The Anarchism

by Anna Georgieva

  His abolitionism led him to criticize the reasons for the Civil War (1861-1865): understood that fighting for the false issue of marriage, when should have been fought over the issue of slavery. Spooner thought that slavery would not have dared to rebel against a government that gave freedom to the world while defending their own freedom, southerners won a moral and psychological advantage that sustained during the war. Thus, in 1864 published a letter to Charles Sumner in which he accused northern politicians have 'on their head, even more, if possible, on the same slave (who have acted according to their associations , interests and principles held as slave) rests the blood of this horrible, unnecessary, and therefore guilty, war. "

  Emergence and evolution of anarchist

  After the expulsion of the anarchists of the International, they founded the anti-authoritarian International or International Saint-Imier in 1873, which was dissolved in 1877, after the death of Bakunin. The General Council of the AIT in 1872 moved to New York, where he was officially dissolved in 1876.

  By 1880 there were three existing anarchist conceptions, collectivism in Spain, the individualist-mutualist in the U.S. and anarchist-communism, which spread in the rest of Europe.Formulated for the first time in the Italian section of the First International by Carlo Cafiero, Errico Malatesta and Andrea Costa, among others, had the essential thinkers Piotr Kropotkin, Reclus and Élisée mentioned Errico Malatesta. Initially lived with collectivism, and it would not be until after Bakunin's death began the disputes between the two movements. For Kropotkin and Reclus, cooperation and mutual aid were an evolutionary factor which had led to human success as a species.

  The anarchist-communism of it was in a more fundamental sense of moral and material and formal, many of them accepted collectivism as a stage in the natural evolution to a libertarian communist society.

  Berne Congress of 1876 established the reciprocal respect for the means of action used in each country, the Italians, with Malatesta and Cafiero front, defended the fact insurrection as a means of effective propaganda, the propaganda of the deed, which had been previously advocated by Bakunin and Kropotkin in 1870 and after Malatesta.At first some anarchist criticized unions as possible accommodations within the capitalist system, to observe the behavior of reformist unions or apolitical at the time. Later many of these, including Kropotkin, found it necessary to participate in trade unions in order to achieve influence the workers and peasants. The anarchist later be adopted as proposed by alternative society anarchist-syndicalist unions like the CNT of Spain and the FORA in Argentina.

  In the U.S., the individualist Benjamin Tucker took over from Warren, one of the most important American anarchists of the late nineteenth century. As Warren watched his ideas as socialists, but was more committed to free markets, arguing that the reason that farm produce was the distortion caused by the monopolies, which blamed the government. In 1881 Tucker founded the newspaper Liberty , which became one of the forums of the radical thought of his time. Communist anarchism and theories of violent activism came from Europe,Tucker and used Liberty to fight, denying the right to call a collectivist anarchist and anarchist, Kropotkin himself, and was replicated by these likewise recognize private property, etc..

  However, with strong European emigration to the Americas anarchosyndicalism root in the U.S., and so the famous strike took place in the eight-hour workday of May 1, 1886 that took three days later at the Haymarket Riot and death of so-called martyrs of Chicago (1886-1887), ladder events that led to the movement celebration of May 1 as International Workers Day. Highlighted the figure of the German Johann Most, which began broadcasting in 1882 the anarchist collectivism, although he called communist collectivist anarchism because the term was not familiar to Americans. Criticized by German anarchist only from 1888 began to spread communism anarchist Kropotkin. The martyrs of Chicago were therefore largely collectivist.

  The International was declared dissolved by the Spanish government in 1874, the organization having to go into hiding. He returned to public life in the early 1880s as the Federation of the Spanish Region. In the poorest areas, outbreaks of violence occurred, in Andalusia, several fires and deaths were attributed to "The Black Hand", causing repression against anarchism and arrests of members of all the nuances of the organization, clearly positioned against the violent and criminal actions. The anarchist-communism was gradually accepted by the rigid collectivist anarchism prevailed in organizations. After the death of Alfonso XII, the agitation for the eight-hour day and May 1, 1886 and subsequent events in the United States gave a new impetus to the movement, especially in Catalonia, where the magazine was founded Acracia .

