recovery post-Seven Years War ref1
reform ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
religious tolerance ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
and Russia ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
and Saxony ref1, ref2
and Silesia ref1
as a state ref1
and Sweden ref1, ref2
taxation ref1, ref2, ref3
territorial expansion ref1nxc
Teutonic Order ref1, ref2
and Thirty Years War ref1
trade ref1
and united Germany ref1, ref2, ref3
Weimar Republic ref1, ref2nclxvii
see also Brandenburg-Prussia, House of; East Prussia; West Prussia
Prussian Academy of Sciences ref1
Prussian League ref1
Putin, Vladimir ref1, ref2
Quedlinburg Cathedral ref1
Quigley, Carroll ref1
Rabe, John ref1
race ref1
racial cleansing ref1 see also ethnic cleansing
RAF see Royal Air Force
railways ref1
Ramsden, John ref1
Don’t Mention The War ref1
Rapallo, Treaty of (1923) ref1nclxx, ref2, ref3ncccxx
Rasin, Alois ref1
Rathenau, Walter ref1
Rathenau dynasty ref1
Ratibor ref1, ref2
rationing ref1
Ratisbona see Regensburg
Ravenna ref1, ref2nx
Reck-Malleczewen, Friedrich, Diary of a Man in Despair ref1
Red Army
atrocities by ref1, ref2
capture of Berlin ref1
casualties ref1
and collapse of Third Reich ref1
and communist expansion ref1
deserters from ref1ncxcvi, ref2
and East Germany ref1nccliii
and East Prussia ref1
and Finland ref1
Kharkov, second battle of (1942) ref1
killing of Germans ref1
looting by ref1
and Poland ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7
and Prussia ref1
Stalin’s purge of ref1
Wehrmacht’s defeat of ref1
Red Cross ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10
Red Rollo ref1
Rees, Laurence ref1
Behind Closed Doors ref1
Reformation
Charles V and ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
and division of Germany ref1
German ref1
Holy Roman Empire and ref1
Netherlands ref1
and peasants’ revolts ref1, ref2
see also Counter-Reformation
refugees ref1
Baltic ports ref1
European Union of Refugees and Expellees ref1
Jewish ref1, ref2
post-Second World War ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
Regensburg ref1, ref2nxiii, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
regionalism ref1
Reich-Ranicki, Marcel ref1
Reichenbach, Convention of (1790) ref1
Reichsbank ref1
Reichskristallnacht ref1, ref2
Reichsstädte ref1
Reinhard, Max ref1
Reinisch, Anton ref1
religious beliefs ref1 see also Christianity
Remarque, Erich, All Quiet on the Western Front ref1
Renaissance ref1
Renner, Karl ref1, ref2, ref3ncclxxxv
restructuring, post-Second World War ref1
Reuter, Ernst ref1
Reval (Tallinn) ref1, ref2, ref3
Review of World Affairs (newsletter) ref1
revisionism ref1
revolutions
and democtacy ref1
England ref1, ref2nxliii
fear of ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
France ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Germany ref1
Marxist ref1
Russia ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Rhine, river ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4nxi, ref5, ref6
Rhinebund (League of the Rhine) ref1, ref2
Rhineland ref1, ref2
Rhineland-Palatinate ref1, ref2
‘Rhineland Republic’ ref1nclxix
Rhodes, Cecil ref1
Rhodesia ref1
Ribbentrop, Joachim von ref1, ref2, ref3
Richard I, King of England (Richard the Lionheart) ref1
Richelieu, Cardinal Armand Jean Duplessis, Duc de ref1, ref2, ref3
Richthofen, Manfred, Baron von ref1
Riemenschneider, Tilman ref1
Riga ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Rijswijk, Peace of (1697) ref1
