The Complete Memoirs of Jacques Casanova de Seingalt

by Giacomo Casanova

  "I have been reading St. Augustine, whom I thought absurd, and I think I can refute him very shortly."

  "On what point?"

  "Concerning the mother of the Saviour."

  "What does St. Augustine say?"

  "You have no doubt remarked the passage, uncle. He says that the Virgin Mary conceived Jesus Christ through the ears."

  "You do not believe that?"

  "Certainly not, and for three good reasons. In the first place because God, being immaterial, had no need of a hole to go in or come out by; in the second place, because the ear has no connection with the womb; and in the third place, because Mary, if she had conceived by the ear, would have given birth by the same channel. This would do well enough for the Catholics," said she, giving me a glance, "as then they would be reasonable in calling her a virgin before her conception, during her pregnancy, and after she had given birth to the child."

  I was extremely astonished, and my astonishment was shared by the other guests. Divine theology rises above all fleshly considerations, and after what we had heard we had either to allow her this privilege, or to consider the young theologian as a woman without shame. The learned niece did not seem to care what we thought, as she asked for my opinion on the matter.

  "If I were a theologian and allowed myself an exact examination into the miracles, it is possible I should be of your opinion; but as this is by no means the case, I must limit myself to condemning St. Augustine for having analysed the mystery of the Annunciation. I may say, however, that if the Virgin had been deaf, St. Augustine would have been guilty of a manifest absurdity, since the Incarnation would have been an impossibility, as in that case the nerves of the ear would have had no sort of communication with the womb, and the process would have been inconceivable; but the Incarnation is a miracle."

  She replied with great politeness that I had shown myself a greater theologian than she, and her uncle thanked me for having given her a lesson. He made her discuss various subjects, but she did not shine. Her only subject was the New Testament. I shall have occasion to speak of this young woman when I get back to Geneva.

  After dinner we went to see Voltaire, who was just leaving the table as we came in. He was in the middle of a court of gentlemen and ladies, which made my introduction a solemn one; but with this great man solemnity could not fail to be in my favour.

  EPISODE 15 — WITH VOLTAIRE

  CHAPTER XIX

  M. de Voltaire; My Discussions with That Great Man—Ariosto-

  -The Duc de Villars—The Syndic and the Three Girls—Dispute

  with Voltaire—Aix-en-Savoie—The Marquis Desarmoises

  "M. de Voltaire," said I, "this is the happiest moment of my life. I have been your pupil for twenty years, and my heart is full of joy to see my master."

  "Honour me with your attendance on my course for twenty years more, and promise me that you will bring me my fees at the end of that time."

  "Certainly, if you promise to wait for me."

  This Voltairean sally made all present laugh, as was to be expected, for those who laugh keep one party in countenance at the other's expense, and the side which has the laughter is sure to win; this is the rule of good society.

  I was not taken by surprise, and waited to have my revenge.

  Just then two Englishmen came in and were presented to him.

  "These gentlemen are English," said Voltaire; "I wish I were."

  I thought the compliment false and out of place; for the gentlemen were obliged to reply out of politeness that they wished they had been French, or if they did not care to tell a lie they would be too confused to tell the truth. I believe every man of honour should put his own nation first.

  A moment after, Voltaire turned to me again and said that as I was a Venetian I must know Count Algarotti.

  "I know him, but not because I am a Venetian, as seven-eights of my dear countrymen are not even aware of his existence."

  "I should have said, as a man of letters."

  "I know him from having spent two months with him at Padua, seven years ago, and what particularly attracted my attention was the admiration he professed for M. de Voltaire."

  "That is flattering for me, but he has no need of admiring anyone."

  "If Algarotti had not begun by admiring others, he would never have made a name for himself. As an admirer of Newton he endeavoured to teach the ladies to discuss the theory of light."

  "Has he succeeded?"

  "Not as well as M. de Fontenelle in his 'Plurality of Worlds;' however, one may say he has succeeded."

