Perpetual Happiness
Page 34
44. MS, 330, Biography 218: 8563–64.
45. I visited Yang Pass and the Mogao Grottoes in 1988 and saw the remains of a wall and a beacon tower that had been used to warn of approaching marauders and to guide camel caravan travelers.
46. MS, 330, Biography 218: 8559–62.
47. Ibid., 8565–66.
48. Ibid., 8556–58.
49. See Pokotilov, “History of the Eastern Mongols During the Ming Dynasty, 1368–1634,” 15–23.
50. Both Li Dongfang and Wada Sei maintain that Guilichi was the Oirat chief Ugechi Khashakha (Li, Xishuo Mingchao, 188; Wada Toashi kenkyu, “Moko hen”
(Section on Mongols).
51. Ming Taizong shilu, 17: 3b, 2nd moon of 1st year, Yongle reign.
52. Ibid., 21: 11a–11b, 7th moon of 1st year, Yongle reign.
53. Ibid., 52: 5a, 3rd moon of 4th year, Yongle reign.
54. Ibid., 75: 1b, 1st moon of 6th year, Yongle reign; 77: 2a–2b, 6th moon of 6th year.
55. Ibid., 82: 1a and 5b, 8th moon of 6th year, Yongle reign; 83: 1a, 9th moon of 6th year.
231
notes to pages 167–177
56. Ibid., 83: 1a, 10th moon of 6th year, Yongle reign; 84: 4b, 12th moon of 6th year; 86: 5b, 12th moon of 6th year; 87: 3a–4a, 1st moon of 7th year.
57. Ibid., 86: 6a, 12th moon of 6th year, Yongle reign. See also Goodrich and Fang, eds., Dictionary of Ming Biography, 12.
58. Ming Taizong shilu, 93: 4b, 6th moon of 7th year, Yongle reign.
59. Ibid., 94: 1a, 7th moon of 7th year, Yongle reign; 95: 2b–3a, 8th moon of 7th year.
60. Ibid., 96: 3a, 9th moon of 7th year, Yongle reign.
61. Tan Qian, Guoque, 1028; Dreyer, Early Ming China, 178.
62. Wu Han, Chaoxian Lichao shilu zhong di Zhongguo shiliao, 3, juan 18: 37a; MS, 6, Annals 6: 87.
63. Farmer, Early Ming Government, 110–11.
64. Terada, Ei raku tei, 146–47; Kasakevich, “Sources of the History of the Chinese Military Expeditions into Mongolia,” 330.
65. Ming Taizong shilu, 111, 1a, 12th moon of 8th year, Yongle reign.
66. Shang ( Yongle huangdi, 201) says that Bunyashiri was killed in October 1412, but Dreyer ( Early Ming China, 178) says that the murder took place in 1413.
67. MS, 328, Biography 216: 8498.
68. Ming Taizong shilu, 150, 1a–5b, 4th moon of 12th year, Yongle reign.
69. See Serruys, “The Mongols in China,” Monumenta Serica 27 (1968): 233–305.
70. MS, 328, Biography 216: 8498.
71. MS, 149, Biography 37: 4153; 151, Biography 39: 4183–84.
72. In the eyes of Yongle’s courtiers, his decision to fight the Mongols at all costs seemed irrational. But Yongle was not an ordinary monarch, as he believed he was destined to build an empire that would surpass those of the Han and the Tang. See MS 7, Annals 7: 105.
