The Crowded Hour
Page 41
anti-American riot in, 13–14, 47
Cleveland’s neutrality toward, 24–25
concerns about conditions in, 40, 44, 50–51
debates over type of military activity against, 41–43
declaration of war against Spain by, 58
desire for war against Spain in, 41, 51–52, 55, 87
Dewey’s Manila victory and pressure for invasion of, 67
early revolts against Spain in, 6, 7
Fifth Corps’ route to, map, xi
humanitarianism approach to, 42, 45, 137, 189, 281
independence achieved by, 284–85
insurrection over tariffs in, 29–32
Junta support for, 7, 30, 34, 35
lack of plan for capture cities from Spanish control in, 218
length of Rough Riders’ stay in, 249
McKinley’s initial noninterventionist policy toward, 25, 43–44
McKinley’s letters to Cuba demanding peace in, 44
newspaper coverage of rebels in, 35–39
newspapers’ influence on attitudes toward intervention in, 7–8, 35, 39–40
opposition to intervention in, 45, 51, 52, 53
Platt Amendment and, 285
popular support for independence of, 7, 30–31, 34, 42, 53, 55, 134, 277
reaction to Maine sinking and push for war on Spain in, 49–55, 187
Roosevelt’s push for intervention in, 41, 45, 52–53
Rough Riders’ departure from, 249
Senator Proctor’s speech on intervention in, 50–51
Spain’s refusal to voluntarily leave, 44
Spanish colonial control of, 5–6, 27–29, 43–45
Spanish fleet in Havana as sign of control over, 225
Treaty of Paris and, 275
Wood’s reforms in, as military governor of, 284
Cuba in War Time (Davis), 39, 40
Cuban rebels
American food distributed to, 228
American men among rebels in, 30
American support pledged by, 185
American treatment of, as allies, 241
criticism of lack of effort by, 186
García as leader of, in eastern Cuba, 140
García on American treatment of, 186
García on condition of, 241
García’s resignation after Spain’s surrender and, 241
landing at Santiago and, 142, 144, 145–46, 147
move inland in Cuba by, 249
newspaper reports on assistance from, 185, 186
opinions about American army arrival held by, 184–85
physical appearance of, 147
possible participation in American efforts by, 184–86
private Americans’ assistance to, 30–31, 110
Rough Riders on, 147–48
San Juan Heights battle with, 198, 199, 213, 227
Santiago’s roads blocked by, 188
Shafter’s relationship with, 183, 185–86, 241
Spanish civilian government of Santiago after surrender, 241
Spanish General Weyler’s campaign against, 32–34
surrender of Santiago and continuing fighting by, 241
Ten Years’ War between Spain and, 28–29, 31, 110, 141
Cullom, Shelby, 41–42
Curry, George, 90, 99, 109, 122
Daiquirí, Cuba, 250
Rough Riders’ landing at, 142–48, 151
Davidson, William, 147
Davis, Richard Harding, 7
Arango’s story about search by Spanish police and, 38–39, 49
background of, 36, 143
Cuban intervention supported by, 39–40
Cuban rebels covered by, 36–40, 50, 232
El Caney camp conditions report by, 243–44, 252
on El Poso hill camp, 204
landing at Santiago and, 143, 145, 151
Las Guasimas battle and, 155, 157, 160, 161, 162, 163–65, 166, 168, 169
Maine sinking and, 49
march to Siboney camp by, 149
Miles in Puerto Rican campaign and, 249
on Roosevelt in battle, 206, 207
Roosevelt’s charge up Kettle Hill and, 210, 216
Roosevelt’s relationship with, 20, 169, 181
Rough Riders’ relationship with, 181–82, 233
San Juan Heights battle reporting of, 196, 199, 200, 202–3, 204, 206–7, 212, 214, 215–16, 217
Scribner’s publisher and, 259
Sevilla camp conditions and, 179
Shafter and, 145, 183