Rilke, Rainer Maria ref1
Rillinger, Barbara ref1
Rimini, Golden Bull of (1226) ref1
Ritter, Gerhard ref1
Röhm, Ernst ref1nclxxv
Roma people ref1 see also Gypsies
Roman Catholic Church see Catholic Church
Roman civilisation ref1
Roman Empire
Eastern ref1, ref2
fracture of ref1
frontier ref1
and Germania ref1
and Germanic tribes ref1, ref2
treatment of Jews ref1
Western ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Roman law ref1, ref2, ref3
Romania
and Allies ref1
and Axis ref1
German communities ref1, ref2nccxxv
post-First World War ref1
Siebenbürger Sachsen ref1ni, ref2nxxx, ref3
and statehood ref1
Romano-Britons ref1
Romantic Movement ref1, ref2
Rome
Jewish ghetto ref1nccvi
sack of ref1
Rommel, Erwin ref1, ref2, ref3
Romulus Augustalus, Emperor ref1
Roncaglia (Piacenza), Imperial Assembly (1158) ref1
Röntgen, Wilhelm ref1
Roosevelt, Franklin D. ref1, ref2nclxiv, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15
Rossbach, battle of (1757) ref1, ref2
Rostock ref1, ref2
Rothenburg ref1
Rothfels, Hans ref1
Rothschild dynasty ref1, ref2
Rotterdam ref1, ref2ncclxvi, ref3
Roy, Charles ref1, ref2
Royal Air Force (RAF) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7
Royal Navy ref1, ref2, ref3nclxxxviii, ref4
Rubens, Peter Paul ref1
‘Rucksack Germans’ ref1
Rudolf I, Emperor ref1
Rudolf II, Emperor ref1
Ruhr ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Runstedt, Field Marshal ref1ncxc
Rus ref1, ref2
Russia
anti-Semitism ref1, ref2
and Austria ref1
and Balkans ref1, ref2, ref3
Cossacks ref1
and Crimea (2014) ref1
expansion of ref1
First World War ref1, ref2, ref3
historical links with Germany ref1ncccxx
Hitler’s attitude to ref1, ref2, ref3
industries ref1
Jewish Holocaust ref1
Jewish persecution ref1
liberation celebrations ref1
modernisation ref1
and Napoleon I ref1
and Poland ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
populations ref1ncxliv, ref2
press ref1ncv
and Prussia ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
reform ref1
Seven Years War ref1
territorial expansion ref1nclxxiii
threat to Eastern Europe by ref1, ref2, ref3
and Three Eagle Alliance ref1
and Treaty of Berlin ref1
see also Soviet Union
Russian Revolution ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Russians
looting by ref
1ncclx
post-Second World War ref1
vandalism by ref1
see also Red Army
Russo-Japanese War (1904-05) ref1, ref2, ref3ncxci
Ruthenia ref1
Ruthenians ref1, ref2, ref3
Saalburg ref1
Saarland ref1, ref2, ref3nclxix, ref4ncclxxxi
Saaz (Zatec) ref1
St Petersburg
Hermitage Museum ref1
Treaty of (1907) ref1
Saladin, Sultan ref1
Salian (Franconian) dynasty ref1, ref2
Salii tribe (Salians) ref1
Saracens ref1, ref2
Saxon Ottonian dynasty ref1
Saxons ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Siebenburgen ref1nxxx, ref2, ref3
Saxony ref1nccxlviii
and Edict of Restitution ref1
Elector of ref1, ref2, ref3
electors ref1
as a kingdom ref1
militias in ref1
Polish influence on ref1
and Prussia ref1, ref2
Scharnhorst, Gerhard Johann ref1, ref2
Schäßburg (Sighisora) ref1nxxx
Schily, Otto ref1
Schindler, Oskar ref1, ref2
Schindler’s List (film) ref1
Schinkel, Karl Friedrich ref1
Schleicher, Kurt von ref1nclxxv
Schlesian see Silesia
Schleswig ref1, ref2
Schleswig Holstein ref1, ref2, ref3ncxliv, ref4
Schlettstadt (Selestat) ref1
Schliemann, Heinrich ref1, ref2
Schmalkaldian Protestant League. ref1
Schmalkaldischen Bund ref1
Schmidt, Thomas ref1
Schmundt, Rudolf ref1ncccxxiii
Schoenberg, Arnold ref1, ref2
