The Crowded Hour
Page 42
Las Guasimas battle and, 154, 155, 157–58, 159, 164–65
landing at Santiago by, 147
march to Siboney camp by, 149, 150
on Roosevelt, 160–61, 256
Rough Riders’ return to New York and, 256, 257, 258
on soldiers’ behavior in battle, 203
wounding of, 165, 173–74, 256
Marshall, Edward (valet), 77
Martínez Campos y Antón, Arsenio, 28, 32
Masó, Bartolomé, 29
McAlister, Warren, 288
McClintock, James, 4, 88, 155, 173, 224
McClure, Alexander K., 277
McClure, David V., 237
McCord, Myron, 84–85
McCurdy, Allen, 180, 242, 265–66
McCurdy, Kirk, 242, 265–66
McDowell, Malcolm, 143
McFie, Ralph, 243
McGinty, Billy, 96, 97, 131, 202, 220, 260–61, 268, 287
McIlhenny, Edward Avery, 265
McIlhenny, John Avery, 106, 265
McIntosh, Burr, 148, 169, 172
McKibbin, Chambers, 240
McKinley, William
anti-American riot in Havana and, 13–14, 47
Camp Wikoff visit of, 267–68
Cuban revolts against Spain and, 7
declaration of war by, 58, 70–71, 136
economic growth and territorial expansion belief of, 22
foreign engagements and imperialism and, 275–78
formation of three volunteer regiments by, 58
hope for diplomatic end to Spain’s war with Cuban rebels and, 43, 44, 45, 53–55, 70–71
Maine sinking and, 47, 49, 53
military and foreign policy and, 21–22
military budget increase of, 54–55
naval blockade around Cuba ordered by, 58, 66, 71, 87
noninterventionist policy toward Cuba by, 25, 43–44
offer to organize fighters for war and, 58
public reaction to noninterventionist policy of, 53, 55
Roosevelt as assistant secretary of the navy and, 21, 23
Roosevelt’s desire for war with Spain and, 45
Roosevelt’s meeting with, at Camp Wikoff, 267
Roosevelt’s support for, 21
Rough Rider membership and, 61, 84
Rough Riders’ visit with, 273
Santiago siege and, 218
secretary of the navy Long and, 13, 15, 55
Shafter’s battle plan and, 223, 224, 236
Spanish-American War unity and, 136
Spanish consul de Lôme’s memo insulting, 40–41, 54
surrender negotiations with Spanish General Toral and, 236, 237, 238–39
Treaty of Paris and, 275
truce with Toral and, 228, 236
war cabinet of, 223
war funding bill of, 55, 111
war planning and, 66–67, 68, 69, 70–71, 99
Wheeler’s appointment as cavalry division commander by, 120
Wood as personal doctor for, 25, 26, 82
Wood’s letter to, about readiness of troops, 100
Wood’s weaponry arrangements with, 82
McNab, Reuben, 202
media. See newspapers and reporters
Meriwether, Walter Scott, 48
Merrimac (ship), 237, 243, 250
Mexican War (1848), 6, 127
Miami (ship), 249, 250–52, 254, 255–56
crew discipline problems during, 251
departure of, 250
Montauk holding camp destination of, 254
soldiers’ life on, 250–52
Miles, Nelson, 71, 72, 111, 115
concerns about Shafter’s health and return to Cuba by, 238
cowboy regiment suggestion to, 57–58
Cuban rebels’ assistance and, 185
Davis’s newspaper articles on, 249
Geronimo campaign and, 81
Puerto Rican campaign and, 249
Santiago attack and, 121, 218
surrender negotiations with Spanish General Toral, 238–39
war planning and, 99
Wood’s relationship with, 82
military. See also Army; Navy
Hamiltonian view of standing armies and preparedness in, 63, 64, 74, 281, 282
Jackson view of volunteerism in, 63–64, 65–66, 68, 74, 281, 282, 284
Jeffersonian view of reliance on toughness of the American citizen in, 63
single federal force and state militias and defense forces in, 70
Miller, Ed, 261
Miller, John, 261–62
Miller, Lewis, 56, 262, 263
Miller, Theodore, 4, 287
desire to enlist and fight, 56–57, 69, 106–8
