Perpetual Happiness

by Shih-shan Henry Tsai

  40. Ming Taizong shilu, 274: 4a, 9th moon of 22nd year, Yongle reign. See also Tan Qian, Guoque, 866.

  41. MS, 308, Biography 196: 7910.

  42. MS, 151, Biography 39: 4176–78; 154, Biography 42: 4225–28; 162, Biography 50: 4398.

  43. MS 126, Biography 14: 3746–47.

  44. Yongle’s successor would later restore Xu Qin’s noble title and privileges ( MS, 125, Biography 13: 3731; Li Dongfang, Xishuo Mingchao, 1: 155–56).

  45. MS, 121, Biography 9: 3663–64.

  46. Wu Han, “Mingdai jingnan zhiyi yu guodu beiqian” (The Jingnan campaign and the moving of the capital to the north during the Ming period), Qinghua xuebao (Journal of Qinghua University) 10, no. 4 (1935): 933–34.

  223

  notes to pages 77–88

  5 / the years of reconstruction

  1. MS, 5, Annals 5: 75.

  2. Lü Ben et al., eds., Ming Taizong baoxun, juan 2: 27–28.

  3. In 1382 Emperor Hongwu expanded the Hanlin Academy to include several grand secretaries, but it was Yongle who began to utilize these Hanlin scholars to play an executive role in government (Huang Zuo, Hanlin ji, juan 2: 12–13).

  4. For a comprehensive study of the eunuch administration, see Tsai, Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty.

  5. Lü Ben et al., eds., Ming Taizong baoxun, juan 2: 37.

  6. Ibid., 29.

  7. Ibid., 32.

  8. Ibid., 38.

  9. Ming Taizong shilu, 13: 10a–10b, 10th moon of 35th year, Hongwu reign.

  10. Ibid., 16: 1a, 1st moon of 1st year, Yongle reign.

  11. Ibid., 20: 1a–1b, 5th moon of 1st year, Yongle reign.

  12. Ibid., 87: 1a, 1st moon of 7th year, Yongle reign.

  13. Dreyer, Early Ming China, 173.

  14. Ming Taizong shilu, 160: 1a, 1st moon of 13th year, Yongle reign.

  15. Zhu Di, Shengxue xinfa, “Preface,” 1b–4a, 5a–5b.

  16. Smith, Chinese Religion, 33.

  17. Lü Bi, Minggong shi, juan 2: 13.

  18. Ming Taizong shilu, 274: 4a, 9th moon of 22nd year, Yongle reign.

  19. Ibid., 160: 2a–3b, 1st moon of 13th year, Yongle reign.

  20. Ibid., 236: 1a–4b, 4th moon of 19th year, Yongle reign.

  21. Lü Ben et al., eds., Ming Taizong baoxun, juan 1: 2–3.

  22. MS, 147, Biography 35: 4125.

  23. MS, 151, Biography 39: 4178.

  24. Nan Bingwen, “Mingdai di shiguan jingji” (Monastery economy during the Ming period), Nankai xuebao (Journal of Nankai University) 4 (1991): 48–52.

  25. MS, 76, Treatise 52: 1875–76.

  26. MS, 316, Biography 204: 8169.

  27. MS, 316, Biography 204: 8168–70.

  28. Li Dongfang, Xishuo Mingchao, 1: 177–78.

  29. MS, 46, Treatise 22: 1197–98; 316, Biography 204: 8167. Zunyi, the important Guizhou city where Mao Zedong regained his leadership as chairman of the Chinese Communist Party in January 1935, was not yet incorporated into the new province in Yongle’s time. It was then under the jurisdiction of Sichuan Province.

  30. Lü Ben et al., eds., Ming Taizong baoxun, juan 3: 1.

  224

  notes to pages 89–99

  31. For more on Chinese dynastic Veritable Records, see Charles S. Gardner, Chinese Traditional Historiography (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1961), 91–97.

  32. Lü Ben et al., eds., Ming Taizong baoxun, juan 3: 9–10.

  33. Ming Taizong shilu, 86: 4a, 12th moon of 6th year, Yongle reign.

  34. Ibid., 23: 4a–4b, 9th moon of 1st year, Yongle reign; 29: 9a–9b, 3rd moon of 2nd year.

  35. Ibid., 80: 5a, 6th moon of 1st year, Yongle reign.

  36. Ibid., 88: 4b–5a, 2nd moon of 7th year, Yongle reign.

  37. Zhu Di, Shengxue xinfa, 11b–12b.

  38. Ming Taizong shilu, 94: 2a–2b, 7th moon of 7th year, Yongle reign.

  39. Ibid., 69: 3b, 7th moon of 5th year, Yongle reign.

  40. MS, 150, Biography 38: 4159.

  41. MS, 151, Biography 39: 4179–83.

  42. On his way to Annam in 1406, Huang Fu kept a journal that provides invaluable information on conditions in southwest China during the early fifteenth century (Huang Fu, “Fengshi Annam shuicheng riji,” juan 64: 1a–11b; idem, Huang Zhongxuangong wenji).

