The Anarchism

by Anna Georgieva

  The thought of Proudhon strongly impressed Marx (who tried to criticize it theoretically in 1847), Stirner in Germany, Russia and Bakunin. They also had great success in Spain, in the figure of Pi, through his work The reaction and revolution. Political and Social Studies (1854), and Spanish translations of the books of Proudhon.Another French anarchist known Déjacque this time was Joseph, who first described himself as a libertarian. Reviewed anarchist utopia entitled The Humanisferio , and criticized the patriarchal vision of the family of Proudhon.

  The thought of Proudhon had little impact in England and America, where anarchism perceived as a logical extension of liberalism of John Locke and Jeffersonian democracy. Disillusioned of utopian socialism after the failure of the experimental community of Robert Owen, "New Harmony," one settler, Josiah Warren, had concluded the impossibility of disinterested social life, and from 1825 advocated the complete individualization of life social, modeled socioeconomic their first experiment, the "Cincinnati Time Store" fair exchange based on the theory of labor value, economic system that is embodied in his works Equitable Commerce (1846) and Practical Details in Equitable Commerce (1852). Individualist anarchism Warren had some impact in England, but lost on European socialism until 1885. His ideas were later developed in the U.S. by other individualist anarchists like Lysander Spooner and Benjamin Tucker, who also translated the works of Proudhon.

  In Germany, as a reaction to Hegelian philosophy, joined the criticism of Christianity and statism and prevailing burguesism was born an original libertarian sentiment on the 1840s, in the environment of Bruno and Edgar Bauer brothers, a group that named "Free Berlin" was the pillar Max Stirner. The group developed a critical nihilism that in 1842 led to a complete repudiation of the state. The "selfish" Stirnerite resembles the "superman" of Nietzsche, who considered it one of the unrecognized minds of the nineteenth century. The radical individualism of Stirner came to alarm some anarchists like Kropotkin, by the ferocity of his teachings. Also noteworthy Ludwig Feuerbach as a source of libertarian ideas in Germany, ending the Hegelian authoritarianism by restoring the main role of men.

  Toward the First International

  By the mid-nineteenth century there were some communist anarchist groups in France, about daily L'Humanitaire , the first organ of the French libertarian communism. In 1846-47, some illegalists were convicted of certain acts. After the February Revolution of 1848, the end of the monarchy and the establishment of the Second French Republic, arises in Toulouse figure Bellegarrigue Anselme, who formed in 1850 in Paris the "Association of free thinkers" who published several pamphlets which repudiated the burgeoning French governmentalism appealing to the complete abstention, which was later called political strike as a means to paralyze the government.Author and editor Anarchie, Journal de l'Ordre and Au fait! Au fait! Interprétation de l'idée démocratique , wrote an early Bellegarrigue Manifeste de l'Anarchie ( Manifesto of Anarchy ) in 1850.

  Democracy led to the military coup of 1851 and the subsequent Second French Empire of Napoleon III, prompting a review advocated the abandonment of parliament, and direct legislation by the people. The authoritarian socialism of Marx and Engels (who published the Communist Manifesto in 1848) faced the Proudhonian mutualism, and are important in this time the figures of the anarchist Eliseo Reclus, Ernest and Joseph Déjacque Coeurderoy.

  In Spain, from the absolutist restoration of 1814, the monarchy and the apparatus of power that surrounded her were fought along the century by federalists as Pi, which pragmatically put aside their social conceptions to unite the Federalist Party , of which he was head. In industrialized areas, especially in Catalonia, since 1840 began spreading associations of workers, who continued openly or clandestinely until the revolution of September 1868 and largely end up joining the First International.

  Among the Slavs because the oppressive rule of the great Russian Federation and Poland became a dream for many. It was among the nobility that the humanitarian ideas of the eighteenth century, in imitation of Paris, found echo. Reading Feuerbach was a boost to Bakunin got rid of absolute conceptions and philosophies that dominated until then, and thought deeply turned anarchist revolutionary. But in the absence of other libertarian figures to collaborate, since 1846, in Paris, Bakunin continued to mature their thinking while being immersed in the brotherhood of Slavic peoples in a federalist utopia.

