The World Until Yesterday: What Can We Learn From Traditional Societies?
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infant bilingualism, 391–92
infanticide, 177–79, 286, 287
learning from traditional societies, 25, 174–76, 207–9, 462–63
multi-age playgroups, 200–202
play and education, 202–6, 208, 285–86
responses to crying infants, 190–92, 208
transportation of, 184–85, plates 21, 38, 39
war and, 141, 146, 157, 163
chimpanzees, 157, 183, 418
China
diabetes in, 430, 438table, 450
elder status, 221, plate 23
language diversity, 376, 377
Mandarin Chinese language, 372, 405
salt intake, 421, 426
wars involving Chinese speakers, 164
Christianity, 325, 345–46, 352, 358, 360, 361
success of, 364, 365
See also Catholicism; Mormonism
Chukchi people, 215, 216, 228, 229
Chumash Indians, 16, 17, 27fig., 133
Churchill, Winston, 217, 407
Cipriani, Lidio, 444table
See also Andaman Islanders
Cistercian order, 353
Civil War, 145–46
clans, 15
climate, 307–8, 310, 377–78
cognition, 239, 405
Alzheimer’s disease, 392–95
multilingualism and, 387–95
origins of religion and, 336–40, 355
Columbus, Christopher, 14
communes, 362–63
compensation processes, 29, 87–90, 94–95, 100–101, 102–4, 112
New Guinea accidental death case, 80–81, 82–85
in state justice systems, 103–4, 112, 117
competition, age-based, 227–31
competitive play, 204
Confucianism, 221, 328
Connolly, Bob, First Contact, 57, 58
constructive paranoia, 30, 55, 243–75
See also dangers; risk; specific types of danger
conversation. See talk
Cornish language, 408
Costa Rica, 155–56
Cowgill, Donald, 221–22, 223, 230
cows, disputes over, 158
Nuer raiding, 44, 137, 139, 146, 158, 165
cradle boards, 184, 185–86
creationism, 345–46
Crespí, Juan, 133
criminal justice, 99, 108–14, 117, 118, 167
Cro-Magnons, 60, 64, 68table, 340, plate 25
crocodiles, 280, plate 43
Crow Indians, 215, 341table
crowd diseases, 294–96
crying infants, 190–92, 208
cultural diversity, 7, 20–23, 28
culture
elders as stewards of, 213, 219–20, 235, 237–38
language and, 370, 405, 406, 407–8
dangers, 24, 30–31, 276–319, 464
attitudes about fear, 284–85
children’s exposure to, 173–74, 193, 197–200
dangerous animals, 199, 200, 271, 279table, 280, 282–83, 285, 286, plate 43
thrill-seeking, 318–19
travel and stranger encounters, 49–50, 54–55, 271–72
types and impacts, 245, 270–71, 276–78, plates 42, 43, 44
See also accidents; constructive paranoia; disease(s); environmental hazards; food scarcity; risk; violence
Dani people, 16, 55, 119, 416, plate 1
children’s play, 203, 204
map, 26fig.