family background of, 56
friend Burke’s sickness and, 150–51, 153, 154, 175, 176–77
Las Guasimas battle and, 153–54, 159, 161–62, 165–66, 173, 175
later funeral in Ohio of, 261–63
march to Siboney camp by, 150–51
plan for attack on Santiago and, 122, 123
Roosevelt and, 177
San Juan Heights battle and, 200, 204, 209, 210
Sevilla camp life and, 177–78, 182
train journey to embarkation point by, 106, 108
voyage to Santiago and, 129, 130–31, 132
wounding and death of, 210, 218–19, 229–30, 236–37
Yale memorial arch for, 286
Milliken, James F., 30
Montauk, Long Island, holding camp (Camp Wikoff), 254–61
Alger’s visit to, 264
description of, 255, 260
as destination for returning Rough Riders, 254
donations to, 255, 264
drownings at, 260–61
family’s visit with Roosevelt at, 268
location decision for, 254
McKinley’s visit to, 267–68
medical care problems at, 260
Miller funeral trip through, 261
number of soldiers served by, 260
onshore reception for soldiers arriving at, 256–58
passes to New York City from, 264
public donations to help build, 255
quarantine at, 258, 261
Rough Riders’ departure from, 271
Rough Riders’ gift of Remington bronze to Roosevelt at, 268–69
Rough Riders’ reactions on first seeing, 255–56
sightseers at, 258
soldier absent without leave from, 266
soldiers discharged from, 267, 271
soldiers’ life at, 260–61
War Department’s problems in building, 254–55
Moore, Johnnie, 95
Morgan, John, 55
Morris, Charles, 277
Müller y Tejeiro, José, 188, 209–10, 224
Murchie, Guy, 74–75
Murphy, William, 268
Naval War of 1812, The (Roosevelt), 17
Navy (U. S.)
advocates of American expansion on strength of, 25
Long as secretary of, 13
Maine sinking and, 47–50, 52, 54
McKinley’s funding for, 55
post–Civil War condition of, 22–23, 63, 65
Roosevelt’s plan for expansion of fleet in, 22–23, 49, 140
Roosevelt’s term as assistant secretary of, 21–24, 49–50, 61, 66
Santiago bombardment by, 188
Santiago naval battle and, 120–21
Spanish-American War planning by, 71
Spanish colonial control of, 5
Spanish fleet defeat at Manila by, 2
newspapers and reporters, 35–39
acclaim for Rough Riders and, 214
Alger’s letter criticizing Roosevelt printed in, 254
American need for heroes and, 62
attitude toward Cuban intervention influenced by, 7–8, 35, 39–40, 87, 134–35
call for Cuban intervention in, 51–52
Cuban rebellion reported in, 7, 30, 34, 35
Cuban rebels’ assistance and, 185, 186
Davis’s reporting on rebels in, 36–39
descriptions of Roosevelt in, 160–61
El Caney camp conditions report in, 243–44
El Poso hill observation post used by, 192, 204, 206, 207
field hospital conditions reported in, 221, 222, 230, 243, 252, 260
General García’s resignation over Shafter’s treatment reported in, 241
as good source of information, 223
increasing number of readers for, 7, 35
Las Guasimas battle coverage in, 156, 157–58, 159, 164–65, 168–70
landing at Santiago in, 143, 144, 145, 147
Maine sinking reported in, 49
Montauk holding camp arrival of soldiers and, 256–57
Montauk problems reported in, 255, 264
New York City race riot coverage in, 119
readers’ demand for sensational stories and, 35
reporters’ trips across Cuba for, 35–36
returning veterans and, 252, 253
Roosevelt as hero in, 234, 253
Roosevelt’s complaints about War Department and, 244–46
Roosevelt’s gubernatorial campaign covered in, 271–72, 273
Roosevelt’s praise for black soldiers reported in, 212–13
Roosevelt’s relationship with, 62, 117, 124, 169
Roosevelt’s rise as national figure aided by, 20–21, 23, 59