  Before the death of Proudhon Proudhon's mutualism in 1865 was in the hands of lesser spirit figures, and in 1864, during the preparation of the International, Marx talent helped him to impose their own ideas on the wording of the first papers society.

  By the end of 1863 Bakunin focused his interest in social movements that sought reborn and act on democratic and socialist forces infiltrated by militants. His ideas focused on the association and federation as a basis for reconstruction after removal of the existing system. In 1868 he entered the International, and his comrades was separated from the League of Peace and Freedom to form the "International Covenant" they enrolled and entering the International, where supposedly he was already infiltrated what was called the ' Fraternity ". Thus began a conflict between supporters of Bakunin and Marx for control of the organization that ended with the breakup of the International in 1872, when Marx on Bakunin launched a charge based on secret documents arriving at his hands, facilitating the expulsion Bakunin International.

  Bakunin's vision of man as a social being by nature shifted the basic unit of society from the individual to the community, and the assumption of their thesis by Proudhon during the First International marked a change in anarchist thought of individualism collectivism. Furthermore, the conflict between the authoritarian state of the "dictatorship of the proletariat ', given by Marx, and the immediate destruction of the defending state Bakunin, finished promoting the rift between Marxism and anarchism and anarchists output of that organization; for the anti-authoritarian socialism of Bakunin, "the dictatorship of the proletariat was bound to become a dictatorship over the proletariat."Unionism was spreading among the labor movement, especially in Spain, especially in Catalonia and Andalusia. After the French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War, the Paris Commune took place in the spring of 1871, a brief and popular revolution and federal government, claimed by both Marxists and collectivists.

  American Development anarchist-individualism

  Index

  One indigenous Anarchism

  2 individualist anarchism

  3 Social Anarchism

  4 insurrectionary Anarchism

  5 Revival of anarchism in the U.S.

  6 Notable Anarchists

  7 References

  Indigenous anarchism

  In general, the indigenous anarchism is a term used to describe most of North America pre-Columbian societies whose social structures societies were stateless, ie anarchy. Such expressions are easily documented among indigenous peoples in parts of what is now California, but the League of the Iroquois, Mohawk federation, and other tribes to chiefdoms and chiefdoms have been described as anarchists in their structure. Despite this, some native groups were far from being considered as "anarchists" because its political and social structure could be defined as "state", as in the case of the culture of the Mississippi, the Aztecs, the Incas, and Mayas.

  More recently, some of the participants were American Indian Movement self-styled anarchists, and cooperation between anarchists and indigenous groups have been a key aspect of the movement as the Minnehaha Free State in Minneapolis, Minnesota - (which is raised in a Ojibwa reservation) - and Big Mountain.

  Individualist anarchism

  The vernacular anarchism in the United States comes from an ancient tradition that begins with the Puritan sects of Massachusetts. Some authors consider that the first American anarchist was Anne Hutchinson (1591-1643), an individualist.

  The United States with its tradition of radical individualism, which is glorified in their own Declaration of Independence, were favorable for the development of individualist anarchism enviro
nment.Josiah Warren used to quote the Declaration of Independence and Benjamin Tucker said "anarchist Jeffersonian Democrats are simply unafraid." In 1833 Josiah Warren began publishing "the first explicitly anarchist newspaper in the United States,"it was called "The Peaceful Revolutionist." Contends Rudolph Rocker, individualistic Americans were "much more influenced in their intellectual development by the principles of the Declaration of Independence by representing the libertarian socialism in Europe. They were one hundred percent American origin, and most of them were native to the states of New England. In fact, this thinking had found its literary expression in America before any other modern radical movement in Europe developed his ideas. "

  In early 1881, Benjamin Tucker began the publication of "Liberty," which was a forum to propagate anarcoindividualistic ideas. By that time, anarchist and propaganda of the deed were coming to America, "to which Tucker hated." Tucker was critical of immigrant anarchist Alexander Berkman, who tried to assassinate Henry Clay Frick, saying, "The hope of mankind lies in avoiding revolution that Berkmans are trying to precipitate. Sorry for Frick No, no praise for Berkman, such is the Liberty attitude in this crisis. "

  During the twentieth century American individualist anarchism began to decline.