73. Ming Taizong shilu, 246: 1b–2a, 2nd moon of 20th year, Yongle reign.
74. Ibid., 250: 2a–9b, 8th moon of 20th year, Yongle reign.
75. Shang, Yongle huangdi, 220.
76. Ming Taizong shilu, 261: 2b–4a, 7th moon of 21st year, Yongle reign.
77. Wu Han, Chaoxian Lichao shilu zhong di Zhongguo shiliao, 1, juan 4: 310.
78. Cha, Zuiwei lu, 4, Biography 29: 2604–5.
79. Ming Taizong shilu, 264: 1a–3b, 10th moon of 21st year, Yongle reign; MS, 156, Biography 44: 4274.
80. Ming Taizong shilu, 267: 1b, 1st moon of 22nd year, Yongle reign.
81. Yang Rong, Beizeng ji, juan 34.
82. Ibid.
83. MS, 7, Annals 7: 104; Wu Han, Chaoxian Lichao shilu zhong di Zhongguo shiliao, 1, juan 4: 319–21.
232
notes to pages 178–187
9 / the price of glory
1. Thomas Hodgkin, Vietnam: The Revolutionary Path (New York: Macmillan Press, 1981), 55–58.
2. MS, 324, Biography 212: 8383–85.
3. For more about Le Qui-ly’s life and career, see Goodrich and Fang, eds., Dictionary of Ming Biography, 797–800.
4. MS, 321, Biography 209: 8314; Ming Taizong shilu, 52: 6a–6b, 3rd moon of 4th year, Yongle reign.
5. Ming Taizong shilu, 56: 1a–3b, 7th moon of 4th year, Yongle reign.
6. Ibid., 60: 1a, 10th moon of 4th year, Yongle reign; MS, 6, Annals 6: 83.
7. Huang Fu, “Fengshi Annam shuicheng riji,” 1–11.
8. Dreyer, Early Ming China, 208–9.
9. Ming Taizong shilu, 60: 1b–8b, 10th moon of 4th year, Yongle reign; 67: 1b–2b, 5th moon of 5th year.
10. MS, 321, Biography 209: 8315–16.
11. Tran, ed., Dai-Viet su-ky toan-thu, juan 9: 493.
12. Ibid., juan 9: 500.
13. Ibid., juan 9: 503; MS, 321, Biography 209: 8317.
14. Ming Taizong shilu, 111: 6a, 12th moon of 8th year, Yongle reign; 113: 1a–3b, 2nd moon of 9th year.
15. As the Chinese invaders became numb to endless and mindless slaughter, they committed horrors similar to those perpetrated by Americans at My Lai on March 16, 1968, during the Vietnam War. See Tran ed., Dai-Viet su-ky toan-thu, juan 9: 501.
16. Huang Fu, Huang Zhongxuangong wenji (Literary collections of Huang Fu) (Ming Jiajing edition), juan 4: 4–5, 10–11, 21.
17. Tran, ed., Dai-Viet su-ky toan-thu, juan 6: 506; juan 9: 506–8; MS, 321, Biography 209: 8317–20.
18. On local governments in Annam, see Zheng Yongchang, “Ming Hongwu Xuande nianjian Zhong Yue guanxi yanjiu,” 52–56.
19. Tran, ed., Dai-Viet su-ky toan-thu, juan 9: 509–17; Shang, Yongle huangdi, 285–86.
20. Tran, ed., Dai-Viet su-ky toan-thu, juan 9: 505.
21. MS, 321, Biography 209: 8320–21; Goodrich and Fang, eds., Dictionary of Ming Biography, 793–94.
22. Yang Shiqi, Dongli quanji, 15.
23. Murphey, East Asia, 176.
24. MS, 304, Biography 192: 7768–69.
233
notes to pages 188–196
25. Ibid.: 8580–84, 8586; Ming Taizong shilu, 87: 1a–3b, 2nd moon of 11th year, Yongle reign.
26. MS, 304, Biography 192: 7769; Goodrich and Fang, eds., Dictionary of Ming Biography, 522–23.
27. MS, 332, Biography 220: 8609.
28. Fletcher, “China and Central Asia, 1368–1884,” 206–24; Grousset, The Empire of the Steppes, 459, 624.
29. MS, 332, Biography 220: 8598–99; Rossabi, “Two Ming Envoys to Inner Asia,”
17–18; Fletcher, “China and Central Asia,” 214–15.