  "True. If you see him at Bologna, tell him I am expecting to hear from him about Russia. He can address my letters to my banker, Bianchi, at Milan, and they will be sent on to me."

  "I will not fail to do so if I see him."

  "I have heard that the Italians do not care for his style."

  "No; all that he writes is full of French idioms. His style is wretched."

  "But do not these French turns increase the beauty of your language?"

  "They make it insufferable, as French would be mixed with Italian or German even though it were written by M. de Voltaire."

  "You are right; every language should preserve its purity. Livy has been criticised on this account; his Latin is said to be tainted with patavinity."

  "When I began to learn Latin, the Abbe Lazzarini told me he preferred Livy to Sallust."

  "The Abbe Lazzarini, author of the tragedy, 'Ulisse il giovine'? You must have been very young; I wish I had known him. But I knew the Abbe Conti well; the same that was Newton's friend, and whose four tragedies contain the whole of Roman history."

  "I also knew and admired him. I was young, but I congratulated myself on being admitted into the society of these great men. It seems as if it were yesterday, though it is many years ago; and now in your presence my inferiority does not humiliate me. I wish to be the younger son of all humanity."

  "Better so than to be the chief and eldest. May I ask you to what branch of literature you have devoted yourself?"

  "To none; but that, perhaps, will come afterwards. In the meantime I read as much as I can, and try to study character on my travels."

  "That is the way to become learned, but the book of humanity is too vast. Reading a history is the easier way."

  "Yes, if history did not lie. One is not sure of the truth of the facts. It is tiring, while the study of the world is amusing. Horace, whom I know by heart, is my guide-book."

  "Algarotti, too, is very fond of Horace. Of course you are fond of poetry?"

  "It is my passion."

  "Have you made many sonnets?"

  "Ten or twelve I like, and two or three thousand which in all probability I have not read twice."

  "The Italians are mad after sonnets."

  "Yes; if one can call it a madness to desire to put thought into measured harmony. The sonnet is difficult because the thought has to be fitted exactly into the fourteen lines."

  "It is Procrustes' bed, and that's the reason you have so few good ones. As for us, we have not one; but that is the fault of our language."

  "And of the French genius, which considers that a thought when extended loses all its force."

  "And you do not think so?"

  "Pardon me, it depends on the kind of thought. A witty saying, for example, will not make a sonnet; in French or Italian it belongs to the domain of epigram."

  "What Italian poet do you like best?"

  "Ariosto; but I cannot say I love him better than the others, for he is my only love."

  "You know the others, though?"

  "I think I have read them all, but all their lights pale before Ariosto's. Fifteen years ago I read all you have written against him, and I said that you, would retract when you had read his works."

  "I am obliged to you for thinking that I had not read them. As a matter of fact I had done so, but I was young. I knew Italian very imperfectly, and being prejudiced by the learned Italians who adore Tasso I was unfort
unate enough to publish a criticism of Ariosto which I thought my own, while it was only the echo of those who had prejudiced me. I adore your Ariosto!"

  "Ah! M. de Voltaire, I breathe again. But be good enough to have the work in which you turned this great man into ridicule excommunicated."

  "What use would that be? All my books are excommunicated; but I will give you a good proof of my retractation."

  I was astonished! The great man began to recite the two fine passages from the thirty-fourth and thirty-fifth cantos, in which the divine poet speaks of the conversation of Astolpho with St. John and he did it without missing a single life or committing the slightest fault against the laws of prosody. He then pointed out the beauties of the passages with his natural insight and with a great man's genius. I could not have had anything better from the lips of the most skilled commentators in Italy. I listened to him with the greatest attention, hardly daring to breath, and waiting for him to make a mistake, but I had my trouble for nothing. I turned to the company crying that I was more than astonished, and that all Italy should know what I had seen. "And I, sir," said the great man, "will let all Europe know of the amends I owe to the greatest genius our continent has produced."