territoriality, 42, plate 13
trade, 66, 68table, 71–72, 73
Dani warfare, 15, 54–55, 119–28, 165, plate 36
features of, 120–21, 143–44, 145, 146
mortality rates, 127–28, 139, plate 36
time-line, 121–27
Danish language, 402–3
Daribi people, 16, 26fig., 68table, 70, 297–98, 308
Dead Birds (film), 120
death
religion and, 329, 351–52
See also mortality
death penalty, 110
Dennett, Daniel, 327table
diabetes, 4, 31, 292–93, 413, 427–49
in Europeans, 438table, 447–49
genetic factors, 431–32, 434, 436–37, 441–47
in India, 430, 431, 433, 437, 438table, 440–41, 450
Nauru Islanders, 435–37, 439table, 446, 449
Pima Indians, 434–35, 439table
rates of, 429–30, 433, 438–39table, 447
risk factors, 417, 431–34
types of, 430–31
Wanigela people, 411, 439table
dialects, 372–74
diet
diabetes and, 429, 430, 432–33, 434, 440, 443
food availability and, 310, 313–15, 316
hypertension and, 417–21, 423–25
learning from traditional societies, 462, 465
salt intake, 415–17, 425–28
sugar and carbohydrates intake, 428–29
Westernized, non-communicable diseases and, 413–14, 432–33, 449–50
See also food entries
Dingane, 137
Dingiswayo, 148
Dinka people, 44, 54, 137, 139, 146, 158
disease(s), 292–96, 353, 412, 435
food scarcity and, 299
responses to, 296–98, 339
Western lifestyle adoption and, 411–14, 432–33, 449–50
See also diabetes; hypertension
dispersal and aggregation, 291, 310, 315–16
dispute resolution, 160, 466, plates 15, 16
attribution of fault, 96, 102–3
by fighting, 95
international disputes, 101–2
See also state justice systems; traditional dispute resolution; warfare
divorce, 90–91, 105–6
dowsing, 342, 350–51, plate 46
Driver, Daniel, 98, 109
drowning, 281
Dugum Dani people. See Dani people
Durkheim, Émile, 327table, 328
Dwyer, Michael, 57
Eaton, S. Boyd, 414, 450
Eble, Mary, 113
economic specialization, 10, 11, 15, 16–17, 18
trade specialists, 62–63, 66
education
educational play, 202–6
formal, 200–201, 205, 235, 399, 401
storytelling as, 285–86
Efe Pygmies, 187, 188, 191
egalitarianism, 12, 13, 14, 197
child-rearing and, 194, 197, 198
religion and, 353
elders, 24, 30, 210–40
abandonment, neglect, or killing of, 213, 214–17, 286
Alzheimer’s disease and multilingualism, 392–95
as children’s care-givers, 187, 188, 218
as cultural stewards, 213, 219–20, 235, 237–38
defining old age, 211
learning from traditional societies, 236–40, 465–66
modern trends affecting, 231–36
social reinforcement of elder authority, 227–31
social values and elders’ status, 221–27
talents, strengths and weaknesses of, 238–40, plates 40, 41
usefulness of, 212, 217–20, 221, 224, 225–26, 232, 235–39, plate 22
widowhood, 233
See also life expectancies
electricity-producing fish, 334–36
Ember, Carol, 161
Ember, Melvin, 161
emotional security, 180–81, 192, 208–9
enemies, 49
defeated, fate of, 141, 146, 158–59
demonization of, 120, 125, 159, 168–70
religion and, 352, 358–59, 366
unsuspected, travel and, 54–55
See also killing(s); strangers; territoriality; violence; warfare
Enga people, 26fig., 68table, 75, 479–80
England, 304, 306, 311–12
See also Britain
English language, 372, 373–74, 379–80, 395, 400, 401, 407–8
environmental conditions
evolution and, 334
language diversity and, 378
salt intake and, 420
territoriality and, 43, 44, 45, 46, 48, 155
trade patterns and, 71–72