  Kropotkin was arrested in 1882, accused of belonging to the International, and was imprisoned in France three years, moving to England in 1886. There befriended the socialist William Morris, libertarian tendencies, and founded the newspaper Freedom ( Freedom ). He developed his ideas in a series of articles Révolté and The Révolté finally reunited in 1892 in the volume The Conquest of Bread , and a large and prolific work includingMutual Aid: A Factor in Evolution , which refuted the thesis of the naturalness of social inequality, from his observations in Siberia of different human and animal communities, noted that cooperation between individuals is common among animal species, in response to theories like social Darwinism and laissez-faire liberal, focused on constant competition between individuals and held by supporters of capitalism.

  He discovered major libertarian elements in the English than in the continental socialism, from the underground influence of William Godwin, whom he came to recognize as an ancestor confirming their own ideas. Faced with the bad press that anarchism began to acquire because of the first operations of 'propaganda by deed' in Europe, the benign appearance and reasonable tone Kropotkin helped to transform the image of anarchism.

  In France anarchist had completely replaced collectivism, his past and very solid existence in Spain were unknown. French anarchists of the 1880s were socialists from all sources, no tradition, supporters go to the end in theory, anarchy and communism, no organization and free life in practice. This isolated them from the people, who declined to authoritarian socialism, which did not require an intellectual and revolutionary effort. Although we voices like Emile Pouget, attentive to the demands of the workers, began to postulate a direct action unionism. A first generation of illegalists, Ravachol, Émile Henry, Auguste Vaillant and Geronimo Caserio emerged in France. The "propaganda by deed" provoked persecution of anarchists who led after the assassination of French President Marie François Sadi Carnot, the exile of many anarchists in London in 1894.

  In Russia, the revolutionary anarchism ran concentrating on terrorism focused on ending the Tsar Alexander II, who eventually died in 1881. From 1891 started to spread anarchist hand Varlaam Cherkesov, friend of Kropotkin and Malatesta, who fought Marxism that was slowly gaining influence in the Russian socialism, stating in 1900 that the Communist Manifesto of Marx and Engels was a plagiarism of a work of Victor Fourierist Considerant. Cherkesov finally became fascinated by French syndicalism, coming to the conclusion that "the popular unionism is socialism." From 1905, the revolutionary anarchism of Kropotkin was followed by eager theyng militant action, thwarting his attempts to establish some organization of workers, while collective acts of people followed the authoritarian socialist initiatives.

  Syndicalism, anarchism without adjectives

  Anarchism without adjectives

  Index

  1 Theory

  2 Related readings

  3 Bibliography

  Theory

  The origin of the term dates from 1890, during a debate on an economic system between mutualist anarchism, anarchist anarcocolectivists and several countries in the French newspaper La Revolte , when Fernando Marble Tarrida sent a letter to the newspaper stating how it was interpreted in Spanish libertarian movement the question of development of an anarchist society:

  believe that being an anarchist means being the enemy of all authori
ty and imposition, and therefore, whatever system they advocate such doctrines, is considered the best defense of Anarchy, not wanting to impose it on those who do not accept it.

  For these anarchists the economic preferences are considered "secondary importance" to the abolition of all involuntary and permanent authority, and free experimentation is the only rule of a free society. Rudolf Rocker says about the different types of anarchism:

  (Have) just different methods of economics, practical possibilities that have not yet been tested, and that the first objective is to ensure the personal and social freedom of men do not care about what the economic base is achieved.

  Known anarchists who arrived sometime consider themselves without adjectives were Errico Malatesta and Voltairine of Cleyre. Currently there are also those who call themselves anarchists "without adjectives"

  I have no prefix or adjective for my anarchism. The unions believe it can work, as can the free market anarchist-capitalism, anarchist-communism, even anarcoermitaños, depending on the situation.