  43. MS, 151, Biography 39: 4183; 153, Biography 41: 4204–5; 154, Biography 42: 4225–28.

  44. MS, 149, Biography 37: 4147–49.

  45. MS, 149, Biography 37: 4150–54.

  46. MS, 151, Biography 39: 4180–85.

  47. Tu Shan, Mingzheng tongzong (Central hierarchy of Ming administration), 1615 blockprint (reprint, Taipei: Chengwen Chubanshe, 1977), juan 7: 4a–4b.

  48. Tan Tianxing, Mingdai Neige zhengzhi (Politics of the Grand Secretariat during the Ming period), 10–11.

  49. Grimm, “Das Neiko der Ming-Zeit, von den Anfangen bis 1506,” 139–77.

  50. Huang Zuo, Hanlin ji, juan 2: 13–19.

  51. Zheng Kecheng, “Mingdai Jiangxiji shiren he guanliao di zhengzhi biaoxian,” 55.

  52. Hucker, Chinese Government in Ming Times, 185; Wang Chongwu, Ming jingnan shishi kaozheng gao, 88–89.

  53. Yu Jideng, Diangu jiwen (Recording the old cliches), Ming blockprint, juan 6: 112–14.

  54. MS, 147, Biography 35: 4123.

  55. Ibid., 4120–21.

  56. Ibid., 4121–22.

  57. Ibid., 4128–29.

  225

  notes to pages 100–110

  58. Ibid., 4124, 4132–36.

  59. Ibid., 118, Biography 6: 3617–20.

  60. Jin Youzi’s Beizeng lu is collected in Shen Jiefu, Jilu huibian, juan 32. See also Jiang Shengli, “Mingdai yeshi shulun” (Commentary on Ming uno‹cial histories) Nankai xuebao, 1987, no. 2: 37; MS, 147, Biography 35: 4125–26.

  61. MS, 148, Biography 36: 4138–41. Yang Rong’s Beizeng ji is collected in Shen Jiefu, Jilu huibian, juan 34.

  62. Yu Jideng, Recording Old Cliches, juan 6: 116; Lü Ben et al., eds., Ming Taizong baoxun, juan 1: 17–18.

  63. See Herrlee G. Creel, What Is Taoism? And Other Studies in Chinese Cultural History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970), chaps. 5 and 6.

  6 / the years of rehabilitation

  1. Ming Taizong shilu, 15: 2a–3b, 12th moon of 35th year, Hongwu reign.

  2. Ibid., 10B: 5a–5b, 7th moon of 35th year, Hongwu reign.

  3. Ibid., 10A: 7b–8a; 10B: 2a–2b, 7th moon of 35th year, Hongwu reign.

  4. On the early Ming censors, see Hucker, The Censorial System of Ming China, 30–107.

  5. Hucker, “Governmental Organization of the Ming Dynasty,” 55–56.

  6. Ming Taizong shilu, 119: 3b, 9th moon of 9th year, Yongle reign; MS, 94, Treatise 70: 2320.

  7. Ming Taizong shilu, 121: 5a–5b, 11th moon of 9th year, Yongle reign; MS, 94, Treatise 70: 2320–21.

  8. Wang Jing, “Mingdai minjian zhongjiao fanzhengfu huodong di zhuzong biaoxian yu tezeng” (Various appearances and characteristics of popular religious antigovernment activities during the Ming period), Nankai xuebao, no. 2 (March 1987): 28.

  9. Zhao, Nianershi zhaji, juan 36: 521–22.

  10. Xia Xie, Ming Tongjian, juan 14: 633, 12th moon of 1st year, Yongle reign.

  11. Ming Taizong shilu, 10B: 1b–6b and 11, Hongwu reign: 2b–3a, 7th moon of 35th year; 11: 4a and 8a, 8th moon of 35th year.

