Delphi Complete Works of Dio Chrysostom

by Dio Chrysostom

  [55] “And what enemy have I still left,” said he, “if I capture those peoples I have mentioned?” “The most difficult of all to conquer,” he answered, “one who does not speak Persian or Median as Darius does, I presume, but Macedonian and Greek.” At this Alexander was troubled and sore distressed for fear the other knew of someone in Macedonia or Greece who was preparing to make war on him,

  [56] τίς οὗτός ἐστιν ἐμὸς πολέμιος ἐν τῇ Ἑλλάδι ἢ Μακεδονίᾳ; σύ, ἔφη, ἀγνοεῖς, πάντων μάλιστα γιγνώσκειν οἰόμενος; ἔπειτα, ἔφη, οὐκ ἐρεῖς αὐτόν, ἀλλὰ κρύψεις; πάλαι γάρ, εἶπε, λέγω, σὺ δὲ οὐκ ἀκούεις, ὅτι σὺ αὑτῷ μάλιστα ἔχθιστος εἶ καὶ πολεμιώτατος, μέχρι ἂν ᾖς κακὸς καὶ ἀνόητος. καὶ οὗτος, ἔφη, ἐστὶν ἁνήρ, ὃν σὺ ἀγνοεῖς, ὡς οὐδένα ἄλλον.

  [56] and asked, “Who is this enemy of mine in Greece or Macedonia?” “Why, do you not know,” said he, “you who think that you know more than anyone else?” “In that case will you please tell me?” he asked; “do not conceal it.” “I have been trying to tell you for a long time, but you do not hear that you are yourself your own bitterest foe and adversary as long as you are bad and foolish. And this is the man of whom you are more ignorant than of any other person.

  [57] οὐδεὶς γὰρ τῶν ἀφρόνων καὶ πονηρῶν ἐπίσταται ἑαυτόν. οὐ γὰρ ἂν τοῦτο πρῶτον προσέταττεν ὁ Ἀπόλλων ὡς χαλεπώτατον ἑκάστῳ, γνῶναι ἑαυτόν.

  [57] For no foolish and evil man knows himself; else Apollo would not have given as the first commandment, ‘Know thyself!’ regarding it as the most difficult thing for every man.

  [58] ἢ οὐ τὴν ἀφροσύνην ἡγῇ μεγίστην καὶ τελεωτάτην πασῶν νόσον καὶ βλάβην τοῖς ἔχουσι καὶ τὸν ἄφρονα ἄνδρα αὐτὸν αὑτῷ βλαβερώτατον; ἢ οὐ τὸν βλαβερώτατον ἑκάστῳ καὶ πλείστων κακῶν αἴτιον, τοῦτον ἔχθιστον καὶ πολεμιώτατον ἐκείνῳ ὁμολογεῖς εἶναι;

  [58] Or do you not think that folly is the greatest and most serious of all ailments and a blight to those that have it, and that a foolish man is his own greatest bane? Or do you not admit that he who is most harmful to a man and causes him the most ills is that man’s greatest foe and adversary? In view of what I say rage and prance about,” said he,

  [59] πρὸς ταῦτα χαλέπαινε καὶ πήδα, ἔφη, καὶ μιαρώτατον ἀνθρώπων ἐμὲ νόμιζε καὶ λοιδόρει [p. 66] πρὸς ἅπαντας, ἐὰν δέ σοι δόξῃ, τῷ δορατίῳ διαπερόνησον: ὡς ἀκούσει παρὰ μόνου ἀνθρώπων ἐμοῦ τἀληθῆ, καὶ παρ᾽ οὐδενὸς ἄλλου ἀνθρώπων ἂν μάθοις. πάντες γάρ εἰσι χείρους ἐμοῦ καὶ ἀνελευθερώτεροι.

  [59] “and think me the greatest blackguard and slander me to the world and, if it be your pleasure, run me through with your spear; for I am the only man from whom you will get the truth, and you will learn it from no one else. For all are less honest than I and more servile.”

  [60] ταῦτα δὲ ἔλεγεν ὁ Διογένης, παρ᾽ οὐδὲν μὲν ἡγούμενος, εἰ καί τι πείσεται, πλὴν σαφῶς γε εἰδὼς ὅτι οὐδὲν ἔσοιτο. ἠπίστατογὰρ τὸν Ἀλέξανδρον δοῦλον ὄντα τῆς δόξης καὶ οὐδέποτ᾽ ἂν ἁμαρτόντα περὶ ἐκείνην.

