The Anarchism

by Anna Georgieva

  In Italy, the Soviet revolution had a profound impact, especially metallurgical North. In 1919, the Italian Metalworkers Federation (IMF) signed an agreement which provided that companies "internal commissions" elective, later, after a series of strikes that occupied businesses, we attempted to transform nominate tips factory who ran businesses, developing self-management of the same, the common ownership of the means and materials and fair sharing, in what was called the rosso biennio . In this uprising the syndicalist Unione Italiana Sindacale played an important role and organized anarchists in Italian Anarchist Union.

  Also in Argentina the Russian Revolution generated an initial enthusiasm was soon replaced by a critical attitude to understand the authoritarian direction of Bolshevism, denounced by Kropotkin in his correspondence with Lenin, and at the congress of 1923 the FORA rejected "the so-called dictatorship of proletariat ". In January 1919 took place in Buenos Aires the Tragic Week, after the death of several workers due to police violence, protecting the scabs in a strike in the metal workshops Vasena. The FORA declared a general strike, followed unanimously by the Buenos Aires working class, the city was in the hands of the workers targeted by anarchists. But the movement ended up exhausted, about 55,000 workers were arrested, and the island of Martin Garcia was filled with anarchists. Fear of the government, the military and the bourgeoisie became thirsty for revenge, and the first in Argentine fascist organizations emerged, the "Patriotic League" with the support of the armed forces repressed with unprecedented violence not only workers , but also many people outside the strike.

  In 1921, in Patagonia, a large number of laborers and rural workers on strike for achieving improvements in their working conditions were killed by the army. The promoters of the strike and the insurrection that followed, the rebel Patagonia, anarchists were of various nationalities, including Argentine Creoles had some. Lieutenant Colonel Héctor Benigno Varela, who stars in the deaths of the hunger strikers, was killed on January 23, 1923 by the anarchist Kurt Wilckens, who was murdered in turn by a member of the Patriot League in June that year. Since the coup of General José Evaristo Uriburu against President Hipólito Yrigoyen in 1930, unleashed a fierce crackdown on organizations that formed the FORA, murdering, torturing and imprisoning its members, closing and libertarians local newspapers. In 1931 he was shot Severino Di Giovanni, a fact that caused a sensation in Argentina, along with other militants in various summary judgments. Some anarchist groups, led by figures such as Miguel Archangel Roscigna, Gino Gatti and Juan Antonio Morán, clashed with the police but they were thwarted by the dictatorship in 1935.

  Anarchist revolutions in Spain

  Related readings: Spanish social revolution of 1936

  Anarchism found on earth and the most congenial household Spanish spirit, and for fifty years, long after it began to decline their importance in the world, contributed in Spain an idea that had hundreds of thousands of adherents between workers of Barcelona and Madrid, and especially among the peasants of Andalusia, Aragon, Valencia and Galicia, with a moral intensity in many parts reaching the spiritual form of a new religion.With a weak liberal tradition and systematic shutdown the church and the army had exercised during the nineteenth century about a possible liberal constitution, there was widespread skepticism strong conventional political processes. When the Spanish Communist Party was founded in 1921 the anarchists were four times more numerous than the Socialists, the masses of workers and peasants had followed Bakunin in his break with Marx. In time of the First World War the National Confederation of Labour (CNT) had one million members.

  After attempts to release Casas Viejas and the Revolution of Asturias 1934 that were suppressed by the army of the Second Republic, the political climate in Spain was very polarized. When the February 16, 1936 the Popular Front (an alliance of liberal and left forces supported by the socialist and revolutionary anarchists) won the elections with a program of radical reform, a pre-revolutionary climate which was answered with a survey was created military whose failure led to the Spanish Civil War, and in its framework called Spanish Revolution of 1936, one of the most important libertarian experiences of all time.