  Fred Woodworth, the book Voices Anarchists Paul Avrich

  Related readings

  Towards the end of the 1880s in Spain, and anarchist-collectivists stopped by economic approaches face-revolutionary, as indeed also Kropotkin and other voices in the international anarchism advocated. In 1889, the regional Federation (Crown International) is replaced by the Anarchist Organization of the Spanish Region, regardless of revolutionary processes or economic schools. Marble Tarrida Fernando was appointed delegate to the international anarchist meetings in Paris and raised no special economic regime should be imposed on the new company, and that all work on the economy should not be considered only as a study.In a letter sent to Tarrida The Révolte the August 7, 1890, anarchism without adjectives posed as the Spanish model to overcome differences between anarchist movements "believe that being an anarchist means being the enemy of all authority and enforcement, and Consequently, whatever the system that advocate such doctrines, is considered the best defense of Anarchy, not wanting to impose it on those who do not accept. "In Europe anarchism without adjectives as important drivers had to Élisée Reclus, Max Nettlau and Errico Malatesta. In EE. UU. in discussions between Communists as Johann Most and individualist Benjamin Tucker as this, which also took effect especially Cleyre powered Voltairine of Rudolf Rocker and reproduced. At a conference on anarchy given in Philadelphia in 1902, said of the various conceptions Cleyre (individualist, mutualist, collectivist and communist) equal, explaining the differences due to the environments and personalities that hatched.

  There was dissemination of Italian anarchist newspapers like La Sociale Questione Gaetano Bresci (who assassinated in 1900 the King of Italy Umberto I of Savoy), or Cronaca Sovversiva Luigi Galleani from 1903.Galleani of illegalists ideas, was a known advocate of "propaganda by the deed", around which gravitated other figures like Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, unjustly executed in 1927 for assault and homicide.Although anarchism was not among the American working class that was spreading in Europe, revolutionary syndicalism of the Industrial Workers of the World -World-Industrial Workers (IWW), developer of worker solidarity in the revolutionary struggle in the United States, was anarchist Lucy Parsons as its main references.Also noteworthy in the American anarchism thinker, speaker and propagandist of Emma Goldman Lithuanian origin. Pacifist and pioneer of women's emancipation, was the author of Anarchism and Other Essays (1910) and My Disillusionment with Russia (1922), which recounted his experience and rejection of statist authoritarianism that followed the Russian Revolution of 1917.