  [60] Thus spoke Diogenes, counting it as nothing that he might be chastised, yet quite convinced that nothing would happen. For he knew that Alexander was a slave of glory and would never make a bad move where it was at stake.

  [61] ἔφη οὖν αὐτὸν μηδὲ τὸ σημεῖον τὸ βασιλικὸν ἔχειν. καὶ ὁ Ἀλέξανδρος θαυμάσας, Οὐκ ἄρτι ἔλεγες, ἔφη, ὅτι οὐδὲν δεῖ σημείων τῷ βασιλεῖ; ναὶ μὰ Δί᾽, εἶπε, τῶν γε ἔξωθεν, οῖον τιάρας καὶ πορφύρας: τούτων γὰρ οὐδέν ἐστιν ὄφελος: τὸ δὲ

  [61] So he went on to tell the king that he did not even possess the badge of royalty. And Alexander said in amazement, “Did you not just declare that the king needs no badges?” “No indeed,” he replied; “I grant that he has no need of outward badges such as tiaras and purple raiment — such things are of no use —

  [62] ἐκ τῆς φύσεως αὐτῷ δεῖ προσεῖναι πάντων μάλιστα. καὶ τί τοῦτό ἐστιν, ἔφη ὁ Ἀλέξανδρος; ὃ καὶ τῶν μελιττῶν, ἦ δ᾽ ὅς, τῷ βασιλεῖ πρόσεστιν. ἢ οὐκ ἀκήκοας ὅτι ἐστὶ βασιλεὺς ἐν ταῖς μελίτταις φύσει γιγνόμενος, οὐκ ἐκ γένους τοῦτο ἔχων, ὥσπερ ὑμεῖς φατε, ἀφ᾽ Ἡρακλέους ὄντες; τί οὖν τοῦτό ἐστιν, εἶπεν ὁ Ἀλέξανδρος,

  [62] but the badge which nature gives is absolutely indispensable.” “And what badge is that?” said Alexander. “It is the badge of the bees,” he replied, “that the king wears. Have you not heard that there is a king among the bees, made so by nature, who does not hold office by virtue of what you people who trace your descent from Heracles call inheritance?” “What is this badge?” inquired Alexander.

  [63] τὸ σημεῖον; οὐκ ἀκήκοας, εἶπε, τῶν γεωργῶν ὅτι μόνη ἐκείνη ἡ μέλιττα ἄνευ κέντρου ἐστίν, ὡς οὐδὲν αὐτῇ δέον ὅπλου πρὸς οὐδένα; οὐδεμία γὰρ αὐτῇ τῶν ἄλλων μελιττῶν ἀμφισβητήσει περὶ τῆς βασιλείας οὐδὲ μαχήσεται τοῦτο ἐχούσῃ. σὺ δέ μοι δοκεῖς οὐ

  [63] “Have you not heard farmers say,” asked the other, “that this is the only bee that has no sting, since he requires no weapon against anyone? For no other bee will challenge his right to be king or fight him when he has this badge. I have an idea, however, that you not only go about fully armed but even sleep that way.

  [64] μόνον περιπατεῖν, ἀλλὰ καὶ καθεύδειν ἐν τοῖς ὅπλοις. οὐκ οἶσθα,ἔφη, ὅτι φοβουμένου ἐστὶν ἀνθρώπου ὅπλα ἔχειν; φοβούμενος δὲ οὐδέποτ᾽ ἂν οὐδεὶς γένοιτο βασιλεύς, οὐ μᾶλλον ἢ δοῦλος. ἀκούσας δὲ ὁ Ἀλέξανδρος ὀλίγου ἐκ τῆς χειρὸς ἀφῆκε τὸ δοράτιον.

  [64] Do you not know,” he continued, “that it is a sign of fear in a man for him to carry arms? And no man who is afraid would ever have a chance to become king any more than a slave would.” At these words Alexander came near hurling his spear.