  Socialists and Communists were strong in Madrid, but Barcelona anarchists controlled, where all major industries were controlled by the CNT, and the expropriation was considered standard. There were a large number of murders and the destruction of churches in some places the money was replaced by coupons while in Andalusia, where the anarchists were also strongly implanted, each population was acting on his own responsibility. The methods adopted anarchist military organization, and in September 1936 entered the Catalan government, moving to call it "Revolutionary Defense Council," to indicate that they were not attached to a real government. They then entered the government in Madrid, with Joan García Oliver as Minister of Justice, who established a new state law code and championed the need for an iron discipline in the Popular Army of the Republic. The CNT Republican state recognized as "an instrument of liberation."

  What Spanish anarchists tried to reach in July 1936 was a massive social revolution, culminating in the formation of a non-authoritarian form of socialism, recognizing people, neighborhoods and workplaces and federated self-governing units through economic and social networks cooperatives, a vision of entirely new economy at that time, based on an alternative social concept. The agrarian collectivization sought to develop a model of agricultural production to provide the end of hunger and the basis for a society free of class. They sought to develop links between cities and rural areas, urban unions provided technical assistance to rural communities in water projects, work on crops and medical assistance, and the collectivized industries receiving fruits and vegetables in exchange for machinery and manufactured goods.

  Participation in the government has been identified as a beginning of decline of anarchism, by 1937 about three million people living in rural communities, but the confrontation between anarchists, supporters of the revolution, and the communists who supported the return of government Republican grew and burst into Barcelona in May civil unrest with a result of over five hundred dead, in what has been known as the Days of May 1937. The anarchist influence over decline, the revolution ended and although the CNT continued to collaborate with the government retook not face responsibility for their actions. With the return of the republic in mind, the collectives were annulled, and popular militias integrated into the People's Army.

  From World War II to today

  The historic anarchist movement failed in creating an alternative to the nation-state or the capitalist economy that lastingly convinced any large segment of the world population, also in competition with other radical movements that were historical contemporaries revolutionary success authoritarian Marxism in Eastern Europe was the first defeat of anarchism, and attracted the revolutionary theyth and the working class that thrived bases.The second and final defeat was the anarchist social revolution against communism and the subsequent Republican victory of fascism in the Spanish Civil War. Unionism, hitherto dominated by anarchist ideas, diluted under the weight of reformism, with the agreement between the CNT and the UGT in Spain 1938 an exponent of an end. Anarchism had achieved local success and limited the application of libertarian ideas in projects and concrete and immediate moments, proving that in certain circumstances the voluntary methods of economic organization and industrial relations may work better than authoritarian methods. After the end of World War II movement was practically dismantled, leaving only individual anarchists or small groups scattered throughout the world, and the anarchist idea as a touchstone, knowledge of the existence and of the overbearing force of the movement toward universal centralization which has controlled the world and its rejection in favor of a vision of pure freedom. Economic reconstruction after the war also influenced the severe decline of anarchism that emerged marginally in the anti-imperialist struggles of the south, dominated largely by pro-Soviet influences.

  Emphasizes outreach work of historians of anar
chism as Daniel Guérin, French anarchist militant organizations such as ORA, and UTCL (predecessor of the movement Alternative libertarian), which participated in the riots of May 68. A number of anthologies published during the 1960s and 1970s presented back to a modern audience not only the most famous anarchist texts, but also others who had long unpublished, Irving Horowitz noted his anthology The Anarchists (1964), Patterns of Anarchy , edited by Leonard Lewis Krimerman and Perry (1966), The Essential Works of Anarchism , edited by Marshall Shatz (1971) and The Anarchist Reader , George Woodcock (1977). Since then, minor but interesting figures of the anarchist ideas have been rediscovered.

  The International Anarchist Congress of Carrara, Italy, held between August 30 and September 8, 1968, would rise to the International of Anarchist Federations, markedly synthetist character. The Congress of Carrara was widely covered by contemporary European press in light of the French May, participated libertarian known figures such as Daniel Cohn-Bendit and Federica Montseny.