  Greedy of the praise which he deserved so well, Voltaire gave me the next day his translation which Ariosto begins thus:

  "Quindi avvien the tra principi a signori."

  At the end of the recitation which gained the applause of all who heard it, although not one of them knew Italian, Madame Denis, his niece, asked me if I thought the passage her uncle had just recited one of the finest the poet had written.

  "Yes, but not the finest."

  "It ought to be; for without it Signor Lodovico would not have gained his apotheosis."

  "He has been canonised, then? I was not aware of that."

  At these words the laugh, headed by Voltaire, went for Madame Denis. Everybody laughed except myself, and I continued to look perfectly serious.

  Voltaire was vexed at not seeing me laugh like the rest, and asked me the reason.

  "Are you thinking," said he, "of some more than human passage?"

  "Yes," I answered.

  "What passage is that?"

  "The last thirty-six stanzas of the twenty-third canto, where the poet describes in detail how Roland became mad. Since the world has existed no one has discovered the springs of madness, unless Ariosto himself, who became mad in his old age. These stanzas are terrible, and I am sure they must have made you tremble."

  "Yes, I remember they render love dreadful. I long to read them again."

  "Perhaps the gentleman will be good enough to recite them," said Madame Denis, with a side-glance at her uncle.

  "Willingly," said I, "if you will have the goodness to listen to me."

  "You have learn them by heart, then, have you?" said Voltaire.

  "Yes, it was a pleasure and no trouble. Since I was sixteen, I have read over Ariosto two or three times every year; it is my passion, and the lines naturally become linked in my memory without my having given myself any pains to learn them. I know it all, except his long genealogies and his historical tirades, which fatigue the mind and do not touch the heart. It is only Horace that I know throughout, in spite of the often prosaic style of his epistles, which are certainly far from equalling Boileau's."

  "Boileau is often too lengthy; I admire Horace, but as for Ariosto, with his forty long cantos, there is too much of him."

  "It is fifty-one cantos, M. de Voltaire."

  The great man was silent, but Madame Denis was equal to the occasion.

  "Come, come," said she, "let us hear the thirty-six stanzas which earned the author the title of divine, and which are to make us tremble."

  I then began, in an assured voice, but not in that monotonous tone adopted by the Italians, with which the French so justly reproach us. The French would be the best reciters if they were not constrained by the rhyme, for they say what they feel better than any other people. They have neither the passionate monotonous tone of my fellow-countrymen, nor the sentimentality of the Germans, nor the fatiguing mannerisms of the English; to every period they give its proper expression, but the recurrence of the same sounds partly spoils their recitation. I recited the fine verses of Ariosto, as if it had been rhythmic prose, animating it by the sound of my voice and the movements of my eyes, and by modulating my intonation according to the sentiments with which I wished to inspire my audience. They saw how hardly I could restrain my tears, and every eye was wet; but when I came to the stanza,

  "Poiche allargare il freno al dolor puote,

  Che resta solo senza altrui rispetto,

  Giu dagli occhi rigando per le gote

  Sparge un fiume de lacrime sul petto,"

  my tears coursed down my cheeks to such an extent that everyone began to sob. M. de Voltaire and Madame Denis threw their arms round my neck, but their embraces could not stop me, for Roland, to become mad, had to notice that he was in the same bed in which Angelica had lately been found in the arms of the too fortunate Medor, and I had to reach the next stanza. For my voice of sorrow and wailing I substituted the expression of that terror which arose naturally from the contemplation of his fury, which was in its effects like a tempest, a volcano, or an earthquake.

  When I had finished I received with a sad air the congratulations of the audience. Voltaire cried,

  "I always said so; the secret of drawing tears is to weep one's self, but they must be real tears, and to shed them the heart must be stirred to its depths. I am obliged to you, sir," he added, embracing me, "and I promise to recite the same stanzas myself to-morrow, and to weep like you."