  12. MS, 126, Biography 14: 3747; 130, Biography 18: 3815; 144, Biography 32: 4073.

  13. Ming Taizong shilu, 160: 4a–4b, 1st moon of 13th year, Yongle reign.

  14. Ibid.

  15. Ibid., 19: 7a–7b, 4th moon of 1st year, Yongle reign.

  16. Ibid., 11: 5a–5b, 8th moon of 35th year, Hongwu reign.

  17. MS, 166, Biography 54: 4480.

  18. Ming Taizong shilu, 28: 1a–1b, 2nd moon of 2nd year, Yongle reign.

  226

  notes to pages 111–120

  19. Ibid., 12B: 3a–3b, 9th moon of 35th year, Hongwu reign.

  20. MS, 77, Treatise
53: 1880.

  21. Farmer, Early Ming Government, 170.

  22. Liang Fangzhong, Zhongguo lidai hukou tiandi tianfu tongji (Statistics of households, lands, and land taxes throughout China’s dynasties), vol. 1, table 52.

  See also Shang, Yongle huangdi, 308.

  23. Tang, “Lun Mingdai juntun di xingzhi yu zuoyong,” 58.

  24. Ray Huang, Taxation and Governmental Finance in Sixteenth-Century Ming China, 47.

  25. MS, 82, Treatise 58: 1997–99.

  26. Zhang Hua, “Luelun Ming Chengzu di lishi diwei,” 96.

  27. See Wang Yuquan’s comprehensive study of the Ming agro-military colonies, Mingdai di juntun (Agro-military colonies during the Ming period) (Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju, 1965).

  28. Tang, “Lun Mingdai juntun di xingzhi yu zuoyong,” 51.

  29. MS, 77, Treatise 53: 1882.

  30. Ibid., 1884.

  31. Tang, “Lun Mingdai juntun di xingzhi yu zuoyong,” 60–61.

  32. Ibid., 62; Tang Jingshen, “Growth and Development of the System of Having Garrison Troops Engage in Farming in the Early Ming,” Lanzhou Daxue Xuebao (Journal of Lanzhou University), 1982, no. 3: 38; Yuan et al., Taijian shihua, 171–72.

  33. MS, 77, Treatise 53: 1884–85.

  34. Ibid., 159, Biography 47: 4342.

  35. Nan Bingwen, “Mingdai di shiguan jingji” (Monastery economy during the Ming period) Nankai xuebao (Journal of Nankai University), July 1991, no. 4: 46–48.

  36. Ming Taizong shilu, 161: 1a–1b, 2nd moon of 13th year, Yongle reign.

  37. Tang, “Lun Mingdai juntun di xingzhi yu zuoyong,” 57; Zhu Hong, Ming Chengzu yu Yongle zhengzhi, 193.

  38. Levathes, When China Ruled the Seas, 78.

  39. Farmer, Early Ming Government, 156–61.

  40. MS, 153, Biography 41: 4204.

  41. Ibid.

  42. Ibid., 85, Treatise 61: 2080. On the rebuilding of the Grand Canal, see Hoshi Ayao, Mindai soun no kenkyu; Peng Yunhe, “Shilun Mingdai di caoyun” (On the tribute grain transport of the Ming period), in Ming Qing shi quoji xueshu taolun-hui lunwenji (Proceedings of the International Conference on Ming and Qing History) (Tianjin: Renmin Chubanshe, 1981): 518–535.

  43. MS, 153, Biography 41: 4206–8.

  227

  notes to pages 121–132

  44. Ibid., 79, Treatise 55: 1915–16.

  45. Ray Huang, Taxation and Governmental Finance in Sixteenth-Century Ming China, 54–55.

  46. Lu, Shuyuan zaji, juan 12: 135; MS, 75, Treatise 51: 1847–48.

  47. See Chen Huan-chang, “The Economic Principles of Confucius and His School,” Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1911.

  48. MS, 78, Treatise 54: 1895.

  49. Wu Han, “Shiliu shiji qian zhi Zhongguo yu Nanyang,” 154.

  50. MS, 81, Treatise 57: 1980; Zhang Dechang, “Mingdai Guangzhou zhi haibo maoyi,” 4–7.

  51. T’ien Ju-kang, “Cheng Ho’s Voyages and the Distribution of Pepper in China,” 188–89.

  52. Farmer, Early Ming Government, 118.

  53. Cha, Zuiwei lu, 2605.

  54. Tan Qian, Guoque, 1179–81.

  55. Goodrich and Fang, eds., Dictionary of Ming Biography, 360.

  56. For more about the palace layout, see Wang Puzi, “Yanwangfu yu Zijingcheng”; Zhu Qi, Beijing gongque tushuo (An illustrated account of the palaces of Beijing), Changsha, 1938.