  Anarchism would influence revolutionary tendencies as situationism, and also in the riots of the seventies if they bear within libertarian anti-capitalist practices. In England he won major impact during 1970 and 1972 Enraged Brigade, direct actions including attacks on banks, embassies and conservative politicians, was finally arrested and sentenced to prison its main leaders. Anarchists were also involved in the riots around the end of the Franco dictatorship as in Spain or the Greek military junta, or resisting against neo-fascism and dictatorships as new rising of Uruguay and Argentina.

  . Though the struggle of the '60s and '70s anarchist tendencies were present in groups like the anti-war Black Power movement, feminism, situationism, etc., did not give anything that could be identified as anarchism anarchists explicitly groups were housed and adopted strict liability positions of classical anarchism, as platformism.In his book Anarchism: A history of libertarian ideas and movements , Woodcock says that as the historical anarchism was strong in countries except France, were in their technological and socially backward time (like Spain, Italy and Ukraine), new anarchism has developed more technologically advanced countries where the theyth was indignant against a State who understood that he had assumed a mask that hid his club partnership with multinational corporate capitalism.

  Currently there are two trends in anarchism. One is those politically formed in the 60s and 70s, which subsists in different anarchist federations such as the International of Anarchist Federations synthesist, the International Libertarian Solidarity platformist and the International Workers Association (international anarchist-syndicalist unions), the second is evident in the networks of the new social movements.In the 1980s and 1990s and the first years of this century, the fall of the Soviet Union discredited authoritarian communism and anarchism regained some influence on the worldwide protests against the consolidation of the neoliberal economic model: the Zapatista uprising ( 1994), the Battle of Seattle (1999), the expansion of squatter movement and the ecovillage movement mainly in Europe and North America, groups that promote urban cycling, distribution and use of free software and the development of Web 2.0 the dissemination of free knowledge, green energy and sustainable development, and the development of social economy and fair trade, argentinazo (2001-2002) with its neighborhood assemblies and recovered factories, the teachers of Oaxaca conflict with their assemblies popular Chilean student protests, the French university in Paris (three in 2006) or the Greek riots and demonstrations in December 2008, the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 where there was an awakening and a strong inclination towards anarchist thought and libertarian socialism in the Arab world, as well as other initiatives and movements like anarchist-punk, the proposed Reclaim the Streets, or libertarians / Infoshop ateneos phenomena are considered anarchist influences.

  Notes

  ↑ In Anarchist-syndicalism (theory and practice) , the German anarchist Rudolf Rocker says:

  Anarchist ideas appear in all known periods of history, though in this respect remains still much ground to explore. The find in the Lao-Tse-La Chinese Ride and true, and in recent Greek philosophers, the hedonistic and cynical, and other advocates of the "natural law", especially Zeno, who, at the point opposite of Plato founded the school of the Stoics. Found expression in the teachings of the Gnostic Carpocrates Alexandria and exerted undeniable influence on certain Christian sects of the Middle Ages in France, Germany and the Netherlands, all of which fell victim to savage persecution. We found a stout champion of these ideas in the history of the Bohemian reform, Chelcicky Peter, who in his faith networks subjected to the Church and the State at the same trial that apply them later Tolstoy. Among the great humanist rebel stands with his description of the happy Abbey of Thelema-which offers a Gargantua-life picture free of any authoritarian brake. Only quote here, among many other precursors, Diderot, whose voluminous writings was found profusely scattered with expressions that reveal a truly superior intelligence, who knew how to shake all authoritarian prejudices.