travel/geographic knowledge and, 55–56
warfare and, 155, 156, 160, 161–62
environmental hazards, 277–78, plates 42, 43, 44
avoidance and vigilance, 243–44, 282–86
child autonomy and, 198–200
Erikson, Erik, 174–75
Esen, Tevfik, 397
Eurasian peoples, 26fig., 309table, 311
See also specific groups
Europe
aggregation and dispersal cycles, 315
child punishment, 193, 194
criminal punishment, 110, 111, 118
diabetes rates, 438table, 447–49
dialects, 373–74
elder treatment, 223–24
food in, 309table, 416–17, 448–49
homicide rates, 288
language diversity and loss, 371, 396, 399
multilingualism, 383
See also specific countries and languages
European contact. See first contacts
European expansion and colonialism, 14, 18, 22, 57, 132
anthropological studies and, 477–78
effects on violence, 132, 133–34, 148–54, 288–89
language diversity and, 380, 398
wars of conquest, 144, 360
euthanasia, 232
Evans-Pritchard, E. E., 53, 95, 158, 301
Everett, Daniel, 176–77, 188, 194–95, 197, 198, 444table, 479
executive control, multilingualism and, 388–89, 391
exogamy, 43, 76, 291
linguistic, 384, 385
Explorations into Highland New Guinea (Leahy), 58
Eyak language, 397, 408, plate 47
famines. See food scarcity
farming, 7, 10, 19, 303–6
See also food production
farming societies, 14, 15, 16, 348, 353
aggregation and dispersal cycles, 315–16
children in, 180, 194, 195, 198
elder authority, 229, 230
food sharing and storage, 301, 309table, 311
infectious diseases, 295
language diversity, 379, 380–81
war in, 139, 156
See also specific groups
Faroese language, 401
fathers, 178, 186–87
Fayu people, 26fig., 133, 279table, 297–98, 480–81
warfare, 132, 133, 134, 165
feasting, 137, 291, 303, plates 26, 27
feuds, 89, 95–96, 129–30, 131
fighting, 95, 138, 286, 289, 290
See also violence; warfare
Fiji, 151, 210
Finland, 162–63, 421, 427
First Contact (Connolly and Anderson), 57, 58
first contacts, 56–59, 263, 480–81, plate 29
with New Guineans, 2, 57–59, 119, plates 30, 31
fish, electricity-producing, 334–36
food
disputes over, 93
trade in, 68–69table, 70, 71, 72
food acquisition, 10, 187, 203, 205, 218, 278, 282–84
See also hunting
food availability
burdensome elders and, 214, 217
fluctuations in, 299, 300–303, 307–8
gluttony and, 443–44, 444table
language diversity and, 379
thrifty-gene hypothesis, 442–47
warfare and, 150–51, 160
weaning and, 180
See also food scarcity
food production
political organization and, 16, 19, 356
population size/density and, 10, 12, 13, 19
See also farming
food scarcity, 277, 298–316, 445
aggregation and dispersal and, 310, 315–16
diabetes and the thrifty-gene hypothesis, 442–49
diet broadening, 310, 313–15
field scattering and, 303–6
food sharing mechanisms, 300–303
infanticide and, 177
infectious diseases and, 292
malnourishment and starvation, 292, 298–300, 308
seasonal fluctuations, 307–8
storage and preservation methods, 300, 309table, 310–13, 416
food taboos, 227–28
foraging. See food acquisition
Fore language, 7, 273, 274
Fore people, 16, 26fig., 94–95, 271–72, 273–74, 300
France and the French, 140, 146–47, 156, 319
Breton language, 399, 465
Frazer, James, 327table
French language, 381, 401
in Canada, 375, 403, 404, 409
Freud, Sigmund, 175
friendship, 49, 51–53
Frisian language, 404, 408–9
functional change, 334–36
of religion, 344–45, 367–68, 367fig.