  [65] ταῦτα δὲ ἔλεγεν ὁ Διογένης, προτρέπων αὐτὸν εὐεργεσίᾳ πιστεύειν καὶ τῷ δίκαιον παρέχειν αὑτόν, ἀλλὰ μὴ τοῖς ὅπλοις. σὺ δέ, ἔφη, καὶτὸν θυμὸν ἐν τῇ ψυχῇ φορεῖς ἠκονημένον, χαλεπὸν οὕτως καὶ βίαιον κέντρον.

  [65] With these words Diogenes strove to encourage him to put his trust in well-doing and devotion to righteousness and not in arms.

  “But you,” he continued, “also carry in your soul a keen-whetted temper, a goad difficult to restrain, as we see, and compelling.

  [66] οὐκ ἀπορρίψας ταῦτα ἃ νῦν ἔχεις, ἐξωμίδα λαβὼν λατρεύσεις τοῖς αὑτοῦ κρείττοσιν, ἀλλὰ περιελεύσῃ διάδημα ἔχων κ�
�ταγέλαστον; μικρῷ δὲ ὕστερον ἴσως λόφον φύσεις καὶ τιάραν, ὥσπερ οἱ ἀλεκτρυόνες; οὐκ ἐννενόηκας τὴν τῶν Σακῶν ἑορτήν, ἣν[p. 67] Πέρσαι ἄγουσιν, οὗ νῦν ὥρμηκας στρατεύεσθαι; καὶ ὃς εὐθὺς ἠρώτα, Ποίαν τινά;

  [66] Will you not throw off this armour which you now wear, don a worker’s tunic, and serve your betters, instead of going about wearing a ridiculous diadem? And perhaps before long you will grow a comb or tiara as cocks do? Have you never heard about the Sacian feast held by the Persians, against whom you are now preparing to take the field?”

  [67] ἐβούλετο γὰρ πάντα εἰδέναι τὰ τῶν Περσῶν πράγματα. λαβόντες, ἔφη, τῶν δεσμωτῶν ἕνα τῶν ἐπὶ θανάτῳ καθίζουσιν εἰς τὸν θρόνον τὸν τοῦ βασιλέως, καὶ τὴν ἐσθῆτα διδόασιν αὐτῷ τὴν βασιλικήν, καὶ προστάττειν ἐῶσι καὶ πίνειν καὶ τρυφᾶν καὶ ταῖς παλλακαῖς χρῆσθαι τὰς ἡμέρας ἐκείνας ταῖς βασιλέως, καὶ οὐδεὶς οὐδὲν αὐτὸν κωλύει ποιεῖν ὧν βούλεται. μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα ἀποδύσαντες καὶ μαστιγώσαντες ἐκρέμασαν.

  [67] And Alexander at once asked him what it was like, he wished to know all about the Persians. “Well, they take one of their prisoners,” he explained, “who has been condemned to death, set him upon the king’s throne, give him the royal apparel, and permit him to give orders, to drink and carouse, and to dally with the royal concubines during those days, and no one prevents his doing anything he pleases. But after that they strip and scourge him and then hang him.

  [68] τίνος οὖν ἡγῇ τοῦτο εἶναι σύμβολον καὶ διὰ τί γίγνεσθαι παρὰ τοῖς Πέρσαις; οὐχ ὅτι πολλάκις ἀνόητοι ἄνθρωποι καὶ πονηροὶ τῆς ἐξουσίας ταύτης καὶ τοῦ ὀνόματος τυγχάνουσιν, ἔπειτα χρόνον τινὰ ὑβρίσαντες αἴσχιστα καὶ τάχιστα ἀπόλλυνται;

  [68] Now what do you suppose this is meant to signify and what is the purpose of this Persian custom? Is it not intended to show that foolish and wicked men frequently acquire this royal power and title and then after a season of wanton insolence come to a most shameful and wretched end?

  [69] οὐκοῦν τότε, ἐπειδὰν ἄρωσι τὸν ἄνθρωπον ἐκ τῶν δεσμῶν, εἰκός ἐστι τὸν μὲν ἀνόητον καὶ ἄπειρον τοῦ πράγματος χαίρειν καὶ μακαρίζειν ἑαυτὸν ἐπὶ τοῖς γιγνομένοις, τὸν δὲ εἰδότα ὀδύρεσθαι καὶ μὴ ἐθέλειν ἑκόντα συνακολουθεῖν,

  [69] And so, when the fellow is freed from his chains, the chances are, if he is a fool and ignorant of the significance of the procedure, that he feels glad and congratulates himself on what is taking place; but if he understands, he probably breaks out into wailing and refuses to go along without protesting, but would rather remain in fetters just as he was.

