20.Marks and Tannenbaum, I Want My MTV, 25.
21.Marks and Tannenbaum, I Want My MTV, 22.
22.Gloria Ohland, “Music TV Will Play to Tastes of Rock ‘n’ Roll Generation,” Minneapolis Star, 15 September 1981.
23.“Music Television: Report #1,” Billboard, 10 October 1981; Andy Greene, “MTV Turns 30,” Rolling Stone, 28 July 2011.
24.“David Bowie Accusing MTV of Racism in ’83,” Los Angeles Times, 12 January 2016; Steve Greenberg, “Where Is Graceland? 1980s Pop Culture Through Music,” in Living Through the Eighties, ed. Gil Troy and Vincent J. Cannato (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), 159; Philip W. Wiggins, “Turner Will Sell Cable Music Channel to MTV,” New York Times, 29 November 1984.
25.Carleton Jones, “Cable Tries to Please All The People All The Time,” The Sun, 16 August 1981.
26.John Paul Newport, “The Coming VCR Glut: The Prices Make You Think It’s Here Already?” Fortune, 19 August 1985.
27.Ralph Blanchard, The Digital Challenge for Libraries: Understanding the Culture and Technology of Total Culture (New York: iUniverse, 2005), 92.
28.Peter Temin and Louis Galambos, The Fall of the Bell System: A Study in Prices and Politics (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987); James A. White, “Baby Bell’s First Months Marked by Some Confusion as People Adjust,” Wall Street Journal, 24 May 1983.
29.“The First Cellular Phone Went on Sale 30 Years Ago for $4,000,” Mashable, 13 March 2014.
30.Roger Rosenblatt, “The Computer: Machine of the Year,” Time, January 1983.
31.Leslie Berlin, The Man Behind the Microchip: Robert Noyce and the Invention of Silicon Valley (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 130.
32.John Bessant and Joe Tidd, Innovation and Entrepreneurship (New York: Wiley, 2015), 407.
33.Walter Isaacson, The Innovators: How a Group of Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2015), 351; “The Home Computer That’s Ready to Work, Play, and Grow with You,” Scientific American, September 1977.
34.Walter Issacson, Steve Jobs (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2012), 162–63.
35.Eric Hintz, “Remembering Apple’s ‘1984’ Super Bowl Ad,” Smithsonian Museums Blog, 22 January 1984.
36.David E. Sanger, “For Apple, a Risky Assault on I.B.M.,” New York Times, 23 January 1984.
37.David Salisbury, “Apple Plans to Take Byte Out of Competition with New Macintosh,” Christian Science Monitor, 24 January 1984.
38.Chip Brown, “F.E.A.R.com,” in Breach of Faith: A Crisis of Coverage in the Age of Corporate Newspapering, ed. Gene Roberts and Thomas Kunkel (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2002), 203; Michael A. Banks, On the Way to the Web: The Secret History of the Internet and Its Founders (New York: Apress, 2012); “CompuServe Closes after 30 Years,” Network World, 8 July 2009.
39.Don Nunes, “Computers Are Expensive to Feed,” Washington Post, 7 June 1982.
40.Dylan Tweney, “First Online Service For Consumers Debuts,” Wired, 24 September 2009.
41.William J. Broad, “Rising Use of Computer Networks Raises Issues of Security and Law,” New York Times, 26 August 1983.
42.Matt Novak, “The Untold Story of the Teen Hackers Who Transformed the Early Internet,” Paleofuture, 14 April 2016.
43.Fred Kaplan, “ ‘War Games’ and Cybersecurity’s Debt to a Hollywood Hack,” New York Times, 19 February 2016.
44.Douglas Thomas, Hacking Culture (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2002), 26; Paul Korzeniowski, “All-Star Teen Hacker’s Team Beat Hundreds of Systems,” Computerworld, 8 July 1985.
45.For a more detailed history of the end of the fairness doctrine, see Julian E. Zelizer, “How Washington Helped to Create the Modern Media: Ending the Fairness Doctrine,” in Media Nation: The Political History of News in Modern America, ed. Bruce Schulman and Julian E. Zelizer (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017), 176–89.
46.Bob Davis, “FCC Abolishes Fairness Doctrine, Arousing Debate,” Wall Street Journal, 5 August 1987.
47.Raspberry, “Filth on the Air,” Washington Post, 19 June 1985; Gil Troy, Morning in America: How Ronald Reagan Invented the 1980s (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005), 273.
48.William Raspberry, “Filth on the Air”; Stephen Holden, “Recordings Will Carry Advisory About Lyrics,” New York Times, 9 August 1985; “Nineteen Big Record Firms Agree to Warning Labels,” Wall Street Journal, 12 August 1985.
49.Jon Pareles, “Debate Spurs Hearings on Rating Rock,” New York Times, 18 September 1985; Irvin Molotsky, “Hearing on Rock Lyrics,” New York Times, 20 September 1985.
50.Kory Grow, “Dee Snider on PMRC Hearing: ‘I Was a Public Enemy,’ ” Rolling Stone, 18 September 2015.