  Spain

  Index

  1 Introduction

  2 history of anarchism in Spain

  3 The first decades, XIX Century

  3.1 The International I, 1868-1874

  3.2 Return to the legality and reorganization

  3.3 anarchist-collectivism, anarchist-communism against

  3.4 The propaganda of the deed

  4 Revolutionary unionism, 1900-1910

  4.1 The revolutionary education

  4.2 The neo-Malthusianism

  4.3 The Tragic Week

  5 from revolutionary syndicalism to anarchist-syndicalism, 1910-1923

  5.1 The creation of the CNT

  5.2 The anarchist opposition to World War

  5.3 The revolutionary general strike of 1917

  5.4 The CNT after the First World War, 1917-1923

  5.5 The CNT and the Third International

  5.6 The general strike in Barcelona The Canadian, 1919

  5.7 The Bolshevik triennium in Andalusia, 1918-1920

  6 The Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera, 1923-1930

  6.1 The workers Ateneos

  6.2 The Libertarian naturism

  6.3 The international language

  6.4 The FAI

  7 The end of the dictatorship and the Second Republic, 1930-1936

  7.1 The "treintism"

  7.2 The insurrectionary cycle, 1931-1933

  7.3 The Alianza Obrera

  7.4 The Revolution of Asturias, 1934

  7.5 The Popular Front, 1936

  7.6 The cooperative

  7.7 Free Women

  8 War and Revolution in Spain, 1936-1939

  8.1 anarchist presence in the Spanish Civil War

  8.2 Collaboration of the CNT-FAI with the government during the war

  8.3 Social Revolution

  8.4 Counterrevolution

  9 The Franco regime, 1939-1975

  9.1 Exile

  9.2 The anarchist maquis

  9.3 The plots against Franco

  9.4 The late-Franco

  9.5 Interior Defense

  10 The democratic era, 1975-2010

  10.1 Transition to democracy

  10.2 The 80

  10.3 The 90s

  11 News

  11.1 Other anarchist movements

  11.2 Influences on other movements

  12 Violence

  13 Culture and Counterculture

  14 Printing and dissemination anarchist

  15 List of libertarian organizations

  16 Bibliography

  17 References

  18 Related readings

  19 Filmography

  Introduction

  In the study of anarchism in Spain has often dominated the equation of anarchism with syndicalism. This is mainly due to syndicalism or revolutionary syndicalism failed jig heavily on indigenous labor movement. At various points in the history of libertarian ideas were even hegemonic among the Spanish labor movement. Thus syndicalism for decades constituted the main group of anarchist militants who were who spread anarchist ideas to new generations. When data are searched anarchism is inevitable bumping into syndicalism, sometimes leaving the impression that it is the same, forgetting the huge variety and plurality of anarchist ideas. However, even anarchist-syndicalism was a homogeneous movement throughout history.

  Since Giuseppe Fanelli made known the ideas of the International in Spain, organized labor was directed largely toward libertarian ideas. There was a historical continuity of organizations and principles from the First International and the largest organization of anarchist-syndicalism, CNT. The working class was structured in such unions who entered a process of radicalization and organization from 1900 to 1936 culminating in the Revolution. There were quite a few attempts in the revolutionary process, under different parameters in line with that anarchism that permeated the labor movement. While in Catalonia (the main industrial zone of the country) syndicalism was the dominant force in the industry, in Andalusia rooted in the peasantry. Its geographical organizational evolution led to the predominance Anarcosindicalist movement mainly in coastal cities (Gijón, La Coruna, Ferrol, Vigo, Cadiz, Seville, Malaga, Cartagena, Alicante, Valencia, Tarragona, Barcelona, Palma de Mallorca, Santa Cruz de Tenerife. .., with their respective areas of influence) with few incursions into the interior generally remained under the influence of socialists (exceptions would Zaragoza, Cordoba, La Rioja co
untryside, central Catalonia, a mining area ...).

  As said, not everything was syndicalism anarchism. Sometimes out of it, and other intermingled with it, there were different interpretations of the libertarian idea. Often taking an individualistic, reluctant to organize nature, while others based their scope in the culture, and the rationalistic spirit which he displayed anarchism. Thus, there were Esperanto anarchists, spiritualists, naturists, vegetarians, spiritualists, abstainers (alcohol, snuff and coffee), which sometimes developed their ideas within the CNT unions and other independently in their own collective, Athenians, magazines or even attempted intentional community. There were other anti-authoritarian or collectivist labor movements which were not libertarian syndicalists. At the dawn of the labor movement mutual, mutual aid societies, and cooperatives were developed, and with them the movements that would give her away, mutualism, societarism (embryo unionism) and cooperatives.

  The regime of Francisco Franco marked the breaking point between the anarchism that had been planned for 70 years of accumulation of forces. Anarchism beginning to emerge in the 1960s was influenced by the new libertarian culture of other countries. It was no longer a worker anarchism, but counterculture, more like theyth and who like to live on the margins of society. Yet in Spain, managed to re-root the old anarchism of the Spanish labor movement by anarchist-syndicalism. In the late 70s he turned to an important but short-live libertarian resurgence, which lacks solid foundations, and after the fiasco of Scala case, ended in nothing after the Spanish Transition.