Scholl, Hans and Sophie ref1
Schönerer, Georg Ritter von ref1, ref2
schools
post-Second World War ref1
Silesia ref1
see also education
Schopenhauer, Arthur ref1
Schreck, Johannes ref1
Schröder, Gerhard ref1nccxcix
Schröder, Gerhardt ref1, ref2
Schulze, Hagen, Germany: A New History ref1
Schulzenwalde ref1
Schumacher, Karl ref1
Schumacher, Kurt ref1, ref2
Schwarzenberg, Felix zu, Prince ref1
Schwarzenberg, Karel ref1nlxv
Schwertbrüder Order (Knights of the Sword) ref1, ref2, ref3
Schwientochlowitz (Swietochlowice) concentration camp ref1
scientific discovery ref1, ref2
Scotland, independence of ref1nlxxxii
Sebald, W. G. (Max) ref1, ref2
On The Natural History of Destruction ref1
Sebes see Mühlbach
Second Reich see Imperial Germany
Second World War
Allied bombing campaigns ref1
Anglo-French alliances ref1
annexations ref1
Anschluß ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Ardennes Offensive ref1
Atlantic Charter (1941) ref1
Atlantic Wall ref1
battle for France ref1
Battle of the Atlantic (1943) ref1
Battle of the Bulge (1945) ref1
Blitzkrieg ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
bombing campaigns ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12nccxcvii, ref13nccciv
British Expeditionary Force ref1, ref2
causes ref1, ref2
Churchill’s biography of ref1
conscription ref1
consequences of ref1
declaration of ref1
Eastern Front ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
food shortages ref1
Hamburg, bombing of ref1
JCS 1067 Directive ref1, ref2ncclxix, ref3
Kharkov, second battle of (1942) ref1, ref2
Maginot Line ref1, ref2, ref3
Morgenthau Plan ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
myth of ref1
navies ref1
North African campaign ref1, ref2
‘Operation Barbarossa’ ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Operation Sea Lion (invasion of Britain), ref1
orphans ref1, ref2
Ostwall ref1, ref2
‘Phoney War’ ref1
populations ref1
Potsdam Conference (1945) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7ncclxx, ref8, ref9
Potsdam Protocol ref1
reparations ref1
reparations for ref1
Russian advance ref1
Sixth Army ref1
start and end of ref1
total war ref1, ref2
Vistula offensive ref1
Winter War ref1
Yalta Conference (1945) ref1nclxiv, ref2nclxiv, ref3, ref4, ref5
secularism, Holy Roman Empire ref1
Seeckt, Hans von ref1
Seibt, Ferdinand ref1
Seifert, Heribert ref1
Selborne, Lord ref1
Selestat see Schlettstadt
self-determination ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Austria ref1
Central Europe ref1, ref2
Germany ref1, ref2,
Selten, Reinhard ref1ncccxv
Serbia ref1, ref2
Seton-Watson, Robert William ref1
Seven Years War ref1nxxxv, ref2
Seward, Desmond ref1
The Monks of War ref1
Shaw, George Bernard ref1
Shirer, William ref1, ref2
Sibiu see Hermannstadt
Sicambri tribe ref1
Siebenburgen Germans ref1, ref2
Siebenbürger Sachsen ref1
Siemens ref1, ref2
Sigesmund, King of Poland ref1
Sighisora see Schäßburg
Sikorski, General Wladyslaw ref1, ref2
Silbermann, Gottfried ref1
Silesia
as part of Bohemia ref1nxl
cultural heritage ref1, ref2
economy ref1ncccviii
history ref1ncccxiv
industries ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Napoleonic Wars ref1, ref2
Nazi incursion into ref1
origin of name ref1ni
overview ref1
as a Polish territory ref1, ref2
possibilities for ref1
post-First World War ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
post-Second World War ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
self-determination ref1
settlements ref1