  7 / the emperor of culture

  1. In his newest book, State Sacrifices and Music in Ming China, Joseph S. C.

  Lam explains the central relationship between Ming music and ritual.

  2. Ming Taizong shilu, 22: 3a, 8th moon of 1st year, Yongle reign; 47, 4b–5a, 10th moon of 3rd year, Yongle reign.

  3. MS, 61, Treatise 37: 1500–1516.

  4. MS, 47, Treatise 23: 1224.

  5. Ibid., 61, Treatise 37: 1499–1500.

  6. Ibid., 63, Treatise 39: 1568–70; Youth Cultural Enterprises ed., Chinese Art, 148–50.

  7. Lo Lun, “Mingdai di xiangshi huishi yu dianshi,” 78–81.

  8. MS, 69, Treatise 45: 1670, 1679; Treatise 46: 1694.

  9. Bai Xingliang, “Zhongguo gudai shuyuan kao” (A study of private academies in ancient China), Nankai shixue (Nankai historical review), 1992, no. 2: 12–13.

  10. Youth Cultural Enterprises ed., Chinese Art, 167; MS, 50, Treatise 26: 1296–97.

  11. Ibid., 147, Biography 35: 4125–28.

  12. Shang, Yongle huangdi, 143–44.

  228

  notes to pages 133–147

  13. Ming Taizong shilu, 21: 9a, 7th moon of 1st year, Yongle reign.

  14. Ibid., 36: 5a–5b, 10th moon of 2nd year, Yongle reign.

  15. Ibid., 73: 2b, 10th moon of 5th year, Yongle reign.

  16. Ibid., 73: 3a–4a, 11th moon of 5th year, Yongle reign.

  17. Chen Xiang, “Ming Chengzu Zhu Di yu Yongle dadian” 30–31. See also K.

  T. Wu, “Ming Printing and Printers,” 203–60.

  18. Sun, Chun Ming mengyulu, juan 12: 6.

  19. Yao Guangxiao, Daoyulu, n.d., “Preface,” cited in Shang, Yongle huangdi, 147.

  20. Guo Bogong, Yongle dadian kao, 15–86; MS, 147, Biography 35: 4121–22; 150, Biography 38: 4165.

  21. Ma Shutian, “Ming Chengzu di zhengzhi yu zongjiao,” 35–51.

  22. Goodrich and Fang, eds., Dictionary of Ming Biography, 363.

  23. Ming Taizong shilu, 69: 3b–4a, 7th moon of 5th year, Yongle reign.

  24. Xu Huanghou (Empress Xu), Neixun, “Preface,” 1a–2b.

  25. Xu Huanghou (Empress Xu), Quanshan shu (1407 Inner Court edition),

  “Preface,” 1a–4b.

  26. Xie, ed., Gujin lienü zhuan, 1a–4b.

  27. Xie, Tianhuang yudie, 11b.

  28. Ming Taizong shilu, 158: 2a, 11th moon of 12th year, Yongle reign; 168: 2b–4a, 9th moon of 13th year.

  29. Lu, Shuyuan zaji, “On Selected Copying,” juan 2: 10. See also Shen Jiefu, ed., Jilu huibian, juan 181.

  30. Hu et al., eds., Sishu daquan, 6, juan 36, “Abstract”: 2a.

  31. Gu Yanwu, Rizhi lu jishi, juan 18: 428.

  32. Yang Shiqi, Dongli quanji, 7, juan 2, s.v. “Puzaiji” (Notes from my humble library).

  33. Thompson, Chinese Religion, 148–49.

  34. Goodrich and Fang, eds., Dictionary of Ming Biography, 363.

  35. Thompson, Chinese Religion, 148.

  36. Ming Taizong shilu, 210: 1b–2a, 3rd moon of 17th year, Yongle reign.

  37. Zhu Di, Weishan yinzhi, “Preface,” 1a–1b.

  38. Ibid., 1a–2b, 4b–7a.

  39. Ming Taizong shilu, 226: 1a, 6th moon of 18th year, Yongle reign.

  40. Zhu Di, Xiaoxun shishi, juan 2: 24b–25a.

  41. Ming Taizong shilu, 32: 2b, 6th moon of 2nd year, Yongle reign; 96: 2b, 9th moon of 7th year; 97: 4b, 10th moon of 7th year; 160: 4a, 1st moon of 13th year.

