Liberation of Paris : How Eisenhower, De Gaulle, and Von Choltitz Saved the City of Light (9781501164941)
Page 18
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
© CHRISTINE SMITH
JEAN EDWARD SMITH taught at the University of Toronto for thirty-five years and at Marshall University for twelve. He has also been a visiting scholar at Columbia, Princeton, and Georgetown. He is the author of Bush, a biography of the forty-third president; Eisenhower in War and Peace; FDR, winner of the 2008 Francis Parkman Prize from the Society of American Historians; Grant, a 2002 Pulitzer Prize finalist; and John Marshall: Definer of a Nation.
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ALSO BY JEAN EDWARD SMITH
Bush
Eisenhower in War and Peace
FDR
Grant
John Marshall: Definer of a Nation
George Bush’s War
Lucius D. Clay: An American Life
The Conduct of American Foreign Policy Debated
(ed., with Herbert M. Levine)
The Constitution and American Foreign Policy
Civil Liberties and Civil Rights Debated
(ed., with Herbert M. Levine)
The Papers of General Lucius D. Clay (ed.)
Germany Beyond the Wall
Der Weg ins Dilemma
The Defense of Berlin
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Notes
CHAPTER ONE—PARIS OCCUPIED
The epigraph is a statement Hitler made as he contemplated Paris from the Eglise du Sacré-Cœur on the morning of June 28, 1940. Arno Breker, Paris, Hitler et moi (Paris: Presses de la Cité, 1970), 97.
1 United States National Archives and Record Services, X Nuremberg War Crimes Trials (Washington, DC: General Services Administration, 1976), 519.
2 L’Institut Maurice-Thorez, Des victoires de Hitler au triomphe de la démocratie et du socialisme; origines et bilan de la Deuxième Guerre mondiale (Paris: Editions Sociales, 1970), 44.
3 Quoted in Jean-Pierre Azéma, From Munich to the Liberation, 1938–1944 (London: Cambridge University Press, 1984), 32.
4 Article VIII, Armistice Agreement, June 22, 1940, U.S. Department of State, Documents on German Foreign Policy, 1918–1945 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1956), 671–676.
5 William L. Shirer, The Collapse of the Third Republic (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1969), 1728.
6 Ibid., 900.
7 Robert O. Paxton, Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order, 1940–1944 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1972), 30.
8 H. R. Trevor-Roper, Hitler’s Table Talk, 1941–1944: His Private Conversations, Norman Cameron and R. H. Stevens, trans. (New York: Enigma Books, 2000), 98–99.
9 Pierre Bourget, Histoires secretes de l’Occupation de Paris, 1940–1944 (Paris: Hachette, 1970), 81–82.
10 Ronald C. Rosbottom, When Paris Went Dark (New York: Back Bay Books, 2014), 71.
11 Julian Jackson, France: The Dark Years, 1940–1944 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), 171.
12 Alan Riding, And the Show Went On: Cultural Life in Nazi-Occupied Paris (New York: Random House, 2010), 57–63.
13 Azéma, From Munich to the Liberation, 58–59.
14 Shirer, The Collapse of the Third Republic, 761–762.
15 Charles de Gaulle, The Call to Honour (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1955), 83–84.
16 Jean Thouvenin, Avec Pétain (Paris: Sequana, 1940), 30, 33.
17 Riding, And the Show Went On, 93.
18 Albert Speer, Au Coeur du Troisieme Reich (Paris: Fayard, 1974), 371.
19 Azéma, From Munich to the Liberation, 121.
20 Rosbottom, When Paris Went Dark, 249.
21 Jacques Semelin, Persécutions et Entraides dans la France Occupée (Paris: Arènes-Senil, 2013), 245.
22 Jean-Paul Sartre, Situations II (Paris: Gallimard, 1948), 48–53.
23 Riding, And the Show Went On, 161–162.
24 Ibid.
25 Jackson, France: The Dark Years, 335.
26 Yves Bouthillier, Le drame de Vichy II (Paris: Plon, 1950), 7.
CHAPTER TWO—DE GAULLE AND THE RESISTANCE
The epigraph is a statement de Gaulle made to Eisenhower in their final meeting before Ike left North Africa for London and command of the invasion, December 30, 1943. Charles de Gaulle, Unity (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1959), 545.