on Shafter’s command, 215
on soldiers’ behavior in battle, 202–3
on soldiers’ reactions to truce negotiations, 236
Spanish defenses in Santiago and, 192
Tampa embarkation camp and, 110, 112–13, 115, 117
voyage to Santiago and, 127, 128, 129, 134, 140
Dawson, Fielder, 164
Dean, Dudley, 286
de Lôme, Enrique Depuy, 40–41, 47, 54
Depew, Chauncey, 170
De Vol, Harry, 266
Dewey, George
Maine sinking and, 49–50
New York City victory parade with, 2
Roosevelt’s appointment of, as Navy commander, 23
Roosevelt’s order to sail to Manila, 66
Spanish fleet defeat at Manila and, 2, 67, 183
victory of as turning point in war, 135
as war hero, 67, 253
war planning by, 66–67
Dimmick, Eugene, 205–6
Dodge, Grenville, 134
Dodge Commission, 168, 277
Duany, Demetrio Castillo, 151–52, 154, 156
Dunn, George, 82
dysentery, 243, 251, 260
Edison, Mina Miller, 56, 69, 107, 262
Edison, Theodore, 262
Edison, Thomas, 56, 107, 115, 236, 262, 286
El Caney, Cuba
description of, 197
Rough Riders’ cover for road to, 238
Santiago civilians camped in, 228
El Caney, Cuba, campaign, 289
American casualties in, 211
American hospital in, 235
assault on, 197–98, 199, 210–11, 221, 231, 242
Lawton’s arrival at, 197
number of Spanish soldiers at, 197, 211
plan for capture of, 190, 193, 196
return or Spanish general’s sword taken at, 239
Spanish defenses at, 197, 198, 210–11
El Caney, Cuba, Rough Rider camp, 242–46
ill health of regiment in, 243
newspaper report on conditions in, 243–44
Roosevelt’s exercise regime during, 242–43
Santiago visits for provisions for, 244
setting for, 242
unsanitary conditions at, 243
Eldridge, E. O., 43
Ellis, George H., 226
El Poso hill, Cuba, camp, 219
artillery battery at, 191, 195–96
battle headquarters established at, 196
beginning of San Juan Heights battle with firing of cannons at, 198
cost of San Juan Heights battle seen from, 221
Crane’s short story based on observations in, 201
lack of retreat path from, 204
march up to building on top of, 191, 250
newspaper reporters’ viewing battle from, 192, 204, 206, 207
number of troops in, at beginning of San Juan Heights battle, 193
observation balloon above, 200, 201
Shafter’s suggestion of retreat from San Juan Heights front line to, 222
Spanish defenses viewed from, 191–92
Endicott, William C., 57
English, John, 146, 148
Erwin, William, 166
Escario, Federico, 186
Fairbanks, Charles, 54
Ferguson, Robert, 212
field hospitals
at Aguadores River, 221–22
Army’s mistak
es in not setting up sufficient numbers of, 253
Barton’s work in, 51, 222
criticism of War Department’s supplies for, 244
difficulties of trip to, 165, 218–19, 230–31
at El Caney, 235–36
gunshot wound survival rates at, 229–30
hospital ship as, 131, 150, 224
newspaper reports on conditions in, 221, 222, 230, 243, 252, 260
number of patients in, 121, 222, 260
sanitation in, 260
in Santiago, 244
at Siboney, 163, 165, 172, 173–74, 177, 218–19, 222, 224, 229–30, 250
soldier’s experience in, 230
Fifth Corps, 117, 121, 144, 193, 245, 275
composition of, ix
route to Cuba of, map, xi
First Division, 144, 176, 190, 199, 201, 220
First United States Cavalry, 199, 203
First United States Volunteer Cavalry. See Rough Riders
Fish, Hamilton Jr., 94, 104
background of, 4, 88–89
death of, 164, 171, 273
Las Guasimas battle and, 154, 156, 157, 158, 164, 169, 172–73
landing at Santiago by, 146, 148
New York City service for, 246–47
photograph of, sailing to war, 125
plan for attack on Santiago and, 121–22