gambling, 350
Gammage, Bill, 58
Ganesan, A., 441
garden farmers, 14
See also Dani people; Machiguenga Indians; New Guinea and New Guinean peoples
Gardner, Robert, 120
Geertz, Clifford, 328table
Geimer, Samantha, 110
genetic factors
diabetes, 431–32, 434, 436–37, 441–49
elder treatment, 212–13
in evolution, 333–34
hypertension, 421–22, 424–25
in warfare, 155–57
geographic knowledge, 29, 54–56, 75
geography
language diversity and, 376–82
See also environmental conditions
German language, 373, 375
Germany, 156
before World War II, 102, 130, 161, 165
infant and child care, 190–91, 193
military technology, 142
Talheim pit burial, 134–35
war mortality, 139–40, 319
gift-giving, 61, 62, 65–67, 94
gluttony, 444, 445, plate 27
Goetz, Bernhard, 107
Goland, Carol, 304, 305–6
Goldman, Ron, 112
Goodale, Jane, 91, 216, 284
gossip, 274
government. See political organization; states
Grady, Mark, 107–8
grandparents, 187, 188, 218, 236–37
See also elders
Great Basin Shoshone Indians, 27fig., 47–48, 156, 315–16
food storage, 309table, 310, 311, 315–16
Great Plains Indians, 151, 309table, 311
See also specific groups
Greenland Inuit, 156, 381
Greenland Norse, 290, 308
Gretzky, Wayne, 270, 283
group affiliation, 16, 49–54, 75–76, 343
language and, 376, 407–8
religions as social groups, 329, 330, 331, 332, 343–44, 363, 368
territoriality and, 43, 45, 47, 50–51
See also enemies; friends; social bonds; strangers
Guarani language, 398
Guns, Germs, and Steel (Diamond), 19
Gwembe Tonga farmers, 314
Hadza people, 26fig., 188, 200, 218, plates 5, 21
Haitian revolution, 138
Handwerker, W. Penn, 347
Harvard Baliem Valley expedition, 119–20, 122, 132, 153
Harvard investments, 307, plate 45
head-hunting, 151, 158–59
healers (shamans), 297–98, 339, 348, 355–56
health, 24, 31–32, 410–51
Alzheimer’s disease, 392–95
of elders, 231
infections, 281–82
learning from traditional societies, 414, 462, 465
See also diabetes; disease(s); hypertension; mortality
Hebrews, ancient, 229, 230
Heider, Karl, 59, 120, 127, 203
> Heine, Steven, 8
Henrich, Joseph, 8
herding societies, 15, 16, 19
children in, 194, 195–96, 198
elders in, 229, 230
food and food storage, 301, 309table, 311
See also specific groups
hermits, 330, 353
Hewlett, Bonnie, 456
high blood pressure. See hypertension
Hill, Kim, 178
See also Ache Indians
Hindi, 372
hippopotamus, 280
Holmberg, Allan, 60, 179, 215, 297, 444table
Hopi Indians, 214
horses, 158
Howell, Nancy, 178–79, 212, 287, 288
Hrdy, Sarah Blaffer, 191
Huangdi neijing suwen, 418
hunter-gatherer societies, 7, 353
breast-feeding and birth intervals, 179–81, 182–83
child autonomy, 196–200
child care, 187–88
child punishment, 194–95
egalitarianism, 13, 14, 197, 198
food acquisition and scarcity, 187, 301, 309table, 315–16
infant-parent contact, 181–82, 184
information sources and quality, 478
multi-age playgroups, 201–2
political organization and, 10, 13, 14, 15, 17–18
war in, 139, 156
See also nomadism; specific peoples
hunting, 348
children’s training, 203–4, 205–6, 349
hazards of, 271, 272–73, 278, 279table, 280, 281, 284–85
salt intake and, 415
territoriality and, 42–43
uncertainty of success, 300–303
Hurtado, A. Magdalena, 178
See also Ache Indians
Hutterite colonies, 363
hyenas, 154–55
hygiene, 293–94, 296–97
hypertension, 4, 31, 32, 292, 411, 417–28
causes, 421–25
salt intake and, 417–21, 423–25
Iceland Norse, 290
Icelandic language, 401
identity. See group affiliation
Iliad, 143
independence, 224
child autonomy, 173–74, 188–89, 192, 196–200, 205, 208–9
India
diabetes in, 430, 431, 433, 437, 438table, 440–41, 450
language diversity, 371, 401
individualism, 91–92, 224, 457
Indonesia, 396
Indonesian New Guinea, 5
See also New Guinea
Indonesian traders, 67
inequality, 12, 13, 17, 18, 481
child-rearing and, 194, 198
religion and, 353
See also egalitarianism; power relationships
infanticide, 177–79, 286, 287
infants. See children
infections, 281–82
infectious diseases, 292, 293–96, 412, 435
insect bites, 281–82
Inuit, 228, 315, 341table
elder treatment, 214, 215
expansion and language diversity, 381, 386
hunting and environmental hazards, 272–73, 278, 279table
traditional food storage, 309table
See also Alaska North Slope Inuit; Iñupiat; other specific groups