1 Charles de Gaulle, The Call to Honour (New York: Viking, 1955), 75–77.
2 Francois Kersaudy, Churchill and De Gaulle (New York: Atheneum, 1982), 71.
3 De Gaulle, The Call to Honour, 72.
4 Antony Beevor and Artemis Cooper, Paris After the Liberation, 1944–1949 (New York: Penguin, 2004), 5–6.
5 De Gaulle, The Call to Honour, 78.
6 Philippe de Gaulle, De Gaulle: Mon Père (Paris: Plon, 2008), 114–115.
7 De Gaulle, The Call to Honour, 82–83.
8 Ibid., 83–84.
9 Jean Lacouture, De Gaulle: The Rebel, 1890–1944 (New York: Norton, 1990).
10 Kersaudy, Churchill and De Gaulle, 83.
11 Cabinet Papers, CAB 65/8, Supreme War Council, June 28, 1940.
12 Kersaudy, Churchill and De Gaulle, 90–91.
13 De Gaulle, Call to Honour, 128.
14 Ibid., 129.
15 Raoul Aglion, Roosevelt and de Gaulle: Allies in Conflict, a Personal Memoir (New York: Free Press, 1988), 115.
16 Ibid., 35, 184–190. Also see Charles L. Robertson, When Roosevelt Planned to Govern France (Amherst and Boston: University of Massachusetts Press, 2011); Milton Viorst, Hostile Allies: FDR and Charles de Gaulle (New York: Macmillan, 1965).
17 Kersaudy, Churchill and De Gaulle, 133.
18 Chicago Daily News, August 27, 1941.
19 Prime Minister’s Papers, P.M. to Secretary of State, August 27, 1941.
20 British Foreign Office, Eden to Churchill, Note on C. de Gaulle, September 1, 1941.
21 Kersaudy, Churchill and De Gaulle, 160.
22 Cordell Hull, The Memoirs of Cordell Hull II (New York: Macmillan, 1948), 1130.
23 J. P. Lash, Roosevelt and Churchill (New York: Norton, 1976), 15–16.
24 De Gaulle, Call to Honour, 226.
25 Ibid., 230.
26 Ibid., 297.
27 Kersaudy, Churchill and De Gaulle, 187.
28 Julian Jackson, France: The Dark Years, 1940–1944 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), 395.
29 De Gaulle, Call to Honour, 259.
30 William L. Langer, Our Vichy Gamble (New York: Knopf, 1947), 276–285, 305–335.
31 Jonathan Fenby, France: A Modern History from the Revolution to the War with Terror (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2015), 302.
32 Charles de Gaulle, Unity (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1959), 349–350.
33 Winston Churchill, The Hinge of Fate (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1952), 568.
34 Beevor and Cooper, Paris After the Liberation, 22–23.
35 The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Vol. XII: The Tide Turns 1943, Samuel Rosenman, ed. (New York: Harper & Row, 1950), 83.
36 De Gaulle, Unity, 398.
37 Ibid., 399.
38 Churchill to Attlee and Eden, May 21, 1943, in Kersaudy, Churchill and De Gaulle, 279.
39 Anthony Eden, The Reckoning (London: Cassel, 1965), 386.
40 De Gaulle, Unity, 417.
41 Ibid., 424–425.
42 Warren F. Kimball, ed. Churchill and Roosevelt: The Complete Correspondence II (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984), 255.
43 FDR to Eisenhower, June 17, 1943, in Kersaudy, Churchill and De Gaulle,
289.
44 De Gaulle, Unity, 447.
45 Kersaudy, Churchill and Roosevelt, 297.
46 Ibid., 312.
47 De Gaulle, Unity, 547.
48 Ibid.
49 Harry Butcher, My Three Years with Eisenhower (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1946), 473.
50 De Gaulle, Unity, 547.
CHAPTER THREE—THE ALLIES ADVANCE
The epigraph is a statement Eisenhower made to David Schoenbrun in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, August 25, 1964. Eisenhower Presidential Library.