Roosevelt’s relationship with, 96, 152
Rough Riders’ burial service for, 172–73
voyage to Santiago and, 125, 131
funeral services
for Fish, 172–73, 246–47
for Las Guasimas dead, 172–73
for Miller, 237, 261–63
for Tiffany, 266–67
Funston, Frederick, 30
Furor (gunboat), 226
García, Calixto, 140–41
American support pledged by, 185, 185
on American treatment of his troops, 186
as Cuban rebel leader in eastern Cuba, 140
on his troops’ condition, 241
military background of, 141
move inland in Cuba by, 249
resignation of, after Spain’s surrender, 241
Shafter’s visit with, 140–41, 175
Gatewood, Willard B. Jr., 119
Geronimo, 26, 80, 81–82, 84, 88
Gómez, Máximo, 31
Goodrich, David “Dade”
cousin Miller enlistment and, 107, 108
cousin’s wounding and, 210
Las Guasimas battle and, 165–66
later career of, 286
Roosevelt’s morning routine with, 251
San Juan Heights battle and, 208, 209, 210, 219
Gosling, Fred, 269
Gould, Helen, 255
Gould, Jay, 18, 255
Greenway, John Campbell, 86, 208, 251, 286, 314n
Grindell, Thomas C., 88
Guam, 275
Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, 139, 142, 175
Hagedorn, Hermann, 45, 89, 98, 172
Hagood, Johnson, 64–65
Hall, Tom, 88, 91, 93, 94, 98, 109, 143, 147, 234, 286
Hamilton, Alexander, 64, 246
Hamiltonian ideal of standing armies and preparedness, 63, 64, 74, 281, 282
Hamner, George, 180, 288, 289
Hanna, Mark, 53
Hardy, Alexander, 187
Harrison, Benjamin, 19, 45
Harvard University, Rough Riders from, 74–75, 86, 92, 115
Havana, Cuba
anti-American riot in, 13–14
deaths in, during Weyler’s campaign against the rebel insurrection, 33
naval blockade around, 58, 66, 71, 87, 187–88, 224–25, 249
proposed American campaign against, 245
Spanish control of, 27, 225
Spanish fleet’s dash for safety through blockade in, 225–27
Hawaii, 1, 22, 25, 52, 275, 279
Hawkins, Hamilton, 207
Hay, John, 5, 20, 24, 25
Hayes, Frank P., 98, 130, 172–73
Haywood, Henry, 201
Hearst, William Randolph 104, 147
Davis’s reporting on Cuban rebels and, 36–37, 38–39, 50
Maine sinking and, 49
readers’ demand for sensational stories and, 35, 38
Roosevelt and, 157
Spanish consul’s memo on McKinley printed by, 40–41
Heffner, Harry, 162
Herrig, Fred, 19, 74, 96, 171
Hersey, Henry, 86
Hobart, Garret, 267
Hobson, Richmond, 121, 235–36
Hofstadter, Richard, 6, 63
Holderman, Bert, 238
holding camp. See Montauk, Long Island, holding camp
Hollister, Stanley, 360
Holt, Harrison Jewell, 210
Horn, Tom, 88
hospitals. See also field hospitals
Montauk holding camp with, 260
wounded soldiers’ return home to, 253, 260
hospital ships, 131, 150, 224
Howard, Charles, 288
Hughes, David L., 92, 147–48, 208
Hull, John A. T., 70, 168
humanitarianism approach to Cuba, 42, 45, 137, 189, 281
Huse, Harry P., 227
Independent Brigade, 144
Independents (political party), 259, 274, 275
Indiana (ship), 238
Infanta María Teresa (carrier), 225–27
Ingalls, John James, 40, 42
Isbell, Tom, 158, 168, 287
Jackson, Andrew, 63
Jackson ideal of military, 63–64, 65–66, 68, 74, 281, 282, 284
James, Henry, 20, 24, 41
James, William, 41
Jeffersonian view of military, 63
Judson, Alfred, 260
Junta, 7, 30, 34, 35, 54, 56, 84, 284
Kane, Woodbury, 92, 93, 126, 220, 232, 233
Kennan, George, 110, 222, 240, 286
Kent, Jacob, 176, 190, 199, 201, 220
Kettle Hill, Cuba. See also San Juan Heights, Battle of
casualties in assault on, 211
newspaper reporters on Roosevelt’s charge up, 214
order to Rough Riders to move forward to, 205
Rough Riders following Roosevelt’s charge up, 210, 216, 280, 289
