Melvin Konner, Unsettled: An Anthropology of the Jews (New York: Penguin Group, 2003), 318 ff.
6. “A Portrait of Jewish Americans,” released October 1, 2013, Pew Research Center on Religion and Public Life. The survey was conducted on landlines and cellphones among 3,475 Jews across the country from February 20 to June 13, 2013, with a statistical margin of error for the full Jewish sample of plus or minus 3.0 percentage points: http://www.pewforum.org/2013/10/01/jewish-american-beliefs-attitudes-culture-survey/. Additional material:Alan Cooperman, director of Religion Research, Pew Research Center, “L’Dor Vador: A Generational Perspective on Jewish Life and Broader Trends in American Religion,” a presentation to the Jewish leadership of Cincinnati, June 8, 2017. Thanks to Alan Cooperman for sharing PowerPoint presentation.
7. Quoted in Nathan Glazer, American Judaism, 186.
Illustration Credits
Exhibit at the Museum of the City of New York: 1
Courtesy of Touro Synagogue: 2
Courtesy of Congregation Shearith Israel, New York: 3
Courtesy of Congregation Mickve Israel, Savannah, Georgia: 4
Painting by Solomon N. Carvalho. Courtesy of Special Collections, College of Charleston Libraries: 5
Library of Congress: 6, 10, 15, 17, 19, 22
The Jacob Rader Marcus Center, American Jewish Archives, Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion: 7, 9, 12, 14, 16, 20, 26, 27
Jewish Encyclopedia: 8
Everett Collection Inc / Alamy Stock Photo: 11
Painting by Thomas Sully, Courtesy of The Rosenbach of the Free Library of Philadelphia: 13
Attributed to Theodore Sidney Moïse, ca. 1840; Collection of Anita Moïse Rosefield Rosenberg. Courtesy of Special Collections, College of Charleston Libraries: 18
New York Society for Ethical Culture: 21
Wikimedia Commons: 23, 24
Frontispiece of Semitic Studies in memory of Dr. Alexander Kohut, Berlin 1897: 25
Index
A note about the index: The pages referenced in this index refer to the page numbers in the print edition. Clicking on a page number will take you to the ebook location that corresponds to the beginning of that page in the print edition. For a comprehensive list of locations of any word or phrase, use your reading system’s search function.
Aaronsohn, Moshe, 123
Abel, 164
Abodath Israel (Szold), 86
abolitionism, xxvi, 37, 79, 145, 155–56, 160–63
Abraham, xxxiii, 3, 12, 30, 115, 131, 148, 165, 171–72, 205, 221, 222, 230, 237
Abraham Lincoln: The Tribute of the Synagogue, 171–72
Abrahams, Emanuel, 27
academies, 35–36
“accommodators,” 245
Adam and Eve, 3, 166, 192
Adams, John, 80
Adams, John Quincy, 37
Adas Israel (“Congregation of Israel”), xv, 199–200
Adler, Felix, xv, 202–7, 226–27, 230–35, 238, 260
Adler, Henry, 199
Adler, Liebman, 156
Adler, Samuel, xiv, 84, 186, 191–92, 203–6, 227, 230
Adonai, xvii, xx
African Americans, xiv, xxvi, 5, 20, 2
1, 24, 25, 37, 78, 79, 104, 130, 134, 145–74, 183, 201, 204, 221, 230
afterlife, 109
Agassiz, Louis, 224
Age of Reason, The (Paine), 81
agnosticism, 201, 231
Ahlstrom, Sydney E., xxiii, 79, 224–25
Albany, N.Y., xiii, xxvi, 48, 93, 94, 96, 112, 113–14, 118–20, 127–28, 132, 176, 182, 184
Albany Evening Atlas, 119
Alberti (Harby), 36
Alexander II, Czar of Russia, xv, 239–40
Alexander the Great, 213, 214
Alhambra, 176
Allegheny City, 228
Allen, Ethan, 81
Alsace-Lorraine, 62
Alsbacher, Moses and Yetta, 71, 257
Alschuler, Samuel G., 171
Alzey, 84
Amalekites, 128
“American Adam,” 254
American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, 155
American Hebrew, xv, 212, 215, 221
American Israelite, 200, 237–38, 239
American Jew as Patriot, Soldier and Citizen, The (Wolf), 172
American Jewish Congress, 251
American Jewish Historical Society, 173
American Judaism (Glazer), 264
American Society for Evangelizing the Jews, 38–39
American Society for Promoting National Unity, 159
Amos, 249
Amsterdam, 2, 3, 7, 13, 26, 61, 90, 96
angels, xxxiii, 32, 185, 232
animal sacrifices, xxv, 100, 128, 178, 185, 189, 223, 226, 260
Ansche Emeth (“People of Truth”), 119, 182
anti-Semitism, xii, xv, xxiii, 11–12, 18, 24–25, 30, 39, 64, 77–78, 91, 119, 125, 133, 139–40, 146, 148–57, 166–67, 175, 185, 195, 200, 204, 206–7, 228–29, 239–40, 249, 250–53, 262, 264
Appel, John J., 149, 210
Arabia, 44
Arab-Israeli War (1967), 253
Aramaic language, 185
Ararat community, 17–19
Arbella, xxvii
Arlington Cemetery, 148
Articles of Faith, 22, 52–53
Ash, Stephen V., 150
Asmonean, xiii, 72, 101–2, 112, 113, 114, 117, 120, 128, 138, 191
Association of American Orthodox Hebrew Congregations, 243–44
atheism, xxx–xxxi, 44, 200–207, 233