30. Chen Cheng, “Xiyu xingcheng ji,” 260–95.
31. When I visited the ruins of Gaochang and the oasis city of Turfan in 1988, my Uygur guide said that Gaochang was called Huozhou (Flaming Land) during the Ming period, but the Uygur called it Kara-khoto. See Rossabi, “Ming China and Turfan, 1406–1517,” 206–25.
32. Rossabi, “Two Ming Envoys to Inner Asia,” 27.
33. Zhang Dechang, “Mingdai Guangzhou zhi haibo maoyi,” 5–12.
34. Goodrich and Fang, eds., Dictionary of Ming Biography, 144–45, 360; Hucker, “Governmental Organization of the Ming Dynasty,” 35.
35. MS, 320, Biography 208: 8283–84.
36. Ibid., 8284–85. On fifteenth century Korea, see Gale, History of the Korean People, 234–51; Lee Ki-baik, A New History of Korea, 192–200.
37. Wu Han, Chaoxian Lichao shilu zhong di Zhongguo shiliao, 230–31.
38. Ni Qian, Chaoxian jishi, juan 65: 1a–12b.
39. MS, 320, Biography 208: 8284–85.
40. Tsai, Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty, 138.
41. MS, 113, Biography 1: 3511.
42. Jian et al., eds., Zhongwai lishi nianbiao, 562, 566, 569.
43. Many of the navy conscripts were poor boatmen and supporters of Hongwu’s opponents ( Ming Taizu shilu, 70: 3a–3b, 12th moon of 4th year, Hongwu reign).
44. Ming Taizong shilu, 22: 3a–3b, 8th moon of 1st year, Yongle reign.
45. Da Ming huidian, juan 108, “Tributes”: 66.
46. MS, 322, Biography 210: 8347; Zha
ng Dechang, “Mingdai Guangzhou zhi haibo maoyi,” 5–12.
47. Terada, Ei raku tei, 232–34.
48. Wang Yi-t’ung, O‹cial Relations between China and Japan, 1368–1549, 23.
49. Terada, Ei raku tei, 236–37.
50. Ibid., 237–38; Chen Wenshi, Ming Hongwu Jiajing jian de haijin zhengce, 56–62.
51. MS, 322, Biography 210: 8346.
234
notes to pages 196–202
52. See So, Japanese Piracy in Ming China During the Sixteenth Century.
53. Xia Ziyang, Shi Liuqiu lu, juan: 55a–56a.
54. Lidai baoan (Valuable documents of the Ryukyu kingdom) (reprint, Taipei: National Taiwan University, 1973); MS, 322, Biography 211: 8361–64.
55. Ibid., 8365.
56. Henry Yule and Henri Cordier, The Book of Sir Marco Polo (London: J.
Murray, 1903), 1: 204; Henry Yule, “Ibn Battuta’s Travels in Bengal and China,” in idem, Cathay and the Way Thither (reprint, London: Nendeln, Liechtenstein, Kraus, 1916), 4: 24–25, 96.
57. See Lo Jung-pang, “The Emergence of China as a Sea Power,” 489–503.
58. Da Ming huidian, juan 108, “Tributes”: 66.
59. Ming Taizong shilu, 22: 2a–2b, 8th moon of 1st year, Yongle reign.
60. MS, 324, Biography 212: 8394–95.
61. Ibid., 8398–99.
62. MS, 325, Biography 213: 8416–17.
63. Ming Taizong shilu, 183: 1a–1b, 12th moon of 14th year, Yongle reign; 233: 5a–5b, 1st moon of 19th year.
64. Ibid., 71: 1a–2a, 9th moon of 5th year, Yongle reign; 134: 3a, 11th moon of 10th year.
65. MS, 325, Biography 213: 8412–15.
66. Ibid., 8420; Wolters, The Fall of Srivigaya in Malay History, chaps. 4, 7, 11.
67. In 1669 the Dutch traded Banda, one of the valuable Spice Islands they controlled in Indonesia and a source of cloves and nutmeg, to the English for a New World island known then as New Amsterdam—and now as New York.