  [70] ἀλλὰ μᾶλλον, ὥσπερ εἶχε, μένειν ἐν ταῖς πέδαις. μὴ οὖν πρότερον, ὦ μάταιε, βασιλεύειν ἐπιχείρει πρὶν ἢ φρονῆσαι. τέως δέ, ἔφη, κρεῖττον μηδὲν προστάττειν, ἀλλὰ μόνον αὐτὸν ζῆν διφθέραν ἔχοντα. σύ, ἔφη, κελεύεις ἐμὲ διφθέραν λαβεῖν τὸν ἀφ᾽ Ἡρακλέους γεγονότα καὶ τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἡγεμόνα καὶ Μακεδόνων βασιλέα; πάνυ γε, εἶπεν, ὥσπερ ὁ πρόγονός σου.

  [70] Therefore, O perverse man, do not attempt to be king before you have attained to wisdom. And in the meantime,” he added, “it is better not to give orders to others but to live in solitude, clothed in a sheepskin.”

  “You,” he objected, “do you bid me, Alexander, of the stock of Heracles, to don a sheepskin — me, the leader of the Greeks and king of the Macedonians?”

  [71] ποῖος, ἔφη, πρόγονος; Ἀρχέλαος. ἢ οὐκ αἰπόλος ἦν ὁ Ἀρχέλαος οὐδὲ ἦλθεν εἰς Μακεδονίαν αἶγας ἐλαύνων; πότερον οὖν αὐτὸν ἐν πορφύρᾳ μᾶλλον ἢ ἐν διφθέρᾳ οἴει τοῦτο ποιεῖν; καὶ ὁ Ἀλέξανδρος ἀνείθη τε καὶ ἐγέλασε καὶ ἔφη, Τὰ περὶ τὸν χρησμόν, ὦ Διόγενες, λέγεις.

  [71] “Surely,” he replied, “just as your ancestor did.” “What ancestor?” he asked. “Archelaus. Was not Archelaus a goatherd and did he not come into Macedonia driving goats? Now do you think he did this clad in purple rather than in a sheepskin?” And Alexander calmed down, laughed, and said, “Do you refer to the story about the oracle, Diogenes?”

  [72] ὁ δὲ στρυφνῷ τῷ προσώπῳ, Ποῖον, εἶπε, χρησμόν; οὐκ οἶδα ἔγωγε, πλὴν ὅτι αἰπόλος ἦν ὁ Ἀρχέλαος. ἀλλ᾽ ἂν ἀπαλλαγῇς τοῦ τύφου καὶ τῶν νῦν πραγμάτων, ἔσῃ βασιλεύς, οὐ λόγῳ τυχόν, ἀλλ᾽ ἔργῳ: καὶ κρατήσεις οὐ μόνον τῶν ἀνδρῶν ἁπάντων, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῶν γυναικῶν,

  [72] The other puckered his face and said, “Oracle indeed! All I know is that Archelaus was a goatherd. But if you will drop your conceit and your present occupations, you will be a king, not in word maybe, but in reality; and you will prevail over all women as well as all men, as did Heracles, whom you claim as an ancestor of yours.”

  [73] ὥσπερ ὁ Ἡρακλῆς, ὅν σου φῂς πρόγονον εἶναι. καὶ ὅς, Ποίων, ἔφη, γυναικῶν; ἢ δῆλον, ἔφη, ὅτι τῶν Ἀμαζόνων λέγεις; ἀλλ᾽ ἐκείνων, [p. 68] ἦ δ᾽ ὅς, οὐδὲν ἦν κρατῆσαι χαλεπόν: ἑτέρου δέ τινος γένους, δεινοῦ καὶ ἀγρίου παντελῶς. ἢ οὐκ ἀκήκοας τὸν Λιβυκὸν μῦθον;

  [73] Alexander said, “Women indeed! Or am I to understand that you refer to the Amazons?” “Nay, it was no hard matter to overcome them,” he replied. “I refer to women of another kind, who are extremely dangerous and savage. Have you not heard the Libyan myth?” And the king replied that he had not.