  42. Gu Yanwu, Rizhi lu jishi, juan 18: 427–28.

  229

  notes to pages 148–159

  8 / yongle and the mongols

  1. Gu Yingtai, Mingshi jishi benmo, juan 10: 127–49.

  2. Dardess, “The Transformation of Messianic Revolt,” 539; Chaqi, “Zi Bei Yuan zhi Qingchu di Menggu, 1368–1635,” 19.

  3. Ibid., 57. See also Serruys, “The Mongols in China,” 233–305.

  4. Li Dongfang, Xishuo Mingchao, 190–91.

  5. Cai, “Mingchao qianqi dui Menggu di minzu zhengce,” 59.

  6. Ibid.

  7. MS, 145, Biography 33: 4091.

  8. Ibid., 156, Biography 44: 4273.

  9. Ming Taizu shilu, 30: 10a, 2nd moon of 1st year, Hongwu reign. See also Farmer, Zhu Yuanzhang and Early Ming Legislation, 36.

  10. Ming Taizu shilu, 51: 5a–5b, 4th moon of 3rd year, Hongwu reign.

  11. Cai, “Mingchao qianqi dui Menggu di minzu zhengce,” 60–62.

  12. On the origins of the term “Tartar,” see Curtain, The Mongols; Gernet, A History of Chinese Civilization, 398.

  13. Li Shanchang et al., eds., Yuan shi, juan 29, A
nnals 29: 638.

  14. Cai Meibiao, “Mingdai Menggu yu Da Yuan guohao,” 46.

  15. Ming Taizong shilu, 92: 3b, 5th moon of 7th year, Yongle reign.

  16. Zhu Di, Shengxue xinfa, juan 4: 29.

  17. MS, 40, Geography 1: 882; Lu, Shuyuan zaji, juan 5: 49.

  18. Chen Qiaoyi, ed., Zhongguo lishi mingcheng, 52.

  19. Victor Mair, “Mysterious Mummies of China,” on NOVA, PBS, January 20, 1998.

  20. Sinclair, The Yellow River, 78–81.

  21. Farmer, Early Ming Government, 139–41; Lin, “Manchuria in the Ming Period,” 8–9.

  22. MS, 328, Foreign Countries 9: 8504.

  23. Gu Yingtai, Ming shi jishi benmo, juan 20: 316.

  24. MS, 328, Foreign Countries 9: 8504–5.

  25. Serruys, Sino-Jurched Relations during the Yung-lo Period (1403–1424), 16–35; Goodrich and Fang, eds., Dictionary of Ming Biography, 361.

  26. Lin, “Manchuria in the Ming Period,” 33–41; Serruys, “Foreigners in the Metropolitan Police during the 15th Century,” 59–83.

  27. Rossabi, “Two Ming Envoys to Inner Asia,” 8–9.

  28. Zhang Hua, “Luelun Ming Chengzu di lishi diwei,” 97.

  29. Da Ming huidian, juan 108.

  30. Yuan et al., Taijian shihua, 171–72.

  230

  notes to pages 159–166

  31. Farmer, Early Ming Government, 171.

  32. Tani, A Study on Horse Administration in the Ming Period, 10–13.

  33. Jian et al., eds., Zhongwai lishi nianbiao, 559–560, 568.

  34. MS, 329, Biography 217: 8511. See also Morris Rossabi, “Ming China’s Relations with Hami and Central Asia, 1404–1513: A Re-examination of Traditional Chinese Foreign Policy,” Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1970.

  35. MS, 329, Biography 217: 8528–29.

  36. For an invaluable study on this subject, see Morris Rossabi, “The Tea and Horse Trade with Inner Asia during the Ming,” Journal of Asian History 4, no. 2

  (1970): 136–68.

  37. Ray Huang, Taxation and Governmental Finance in Sixteenth-Century Ming China, 257–58.

  38. Tani, A Study on Horse Administration in the Ming Period, 7. See also Wang Shizhen, “Shimakao,” 3925–31.

  39. Chen Shengxi, “Mingchu Tiemuer diguo he Zhongguo di quanxi,” 34–48; MS, 332, Biography 220: 8599.

  40. Gao, “Mingdai di Guanxi qiwei ji qi dongqian,” 42–48.

  41. MS, 330, Biography 218: 8550.

  42. Ibid., 8551.

  43. Ibid., 8554–55; Gao, “Mingdai di Guanxi qiwei ji qi dongqian,” 45–46.