  According Carlotta Anderson:

  Naturally ... the concept of individualist anarchism has reached its fullest expression in the United States, where individual rights and freedom were rated as never before. From these values a dominant suspicion, even hostility, toward centralized authority, a antistatism an intensity never seen anywhere else in the developed world.

  Social Anarchism

  Social anarchism in the contemporary United States has roots that can be traced very clearly even before the American Civil War. The leaders of the movement were pioneers Albert Parsons, his wife Lucy Parsons, along with many immigrants who brought with them radical ideas as Johann Most, Emma Goldman, Bill Haywood, etc.. His influence on the early American labor movement had dramatic proportions, with the execution of Albert Parsons and other anarchists known as the Martyrs of Chicago brought together a claim that the primitive labor movement and encouraged the creation of radical unions throughout the country. The largest of these, the Industrial Workers of the World, was founded in 1905. The Swedish-American musician and songwriter Joe Hill, executed for his radical ideas thanks to a spurious process was one of the most famous anarchist protest singers that ever lived.

  Social anarchism includes anarchist-communism, anarchist-syndicalism, libertarian socialism and other forms of anarchism that considers the creation of social goods as a priority.

  Insurrectionary anarchism

  Insurrectionary anarchism is a theory, practice and revolutionary tendency within the anarchist movement that opposes formal anarchist organizations such as trade unions and federations that are based on a political program and periodic congresses. Instead, advocates insurrectionalism (violent or not) direct action, informal organization, including affinity groups and mass organizations that include people of non-anarchists exploited or marginalized classes.

  Many anarchist, as publishers Barricade in the U.S. and some European immigrants Luigi Galleani and Johann Most have been characterized as Insurrectionalists although it may be more correct to include the latter in the movement called "illegality".

  Revival of anarchism in the U.S.

  Anarchism started to wane after World War I to insignificance.During the 1960s anarchism had a resurgence under the influence of the Beat Generation. At the end of the decade as activists Abbie Hoffman and the Diggers were identified with anarchism and highlighted by the spectacular way that put the ideas into practice. In 1969 began publishing The Match!, Which was advertised as a "Journal of Ethical Anarchism" (Journal of Ethical Anarchism), directed by Fred Woodworth anarchist without adjectives, continuing to the present.

  In the 1970s anarchist ideas permeated antinuclear, feminist and environmental movements. The theoretical anarchist Murray Bookchin became a widely read thinker, whose books on environmentalism were influential.Anarchist tactics such as affinity group were adopted by members of the radical feminist movement.

  During the 80 anarchists became more visible as a result of its publications, conferences and protests. In 1980 was held in Portland, Oregon, the First International Symposium on Anarchism (First International Symposium on Anarchism).In 1986 the conference was held Haymarket Remembered in Chicago,by the centennial events and Haymarket Martyrs of Chicago. This conference was continued by annual continental convention in Minneapolis (1987), Toronto (1988) and San Francisco (1989).

  Recently continued growth of anarchism in the U.S.In the 1990s a group of anarchists formed the Love and Rage Revolutionary Anarchist Federation, only one of the many projects and new groups were formed in the U.S.during the decade.American anarchists significantly increased their participation in protests, especially by Black bloc tactics. Anarchists became more popular during the events in 1999, during the Conference of the WTO, in the events known as the Battle of Seattle.

  After the disaster of Hurricane Katrina, anarchists gained recognition as a founding member of the Common Ground Collective.,

  Notable Anarchists

  Josiah Warren

  Henry David Thoreau

  William Batchelder Greene

  Albert Richard Parsons

  Lucy Parsons

  Stephen Pearl Andrews

  Lysander Spooner

  Ezra Heywood

  Benjamin Tucker

  Johann Most

  Joseph Labadie

  Voltairine of Cleyre

  Luigi Galleani

  Emma Goldman

  Alexander Berkman

  Sacco and Vanzetti

  Murray Bookchin

  Noam Chomsky

  John Zerzan

  Paul Goodman

  Joe Hill

  References

  ↑ George Woodcock, Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements, Broadview Press, 2004, p. 389

  ↑ Johnson, Ellwood. The Goodly Word: The Puritan Influence in America Literature , Clements Publishing, 2005, p. 138. Also, Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences , edited by Edwin Robert Anderson Seligman, Alvin Saunders Johnson, 1937, p. 12.