Spanish defenses on, 209, 213
Wild West show reenacting charge up, 287
Knoblauch, Charles, 126, 146, 264
Knox, Frank, 9, 286, 287
on Cuban rebels, 147
on heat during battle, 204, 220
landing at Santiago and, 147
Miller’s death and, 236–37
Roosevelt’s selection for Rough Riders of, 115–16
on Santiago’s beauty, 228
La Grande Duchesse (ship), 261
Laird, Thomas, 230
La Motte, Henry
Las Guasimas battle and, 158, 163
landing at Santiago by, 146
Miller’s care of sick friend Burke and, 176, 177
San Juan Heights battle and, 198
train journey to embarkation point by, 108
Landon, Alf, 286–87
Langdon, Jesse, 9
oral interview of, 288–89
Roosevelt’s selection for Rough Riders of, 76
San Juan Heights battle and, 201, 213
Larned, Bill, 4, 107, 108, 115, 129, 182, 287
Las Guasimas, Battle of (1898), 153–74, 182
American deaths in, 162, 163, 164, 166, 167, 169, 172
caring for wounded in, 162–63, 165, 171, 173–74
Cuban scouts in, 156
newspaper reporters on, 156, 157–58, 159, 164–65, 168–70
perceptions of American soldiers’ victory in, 170–71
planning for, 151–52
question about possible ambush in, 168
Roosevelt’s fighting in, 160–62, 165–67
Roosevelt’s perception of Spanish troop location in, 158
Rough Riders’ burial service fo
r dead in, 172–73
Rough Riders’ path in, 154–57
as Rough Rider victory, 169–70
significance of, 175
Spanish volleys in, 158–59, 161, 166, 171
strategic setting of Las Guasimas and, 153–54
Wood’s Bluff in, 166–67
Wood’s defensive line in, 159–60
Lawton, Henry, 72, 176
El Caney assault by, 190, 197, 199, 210–11, 221
Geronimo campaign and, 81
Las Guasimas battle and, 156
reconnoiter of the front by, 187
Santiago battle and, 220–21
Shafter’s council of war on Santiago and, 190
on Wood and war, 26
Lee, Arthur, 72, 113, 114, 128, 140, 196, 211
Lee, Fitzhugh, 14
Leslie’s Weekly, 30, 33, 42, 135, 228, 229, 252, 260, 265, 266
Le Stourgeon, Guy, 104, 105, 106, 116
Linares y Pombo, Arsenio
landing at Santiago and, 145–46
on need for Spanish surrender, 238
San Juan Heights battle and, 194, 209–10, 213
Santiago defense by, 189
wounding of, 227
Lincoln, Abraham, 137
Lodge, Henry Cabot, 15, 20, 21, 25, 45, 128, 136, 215, 234–35, 242
Long, John D., 13–15
background of, 15, 25
hope for diplomatic end to Spain’s war with rebels in Cuba and, 43, 45, 54
imminent war with Spain and, 15, 55
Maine sinking and, 47, 49, 50
Roosevelt as assistant secretary to, 13, 14–15
Roosevelt’s decision to join Rough Riders and, 59, 61
Roosevelt’s naval expansion plan and, 23
war planning by, 99
Lubow, Arthur, 207, 287
Luce, Henry, 11
Luna, Maximiliano, 122
Maceo, Antonio, 34
Mahan, Alfred Thayer, 22
Maine (battleship) sinking, 47–50
American reaction to, 49–50
cause of explosion in, 48
description of ship in, 47
explosion in, 47–48
naval court of inquiry report on explosion in, 52, 54
push for war against Spain after, 49–55, 87, 137, 187, 277
reason for Havana visit of ship in, 47
Roosevelt’s desire to enlist after, 50
Roosevelt’s pistol salvaged from, 95, 212
Roosevelt’s reaction to, 49–50, 52–53
Spain blamed for, 48–49, 52, 186–87
malaria
hospitals and, 250
seasons and, 20, 153, 184, 227, 235, 254
soldiers with, 150, 190, 224, 243, 249, 251
manifest destiny, 7, 22, 42
Manila, Philippines
Dewey’s defeat of Spanish fleet at, 2, 67, 183
Roosevelt’s order to Dewey to sail to, 66
maps
Fifth Corps’ route to Cuba, xi
Santiago campaign, xii
Marines, 65
Guantánamo Bay landing of, 139, 175
Marshall, Edward (reporter), 286