  ↑ In Chapter III of Mutual Aid: A Factor in Evolution , Russian anarchist Peter Kropotkin says:

  Primitive men, as we said before, so much identified his life with the life of his tribe, each of their actions, however insignificant in itself, is considered a matter of the whole tribe. His whole behavior is governed by a comprehensive set of verbal rules of decorum, which are the result of general experience regarding what should be considered good or bad, ie, beneficial or harmful to their own tribe.Naturally, the arguments that are based on these rules of decency tend to be, at times, absurd in the extreme. Many of them have their beginning in superstitions. We find absurd the common law of the wild, but obey their requirements, even if they are embarrassing. Obey them even more blindly than the civilized man obeys the prescriptions of its laws. The common law of the wild is their religion, it is the very nature of life. The idea of the clan is always present in his mind, and therefore self-limitations and sacrifice in the interests of the clan is the everyday phenomenon. If the savage has infringed some of the smaller rules set by his tribe, women chase him with their teasing. If the offense is more serious nature, then torments him day and night, the fear of being drawn disgrace upon all his tribe until the tribe absolves him of guilt. If the wild accidentally hurt someone of his own clan, and thereby committed the greatest of crimes, it becomes completely miserable man flees into the forest and is ready to finish him if the tribe does not absolve him of guilt , causing physical pain or pouring a certain amount of their own blood.Within the tribe everything is distributed in common, each piece of food, as we have seen, is distributed among those present, to the wild in the woods invites all who want to share their food.

  ↑ In Individualism anarquisa and loving comradeship , the French individualist anarchist Emile Armand says:

  The philosophical principles of the movement seem to go back to the Renaissance, or more precisely, to the Reformation, planting ideas in the spirit of free inquiry and the individual pursuit in biblical stuff, exceeded their targets and initiators led to the dissemination of critical thinking in all fields. This germ free thinking, rather than develop and achieve rational criticism of institutions and conventions, stopped in dissecting the puerile words upon which they build their faith Orthodox believers. Finally the movement completed its work and submitted to analysis freethinking laws and regulations, and moral education programs, economic conditions and social relations of all kinds. So, anarchism became the manifestation of more dangerous and frightening opposition they have ever faced government tyranny.

  ↑ In Anarchist-syndicalism (theory and practice) , the German anarchist Rudolf Rocker says:

  Anarchist-syndicalists are convinced that neither by statute nor by decrees issued by the government can be created by a socialist economy, but under the collaboration of the brain and labor of all workers, from every branch of production; ie taking possession of the factories toset free the workers themselves, in such a way that all the separate factories and industrial areas groups are independent members
of the general economic organism and systematically carry out the production and distribution of products in the interest of community based on free mutual agreements.

  ↑ Armand Cuvillier, Proudhon . FCE, Mexico, 1986, p.11.

  ↑ "The Passion, which we have learned to see as" evil "is in fact virtually the divine principle. Humans are stars microscopic, and all passions and desires (including" Fetish "and" perversions ") are not only good, but necessary for the realization of the destiny of human nature. Harmony In Fourier system all creative activities including industry, handicrafts, agriculture, etc.. arise from the release of the passion-this is the famous theory of "attractive labor." "" The ocean of lemonade and modern times "by Hakim Bey

  ↑ Fourier's work has been considered as a direct antecedent of the ideas of Marx and Kropotkin, see Cappelletti, 2007, p. 111-113.

  ↑ a b c Nettlau, 1935, "and Proudhon Proudhon's thought in several countries, mainly in France, Spain and Germany."

  ↑ a b Woodcock, 2004, p.81

  ↑ See the next box that appears in Chapter V of the book What is Property? (1840) by Pierre-Joseph Proudhon:

  - What form of government is preferable? - And yet they ask? -Immediately answer any of my theyng readers. - Are not they Republicans? -Republican I am, indeed, but this word does not need anything. Res public is public affairs, and therefore who loves public affairs, under any form of government, can be called a Republican. Kings are also Republicans. - They are then Democrat? -No. - Perhaps they are a monarchist? -No. - Constitutional? -God forbid. - Aristocrat?-Anything but that. - So Shall a mixed government? -Under yet. - What are they then? 'I'm an anarchist.