1 Charles de Gaulle, Unity (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1959), 349–350.
2 Cable, Eisenhower to Marshall, January 19, 1944, The Papers of Dwight David Eisenhower: The War Years III (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1970), 1667.
3 Ibid., Note 2, 1667–1668.
4 McCloy to Eisenhower, April 15, 1944, The War Years III, Note 5, 1786. For the full text, see Harry L. Cole and Albert K. Weinberg, Civil Affairs: Soldiers Become Governors (Washington, DC: Center of Military History, 2004), 667–668.
5 Eisenhower, Memorandum for Record, March 22, 1944, The War Years III, 1783–1784.
6 De Gaulle, Unity, 544.
7 Eisenhower to Combined Chiefs of Staff, May 11, 1944, The War Years III, 1857–1858.
8 Roosevelt to Eisenhower, May 13, 1944, The War Years III, note 1, 1867–1868.
9 Eisenhower’s cable to Roosevelt was in a message he sent to General Marshall, May 16, 1944, The War Years III, 1866–1867.
10 Dwight D. Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1948), 248.
11 Eisenhower to de Gaulle, May 23, 1944, The War Years III, 1886.
12 De Gaulle to Eisenhower, May 27, 1944, The War Years III, note 3, 1886.
13 Churchill to Roosevelt, May 26, 1944, Warren F. Kimball, ed., Churchill and Roosevelt: The Complete Correspondence III, 145.
14 Roosevelt to Churchill, Foreign Relations of the United States 1944 (France) III, 694.
15 Churchill to Roosevelt, June 7, 1944, Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt III, 171–172.
16 De Gaulle, Unity, 558.
17 Ibid., 560.
18 Eisenhower to Combined Chiefs, June 4, 1944, The War Years III, 1906–1907.
19 F. S. V. Dennison, History of the Second World War, Civil Affairs and Military Government: Central Organization and Planning (London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1966), 69. Italics in original.
20 De Gaulle, Unity, 564.
21 Charles de Gaulle, Discourses et Messages I (Paris: Plon, 1974), 444.
22 “President Favors Delay on Algiers: Says Too Little Area Is Free to Consider de Gaulle Appointees at Present,” New York Times, June 24, 1944.
23 Anthony Eden, The Reckoning (London: Cassell, 1965), 531.
24 Chester Wilmot, Struggle for Europe (New York: Harper & Row, 1952), 394–395.
25 Montgomery to Bradley, August 4, 1944, ibid., 400.
26 Eisenhower to Marshall, August 11, 1944, The War Years IV, 2066–2067.
27 John Keegan, Six Armies in Normandy (New York: Viking Press, 1982), 300–301. Also see William Mortimer Moore, Free France’s Lion: The Life of Philippe Leclerc, De Gaulle’s Greatest General (Philadelphia: Casemate, 2011).
28 Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe, 279.
29 Omar Bradley and Clay Blair, A General’s Life (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1983), 304.
30 Jean Lacouture, De Gaulle: The Rebel 1890–1944 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1990), 546.
31 Charles de Gaulle, Lettres, Notes et Carnets IV (Paris: Plon, 1980), 289.
32 Ibid., 291–292.
33 De Gaulle, Unity, 631.
34 Eisenhower to Combined Chiefs of Staff, August 15, 1944, IV, The War Years 2069–2070.
35 Eden, The Reckoning, 544.
36 Lacouture, De Gaulle: The Rebel, 503.
37 De Gaulle, Unity, 636.
38 Ibid.
39 Ibid., 637.
40 The most complete survey of the Laval incident is provided by Charles L. Robertson in When Roosevelt Planned to Govern France (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2011), 180–184. Mr. Robertson is skeptical of de Gaulle’s claim, but presents the evidence fairly.