Rough Rider stories in, 61, 62–63, 116, 137, 170, 181–82, 214, 233–34, 253, 266, 288
Rough Riders’ celebrity and, 264–65
San Juan Heights battle reports in, 192, 194, 196, 197–98, 204, 206, 207
Santiago refugee assistance story in, 229
Sevilla camp life report in, 179
Shafter’s ban on reports and, 145, 147, 181
Shafter’s command criticized in, 183, 215
Spanish-American War covered in, 11, 87
Spanish consul de Lôme’s memo insulting McKinley published in, 40–41
Spanish fleet’s destruction reported in, 227
Tampa embarkation camp stories in, 119
training camp stories in, 88, 90, 92, 95
voyage to Santiago in, 134
Weyler’s campaign against the rebels portrayed in, 34
newsreels, 124, 233
New York City
Fish’s funeral service in, 246–47
Montauk holding camp passes to, 264
race riot in, 119
Rough Riders’ treatment in, 265–66
Rough Riders’ victory parade in, 1–2, 267–68
New York City Police Commissioners board
Davis’s friendship with Roosevelt on, 36, 117
Platt’s ouster of Roosevelt from, 21, 246, 259
Roosevelt as president of, 20–21, 278
Roosevelt’s later friendships with police officers known from, 74, 201
Roosevelt’s police reforms on, 20, 59
Roosevelt’s rise as national figure and, 21, 59
New York Journal, 40–41
New York State Assembly, 18, 278
New York State governorship
campaign for, 271–75
leadership qualities of Roosevelt and, 3
policy speeches during campaign for, 274–75
Roosevelt’s battlefield experience and campaign for, 169, 234, 258–59, 273–74
Roosevelt’s winning of, 275
Rough Riders’ help in campaign for, 271–74, 275
New York Times, 2, 8, 131, 254, 264–65, 271
Nicholls, Captain, 156, 158
Nicholson, Meredith, 263
Ninth Cavalry Regiment, 205, 207, 208, 269
Norris, Frank, 232, 239, 241
observation balloons, 200, 201
O’Neill, William “Buckey,” 95, 108, 273
background of, 4, 88
death of, 204, 289
landing at Santiago and, 146
Las Guasimas deaths and, 172
on opportunities after war, 182
Roosevelt’s relationship with, 96, 133
San Juan Heights battle and, 201, 204
Oquendo (ship), 226
Oregon (steamer), 120, 225
Page, Walter Hines, 136
Paine, Ralph, 244
Panama Canal, 277, 278
Pando y Sánchez, Luis Manuel de, 186
Panic of 1893, 29, 41
Parker, John W., 209, 231
Pershing, John J., 228
Philadelphia Inquirer, 9–10, 137
Philip, John Woodward, 226
Philippines
American army of occupation in, 30, 264
camps used in, 33
criticism of Army’s actions in, 11
Rough Riders from regiment in, 264
Spanish-American war cease-fire and, 255
United States war in, 1, 275, 277
Treaty of Paris and, 275
war deaths in, 3
war planning for, 69
Weyler’s campaign in, 32
photographs, of soldiers, 124–25
Plant, Henry, 110, 112–13, 123
Platt, Clay, 146
Platt, Orville, 285
Platt, Thomas, 21, 246, 258–59
Roosevelt’s gubernatorial campaign and, 272, 274
Cuban independence and, 285
Platt Amendment, 285
Plutón (gunboat), 226
Polk, James K., 28
popular culture
cowboy imagery in, 57, 63
Dewey’s Manila victory in, 67
images of Cuba and Cuban rebels in, 185, 186
need for heroes in, 11, 59, 62
post–Civil War reconciliation theme in, 10, 105, 118–19, 135
Roosevelt as war hero in, 2, 59, 62, 234, 253, 254
Roosevelt’s celebrity in, 10, 58–59, 116, 124
Rough Riders ‘celebrity in, 4, 10, 58–59, 62–63, 116, 170, 264–66
Spanish soldier stereotypes in, 186–87
Port Tampa, Florida. See also Tampa, Florida, embarkation point
departure for Santiago from, 122, 123–24
rail connection to, 110, 122, 123
soldiers’ procuring provisions at, 130, 131
Prentice, Royal, 86, 89, 132, 161, 243, 244