68. MS, 324, Biography 212: 8403–4; Chang, “The Chinese Maritime Trade,”
90–103.
69. Zhongguo Hanghai Lishi Xuehui, ed., Zheng He xia xiyang, 19.
70. On early literature describing the Ming voyages, see Needham, Science and Civilization in China,vol. 4, part 3, sec. 29, “Nautics,” 476–540; Pelliot, “Les grands voyages maritimes chinois au début du XVe siècle,” 237–452.
71. On Zheng He’s background, see Zhongguo Hanghai Lishi Xuehui, ed., Zheng He jiashi ziliao; Cha, Zuiwei lu, 4, Biography 29: 2603–4.
72. Mills’s book, Yingya shenglan (The overall survey of the ocean’s shores), was published by Cambridge University Press for the Hakluyt Society (J. V. G. Mills, The Overall Survey of the Ocean’s Shores [Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1970]). See also idem, “Malaya in the Wu Pei Chih Charts,”
Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society Journal, vol. 15 (1937).
73. After Yingya shenglan was published in either 1433 or 1436, it was amplified by the Ming scholar Zhang Sheng; the entire text is collected in Shen Jiefu’s Jilu 235
notes to pages 202–212
huibian (1617), juan 62: 1a–47b. See also J. J. L. Duyvendak, “Ma Huan Re-examined,” Verhandeling d. Koninklijke Akademie v. Wetenschappen te Amsterdam, Afd.
Letterkunde, 32, no. 3 (1933).
74. The entire text of Xingcha shenglan is also collected in Shen Jiefu’s Jilu huibian, juan 61: 1a–28b.
75. See W. W. Rockhill, “Notes on the Relations and Trade of China with the Eastern Archipelago and the Coast of the Indian Ocean During the Fourteenth Century,” T’oung Pao 16 (1915): 61–84.
76. Zhongguo Hanghai Lishi Xuehui, Zheng He xia xiyang, 28–29.
77. Mulder, “The Wu Pei Chih Charts,” 1–14.
78. George Phillips, “The Seaports of India and Ceylon, Described by Chinese Voyagers of the Fifteenth Century, Together with an Account of Chinese Navigation,” Journal of the Chinese Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 20 (1885): 209–26; 21 (1886): 30–42; Charles Otto Blagden, “Notes on Malay History,” Journal of the Chinese Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 53 (1909): 153–62.
79. Duyvendak, “The True Dates of the Chinese Maritime Expeditions in the Early Fifteenth Century,” 347–99.
80. MS, 326, Biography 324: 8439–44.
81. Ibid., 8451–53; Ming Taizong shilu, 134: 3a–3b, 11th moon of 10th year, Yongle reign.
82. MS, 304, Biography 192: 7767–68.
83. Ibid.
84. Pelliot, “Les grands voyages maritimes chinois,” 446–48.
85. Ming Taizong shilu, 71: 1a–1b, 9th moon of 5th year, Yongle reign.
86. On Zheng He’s ships, see Bao, “Zheng He xia Xiyang zhi baochuan kao,” 6–9.
87. After Yongle’s death, none of the succeeding Ming emperors really challenged the power of the civil o‹cials, who after 1424 frustrated most plans for voyages and military expeditions, and for a while planned to move the capital back to Nanjing.
10 / epilogue
1. The change of Yongle’s posthumous title from Taizong to Chengzu might also be viewed as an implicit criticism rather than an added honor.
2. MS, 113, Biography 1: 3510.
3. Of the thirteen tombs, only those of Changling (the burial name of Yongle) and Dingling (the burial name of Wanli) have been excavated. The latter has been open to the public since 1950.
4. Zhongguo Jianzhushi, ed., Gu jianzhu youlan zhinan, 1: 35–37.
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