41 De Gaulle, Unity, 637.
42 Ibid.
43 De Gaulle to Eisenhower, August 21, 1944, Eisenhower Library.
CHAPTER FOUR—THE GERMAN DEFENSE
The epigraph is from an order Hitler transmitted to Field Marshal Model on August 23, 1944. The entire message is reproduced in Dietrich von Choltitz, Brennt Paris? Adolph Hitler (Frankfurt/Main: R.G. Fischer Verlag, 2014), 1. This is a reprint of a book von Choltitz originally published in 1949.
1 Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre, Is Paris Burning? (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1965), 24.
2 Dietrich von Choltitz, Soldat Unter Soldaten (Konstance: Europa Verlag, 1951), 222.
3 Collins and Lapierre, Is Paris Burning?, 27.
4 von Choltitz, Soldat Unter Soldaten, 222.
5 Ibid., 222.
6 Ibid., 223.
7 Collins and Lapierre, Is Paris Burning?, 29.
8 Michael Neiberg, The Blood of Free Men (New York: Basic Books, 2012), 87.
9 von Choltitz, Soldat Unter Soldaten, 226.
10 Ibid.
11 Randall Hansen, Disobeying Hitler: German Resistance After Valkyrie (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014), 77.
12 Ibid.
13 Ibid., 78.
14 von Choltitz, Brennt Paris? Adolph Hitler (Frankfurt/Main: R. G. Fischer Verlag, 2014), 32.
15 Ibid., 32–33.
16 Ibid., 24.
17 Ibid., 28.
18 Collins and Lapierre, Is Paris Burning?, 63–64.
19 von Choltitz, Soldat Unter Soldaten, 235.
20 Collins and Lapierre, Is Paris Burning?, 69–70.
21 von Choltitz, Brennt Paris? Adolph Hitler, 36.
22 Ibid., 37–38.
23 Hansen, Disobeying Hitler, 85, 88.
24 von Choltitz, Soldat Unter Soldaten, 238.
25 Ibid., 245.
26 Raoul Nordling, Sauver Paris: Mémoires du Consul de Suède, Fabrice Virgili, ed. (Brussels: Editions Complexe, 2002), 155.
27 Ibid., 156.
28 Adrien Dansette, Histoire de la libération de Paris (Paris: Librairie Arthème Fayard, 1958), 131.
29 von Choltitz, Brennt Paris? Adolph Hitler, 45–46.
30 Nordling, Sauver Paris, 179.
31 Ibid.
32 Ibid.
33 Dankwood Graf von Arnim, Als Brandenburg noch die Mark hiess (Munich: Goldmann Verlag, 1995), 245.
34 “Résumé des journees glorieuses d’insurrection à la préfecture de police,” reprinted in Hansen, Disobeying Hitler, 97.
35 Ibid., 98.
36 Collins and Lapierre, Is Paris Burning?, 222.
37 Ibid., 151–152.
38 Ibid., 157.
39 Ibid., 194.
CHAPTER FIVE—THE RESISTANCE RISES
The epigraph is a statement made by General Dietrich von Choltitz in Brennt Paris? Adolph Hitler (Frankfurt/Main: R. D. Fischer Verlag, 2014), 52.
1 Michael Neiberg, The Blood of Free Men (New York: Basic Books, 2012), 46.
2 Colonel Henri Rol-Tanguy and Roger Bourderon, La Libération de Paris (Paris: Hachette, 1994), 140.
3 Neiberg, The Blood of Free Men, 48.
4 Ibid., 92.
5 Ibid., 104.
6 Matthew Cobb, Eleven Days in August: The Liberation of Paris in 1944 (London: Simon & Schuster, 2013), 38.
7 Ibid., 34.
8 Rol-Tanguy and Bourderon, La Libération de Paris, 162.
9 Pierre Taittinger, Et Paris ne fut pas détruit (Paris: L’Elan, 1948), 118–126.
10 Neiberg, The Blood of Free Men, 46.
11 Randall Hansen, Disobeying Hitler: German Resistance After Valkyrie (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014), 82.
12 Raoul Nordling, Sauver Paris: Mémoires du Consul de Suède (Brussels: Éditions Complexe, 2002), 94–95.