wars ref1, ref2
see also Lower Silesia; Upper Silesia
Silingen tribe ref1ni
Simon de Montfort ref1
Simson, Eduard von ref1
Skladkowski, Felijan Slawoj ref1
Slaughter Czech Style (TV documentary) ref1
slave labour ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10ncclxiii, ref11, ref12, ref13ncclxxii, ref14, ref15, ref16ncclxxvi, ref17nccxcix
slavery ref1
Americas ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Jews ref1
South Africa ref1
Slavs
and Generalplan Ost ref1, ref2, ref3
Holy Roman Empire ref1
Nazis’ prejudices against ref1nliii, ref2
Poland ref1
‘Slav Congress’ (1848) ref1
tribes ref1
Vienna ref1
Slovakia ref1nlxiii, ref2, ref3nclxxx
Slovaks ref1, ref2nxlvi, ref3, ref4, ref5nxlviii, ref6nl, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10
Slovenes ref1nclxii
Slovenia ref1
Slowacki, Juliusz ref1nccxliv, ref2
smallpox ref1
Smeral, Bohumir ref1
Smith, Howard K. ref1nccxvii
Smolensk ref1
Smuts, General Jan Christian ref1, ref2
Sobibor ref1
Sobieski, General Jan ref1, ref2
Social Darwinism ref1
Social Democrats (SPD)
Bohemia and Moravia ref1
cooperation with Czechs ref1
Imperial Germany ref1, ref2, ref3nclii
Jewish membership ref1, ref2
as opponents of Nazis ref1
post-Second World War ref1
Sudetenland ref1
Weimar Republic ref1, ref2, ref3nclxviii, ref4, ref5, ref6
see also SOPADE
socialism ref1, ref2
socialists ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Soderbergh, Steven, The Good German (film) ref1, ref2
Sokol gymnastics movement ref1
Solzhenitsyn, Alexander ref1, ref2
Sonderweg ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
SOPADE (the Social Democratic Party of Germany) ref1
Sophie Charlotte, Queen of Prussia ref1
Sorau (Zary) ref1
South Africa ref1, ref2, ref3 see also Boer Wars
Soviet Union
and Allied Control Council ref1, ref2
armaments ref1, ref2, ref3
army see Red Army
and bombing war ref1, ref2
borders, post-Second World War ref1
and East Germany ref1, ref2
expansion of ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5ncclxxi
and German POWs ref1
and global expansion ref1
Hitler’s invasion of ref1, ref2
Hitler’s non-aggression pact with ref1
invasion of Silesia ref1
Jewish genocide ref1nclxxiii, ref2
and Memelland ref1
NKVD (People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
and ‘Operation Barbarossa’ ref1
and Poland ref1
and Prussia ref1
Second World War ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
slave labourers ref1, ref2, ref3
and ‘trophies of war’ ref1
and West Germany ref1
see also Russia
Spaight, J. M. ref1
Spain
Catholic Church ref1
colonies ref1
and Germany, post-Second World War ref1
Inquistion ref1
Kaiser’s succession ref1, ref2
minority populations ref1ncxliv
Muslim invasions ref1
persecution of Jews ref1
wars of Spanish Succession ref1, ref2
see also Hispania
Spanish Netherlands
Calvinism ref1
heresy ref1
independence ref1, ref2
Louis XIV’s invasion of ref1, ref2
Napoleon I’s invasion of ref1, ref2
Spartacist movement ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4nclxvi, ref5
Spartacus ref1
Speer, Albert ref1ncciii, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Spengler, Oswald, The Decline of the West ref1
Speyer ref1nvii, ref2, ref3, ref4
Cathedral ref1, ref2nxiii, ref3
Spiro, Eugen ref1
Stalin, Joseph
alliance with Hitler ref1, ref2
annexation of German territories ref1
and deserters ref1ncxcvi
and ethnic nationalism ref1nxliv
‘Five Year Plans’ ref1, ref2ncxciii, ref3
genocide ref1
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