presidential campaigns
1884, 18
1888, 19, 21
1896, 7, 43, 53
1900, 67
1904, 216
1912, 284
1936, 286–87
press. See newspapers and reporters
Private St. Louis, 192
Proctor, John R., 59
Proctor, Redfield, 50–51, 52
Puerto Rico
Miles’s move to campaign in, 249
possible American attack on, 185
Roosevelt’s request to send regiment to, 242, 253–54
Spanish-American War cease-fire and, 255
Spanish-American War planning and, 66–67
Spanish colonial control of, 5
Treaty of Paris and, 275
United States victory and, 1, 275
Pulitzer, Joseph, 35, 38
Quigg, Lemuel, 258–59, 272
race, Roosevelt’s essays on, 24
racial conflict
Army troops and, 118–19, 212
newspaper coverage of, 119
Rough Riders’ lack of, 118, 283
Ramsden, Frederick, 188
Red Cross, 33, 51, 53, 222, 237, 261, 271
Reed, Thomas Brackett, 45, 52
refugees from Santiago
America’s lack of planning for, 228–29
factors in decision to leave by, 188
postwar return to Santiago by, 244
Roosevelt on fear of disease and, 229
Remington, Frederic, 23, 115, 116, 117, 204
Rough Riders’ gift to Roosevelt of bronze by, 269
sketches from trip across Cuba for Hearst by, 36–37, 38, 39
troops portrayed by, 116, 195, 206
reporters. See newspapers and reporters
Republican Party
Roosevelt’s New York gubernatorial run and, 259, 274
Roosevelt’s relationship with, 18
Rickover, Hyman, 48
Riis, Jacob, 4, 20
Robinson, Corinne Roosevelt, 98, 127
Robinson, Kenneth, 98
Roosevelt, Alice, 18
Roosevelt, Anna, 76, 95
Roosevelt, Corinne, 98, 127
Roosevelt, Edith Carow, 19, 114–15, 212, 268
Roosevelt, Franklin, 9, 116, 287
Roosevelt, Quentin, 114, 284
Roosevelt, Theodore
ARMY CAREER. See also Rough Riders; San Juan Heights, Battle of
ability to lead and inspire soldiers, 232–33
Alger’s criticism of Roosevelt’s career, 253–54
American global economic power and military power and rise of Roosevelt, 4, 8–9
assistant secretary of the navy, 21–24, 49–50, 140
bragging about Rough Riders’ performance, 244
charge up Kettle Hill, 210, 216, 280, 289
charge up San Juan Hill, alternate claim of, 216, 275, 280, 287, 289
close relationship with troops, 95–96, 98, 103, 104, 109, 114, 115, 152, 133, 177, 251, 252, 268, 269
cowboy imagery of Roosevelt, 96, 273
criticism of Roosevelt, 168
departure for Port Tampa, 122–23, 124
El Poso hill camp, 192
exercise regime, 242–43
imminent war with Spain, 13, 15
intellectual blossoming of Roosevelt, 3
killing a man at close range, 212
landing at Santiago, 142, 145
Las Guasimas battle planning, 152
Las Guasimas fighting, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160–62, 165–67, 168–69, 170, 175
leadership qualities of Roosevelt, 2–3, 75–76, 98–99
manly virtues of competition, 3
march to Siboney camp, 149
military background, 2–3, 15
military preparedness belief, 23–24, 72
move to Santiago front, 190–91, 192
national profile of, as wartime leader, 2–3
New York City victory parade, 2, 267–68
newspaper reporters on Roosevelt’s battlefield action, 160–61
on land crabs at Sevilla camp, 178
on rations, 130, 180–81
plan for attack on Santiago, 121–22, 124
political campaigns’ use of battlefield experience, 169, 234, 254, 256–57, 278
popular culture celebrity of Roosevelt, 10, 58–59, 116, 124
praise for black soldiers, 212–13
preparing regiment for fighting, 73–74, 132
Puerto Rican invasion suggestions, 242
reaction to deaths of soldiers, 172, 173
relationship with troops, 95–96
Roosevelt on his “crowded hour,” 4–5, 205
San Juan Heights battle significance, 194
Shafter’s council of war on Santiago, 190