  ↑ Madison, Charles A. (1945). . "Anarchism in the United States" Journal of the History of Ideas(Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol 6, No. 1) 6 (1): p. 46-66. doi: 10.2307/2707055 .http://jstor.org/stable/2707055 .

  ↑ Madison, Charles A. (1943). "Benjamin R. Tucker. Individualist and Anarchist " New England Quarterly (The New England Quarterly, Vol 16, No. 3) 16 (3): p. 444-467. doi: 10.2307/361029 .http://jstor.org/stable/361029 .

  ↑ Rocker, Rudolf (1949). Pioneers of American Freedom: Origin of Liberal and Radical Thought in America . Los Angeles, Calif.: Rocker Publications Committee.

  ↑ Erik P. Kaufmann (2004). The Rise and Fall of Anglo-America . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004, p. 85

  ↑ Frederick Baldwin Adams. Radical Literature in America. Overbrook Press. 1939.

  ↑ William M. Phillips, Nightmares of Anarchy:. Language and Cultural Changes 1870-1914Bucknell University Press, p. 58

  ↑ Frank H. Brooks, The Individualist Anarchists: An Anthology of Liberty (1881-1908), Transaction Publishers (1994), p. 4

  ↑ Rudolf Rocker, Paul Avrich Collection (Library of Congress). Rocker Publications Committee, 1949. Original from the University of Michigan. p. xx

  ↑ Adams, Ian. Political Ideology Today , Manchester University Press (2002), p. 119

  ↑ Lillian Symes and Travers Clement (1934). Rebel America: The Story of Social Revolt in the United States. New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1934, p. 156

  ↑ David Miller, "Anarchism" in The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political Thought. , 1987, p. 11

  ↑ Anderson, Carlotta R. All-American Anarchist . Wayne State University Press, 1998. pg. 93.

  ↑ "Minutes of the IWW Founding Convention" Industrial Workers of the World ]

  ↑ M
isuse of template broken link (broken link available on the Internet Archive, I see the history and the latest version).

  ↑ DeLeon, David. The American as Anarchist: Reflections of Indigenous Radicalism, Chapter: The Beginning of Another Cycle, John Hopkins University Press, 1979, p. 117

  ↑ Anarchism in America

  ↑ Mob Action Against The State: Haymarket Remembered

  ↑ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_and_Rage # Background

  ↑ a b c Sean Sheehan Published Reaktion Books 2004 ISBN 1-86189-169-5 175 pages Anarchism

  ↑ http://web.archive.org/web/http://www.akpress.org/2007/items/whatliesbeneath

  ↑ http://web.archive.org/web/http://www.infoshop.org/inews/article.php?story=20060313145800704

  The U.S. had anarchist-individualism European differences; are still using some concepts and ideas to attack Proudhonists patron-wage worker while ascending monopoly capitalism and corporations replaced the family and local producers.

  In the United States, Henry David Thoreau said in his essay Civil Disobedience ( Civil Disobedience , 1866) A plea for individual resistance to government opposition to an unjust situation. Su, critical of industrialization and progress, thinking emphasizes individual experience of the natural world, as seen in his famous book Walden (1854), and became an environmentalist history anarchism.

  In 1845, the lawyer Lysander Spooner wrote an essay radical anti-slavery unconstitutionality of slavery . Installed firmly in the tradition of natural law and faced since the beginning of his professional career with the ideological and protected by the State, in 1870 wrote monopolies No Treason: The Constitution of No Authority , explaining that all legislation is opposed to natural law and is therefore criminal. An example of its antitrust company was founded in 1844, the American Letter Mail Company , which competed with the legal monopoly of the Postal Service United States in violation of the "Statute of Private Delivery", which restricts U.S. transport and delivery of letters by any organization outside the Postal Service. Spooner believed that monopolies were immoral restraint, and although he had some success lowering prices, the government of the United States challenged Spooner with legal measures, forcing him to cease operations in 1851.He also faced the issue of intellectual property. In its long and incomplete work, The Law of Intellectual Property (1855), expressed as the product of the mind, no less than the manual labor, property, and therefore an inalienable right of the individual. Complained that the legislation failed to protect intellectual property of citizens: those thinkers service status quo were rewarded with wealth, while those who served humanity impoverished if they were not mistreated.