  [74] καὶ ὃς οὐκ ἔφη ἀκηκοέναι. διηγεῖτο δὴ μετὰ ταῦτα προθύμως καὶ ἡδέως, βουλόμενος αὐτὸν παραμυθήσασθαι, καθάπερ αἱ τίτθαι τὰ παιδία, ἐπειδὰν αὐτοῖς πληγὰς ἐμβάλωσι, παραμυθούμεναι καὶ

  [74] Then Diogenes told it to him with zest and charm, because he wanted to put him in a good humour, just as nurses, after giving the children a whipping, tell them a story to comfort and please them.

  [75] χαριζόμεναι μῦθον αὐτοῖς ὕστερον διηγήσαντο. εὖ δὲ ἴσθι, ἔφη, ὅτι οὐ πρότερον ἔσῃ βασιλεύς, πρὶν ἂν ἱλάσῃ τὸν αὑτοῦ δαίμονα καὶ θεραπεύσας ὡς δεῖ ἀποδείξῃς ἀρχικόν τε καὶ ἐλευθέριον καὶ βασιλικόν, ἀλλὰ μή, ὡς νῦν ἔχεις, δοῦλον καὶ ἀνελεύθερον καὶ πονηρόν.

  [75] “Be assured,” he continued, “that you will never be king until you have propitiated your attendant spirit and, by treating it as you should, have made it commanding, free-spirited and kingly, instead of, as in your present state, slavish, illiberal, and vicious.”

  [76] ἐνταῦθα δὴ ὁ Ἀλέξανδρος ἐκπεπληγμένος τοῦ ἀνθρώπουτὸ ἀνδρεῖον καὶ τ�
� ἀδεές, νομίσας πλέον τι τῶν ἄλλων ἐπίστασθαι αἰ τόν, παντοδαπὸς ἦν ἱκετεύων μὴ φθονῆσαι μηδένα τρόπον, ἀλλὰ φράσαι τίς ἔστιν ὁ δαίμων αὐτοῦ καὶ πῶς χρὴ ἱλάσασθαι αὐτόν. ἤλπιζε γὰρ ὄνομά τι ἀκούσεσθαι δαίμονος καὶ θυσίας τινὰς ἢ καθαρμούς, οὓς δεῖ ἐπιτελέσαι.

  [76] Then was Alexander amazed at the courage and fearlessness of the man; yet deeming him to have greater knowledge than other men, he urgently besought him not to say him nay but to explain what his attendant spirit was and how he must propitiate it. For he assumed that he would hear some deity’s name and of certain sacrifices or purifications that he would have to perform.

  [77] κατιδὼν οὖν αὐτὸν ὁ Διογένηστεθορυβημένον καὶ σφόδρα τῇ ψυχῇ μετέωρον, προσέπαιζε καὶ περιεῖλκεν, εἴ πως δύναιτο κινηθεὶς ἀπὸ τοῦ τύφου καὶ τῆς δόξης μικρόν τι ἀνανῆψαι.

  [77] So when Diogenes perceived that he was greatly excited and quite keyed up in mind with expectancy, he toyed with him and pulled him about in the hope that somehow he might be moved from his pride and thirst for glory and be able to sober up a little.

  [78] καὶ γὰρ δὴ ᾐσθάνετο αὐτὸν νῦν μὲν ἡδόμενον, νῦν δὲ λυπούμενον ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ ἄκριτον οὖσαν, ὥσπερ τὸν ἀέρα ἐν ταῖς τροπαῖς, ὅταν ἐκ τοῦ αὐτοῦ νέφουσὕῃ τε καὶ λάμπῃ ὁ ἥλιος. συνίει δὲ ὅτι καὶ τοῦ τρόπου κατεφρόνει, ἐν ᾧ διελέγετο πρὸς αὐτόν, ἅτε οὐδέποτε ἀκηκοὼς δεινοῦ λέγειν ἀνδρός, ἀλλὰ τοὺς τῶν σοφιστῶν θαυμάζων λόγους, ὡς ὑψηλούς τε καὶ μεγαλοπρεπεῖς.