  He kept his word.

  "It is astonishing," said Madame Denis, "that intolerant Rome should not have condemned the song of Roland."

  "Far from it," said Voltaire, "Leo X. excommunicated whoever should dare to condemn it. The two great families of Este and Medici interested themselves in the poet's favour. Without that protection it is probable that the one line on the donation of Rome by Constantine to Silvester, where the poet speaks 'puzza forte' would have sufficed to put the whole poem under an interdict."

  "I believe," said I, "that the line which has excited the most talk is that in which Ariosto throws doubt on the general resurrection. Ariosto," I added, "in speaking of the hermit who would have hindered Rhodomonte from getting possession of Isabella, widow of Zerbin, paints the African, who wearied of the hermit's sermons, seizes him and throws him so far that he dashes him against a rock, against which he remains in a dead swoon, so that 'che al novissimo di forse fia desto'."

  This 'forse' which may possibly have only been placed there as a flower of rhetoric or as a word to complete the verse, raised a great uproar, which would doubtless have greatly amused the poet if he had had time!

  "It is a pity," said Madame Denis, "that Ariosto was not more careful in these hyperbolical expressions."

  "Be quiet, niece, they are full of wit. They are all golden grains, which are dispersed throughout the work in the best taste."

  The conversation was then directed towards various topics, and at last we got to the 'Ecossaise' we had played at Soleure.

  They knew all about it.

  M. de Voltaire said that if I liked to play it at his house he would write to M. de Chavigni to send the Lindane, and that he himself would play Montrose. I excused myself by saying that Madame was at Bale and that I should be obliged to go on my journey the next day. At this he exclaimed loudly, aroused the whole company against me, and said at last that he should consider my visit as an insult unless I spared him a week at least of my society.

  "Sir," said I, "I have only come to Geneva to have the honour of seeing you, and now that I have obtained that favour I have nothing more to do."

  "Have you come to speak to me, or for me to speak to you?"

  "In a measure, of course, to speak to you, but much more for you to speak to me."

  "Then stay here three days at least; come to dinner ever
y day, and we will have some conversation."

  The invitation was so flattering and pressing that I could not refuse it with a good grace. I therefore accepted, and I then left to go and write.

  I had not been back for a quarter of an hour when a syndic of the town, an amiable man, whom I had seen at M. de Voltaire's, and whose name I shall not mention, came and asked me to give him supper. "I was present," said he, "at your argument with the great man, and though I did not open my mouth I should much like to have an hour's talk with you." By way of reply, I embraced him, begging him to excuse my dressing-gown, and telling him that I should be glad if he would spend the whole night with me.

  The worthy man spent two hours with me, without saying a word on the subject of literature, but to please me he had no need to talk of books, for he was a disciple of Epicurus and Socrates, and the evening was spent in telling little stories, in bursts of laughter, and in accounts of the various kinds of pleasure obtainable at Geneva. Before leaving me he asked me to come and sup with him on the following evening, promising that boredom should not be of the party.

  "I shall wait for you," said I.

  "Very good, but don't tell anyone of the party."

  I promised to follow his instructions.

  Next morning, young Fox came to see me with the two Englishmen I had seen at M. de Voltaire's. They proposed a game of quinze, which I accepted, and after losing fifty louis I left off, and we walked about the town till dinner-time.

  We found the Duc de Villars at Delices; he had come there to consult Dr. Tronchin, who had kept him alive for the last ten years.

  I was silent during the repast, but at dessert, M. de Voltaire, knowing that I had reasons for not liking the Venetian Government, introduced the subject; but I disappointed him, as I maintained that in no country could a man enjoy more perfect liberty than in Venice.

  "Yes," said he, "provided he resigns himself to play the part of a dumb man."

  And seeing that I did not care for the subject, he took me by the arm to his garden, of which, he said, he was the creator. The principal walk led to a pretty running stream.