51.Jon Pareles, “Debate Spurs Hearings on Rating Rock”; Irvin Molotsky, “Hearing on Rock Lyrics.”
52.Roger Sadler, Electronic Media Law (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2005), 286.
53.“Reagan Orders ‘New Look’ at ‘Victimless Crime,’ ” Baltimore Sun, 22 May 1984; Rita Ciolli, “New U.S. Panel to Take on Porn,” Newsday, 20 May 1985; “Meese Names Panel to Study Pornography,” Los Angeles Times, 20 May 1985.
54.“Meese Names Panel to Study Pornography”; Howard Kurtz, “Pornography Panel’s Objectivity Disputed,” Washington Post, 15 October 1985; James Kilpatrick, “Hooray for Meese Commission on Porn,” Orlando Sentinel, 17 July 1986; “Meese, Panel Sued by Playboy,” Chicago Tribune, 20 May 1986; “Penthouse Sues Meese, U.S. to Block Listing of Outlets,” Wall Street Journal, 19 May 1986.
55.Philip Shenons, “Justice Dept. Pornography Study Finds Materials Tied to Violence,” New York Times, 14 May 1986; Robert L. Jackson, “Pornography Case Judge Rebukes Panel,” Los Angeles Times, 4 July 1986; “North Carolina Is Cracking Down on Pornography,” New York Times, 13 October 1985.
56.James Davison Hunter, Culture Wars: The Struggle to Define America (New York: Basic Books, 1991), 232.
57.Tom Wicker, “Lyrics and the Law,” New York Times, 1 February 1990.
58.Steve Hochman and Chuck Phillips, “Florida Clerk Faces a Felony Charge for Selling Rap Record,” Los Angeles Times, 17 March 1990; Steve Hochman, “Record Chain Clears Shelves of Rap Album,” Los Angeles Times, 23 March 1990; Laura Parker, “Rap Singers Charged with Obscenity,” Washington Post, 11 June 1990; “Gov. Takes Credit for Rappers’ Arrests,” Los Angeles Times, 11 June 1990.
59.Chuck Phillips, “A Rapper Under Siege Fires Back,” Los Angeles Times, 25 March 1990; Richard Harrington, “An Obscene Amount of Attention,” Washington Post, 13 June 1990; Richard Harrington, “ 2 Live Crew, Banned and Boring,” Washington Post, 26 July 1990; Chuck Phillips, “Despite Chains’ Boycott, Campbell Album Sells,” Los Angeles Times, 2 August 1990.
60.Clarence Page, “Today 2 Live Crew, Tomorrow Maybe This Column,” Chicago Tribune, 13 June 1990.
Chapter 8: DIVIDING AMERICA
1.Michael Wines and Doyle McManus, “U.S. Sent Iran Arms for Hostage Releases,” Los Angeles Times, 6 November 1986.
2.Malcolm Byrne, Iran-Contra: Reagan’s Scandal and the Unchecked Abuse of Presidential Power (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2014).
3.Frank Newport, “History Shows Presidential Job Approval Ratings Can Plummet Rapidly,” Gallup News, 11 February 1998.
4.Lawrence E. Walsh, Firewall: The Iran-Contra Conspiracy and Cover-Up (New York: W. W. Norton, 1997).
5.Maureen Dowd, “The Fawn Hall Story,” Washington Post, 9 June 1987; “Networks to Rotate Hearings Coverage,” Baltimore Sun, 15 July 1987; Steve Daley, “Television Could Make Ollie’s Day,” Chicago Tribune, 9 July 1987; Peter J. Boyer, “North Outdraws the Top Show on Daytime TV,” New York Times, 11 July 1987.
6.Daley, “Television Could Make Ollie’s Day”; Richard Herzfelder, “Cashing In on Ollie,” Washington Post, 16 July 1987.
7.Alexander Yakovlev, Memorandum Prepared on Request from M. S. Gorbachev and handed to him on March 12, 1985, National Security Archive,
George Washington University.
8.“Quotation of The Day,” New York Times, 12 December 1987.
9.J. David Woodard, The America that Reagan Built (New York: Praeger, 2006), 97.
10.Howard Rosenberg, “TV Girds for the Geneva Miniseries,” Los Angeles Times, 18 November 1985.
11.Seyom Brown, Faces of Power: Constancy and Change in United States Foreign Policy From Truman to Obama, 3rd ed. (New York: Columbia University Press, 2015), 463.
12.Romesh Ratnesar, “ 20 Years After Tear Down This Wall,” Time, 11 June 2007.
13.Robert J. McCartney, “White House Persuasion Won High Profile Speech in Berlin,” Washington Post, 11 June 1987.
14.Henry Allen, “The Cult of Comrade Gorbachev,” Washington Post, 30 November 1987.
15.David Hess and Bill Arthur, “Senate Ratifies INF Treaty, 93–5,” Los Angeles Times, 28 May 1988.
16.Julian E. Zelizer, Arsenal of Democracy: The Politics of National Security—From World War II to the War on Terrorism (New York: Basic Books, 2010), 351.
17.David Hoffman, “Reagan Lashes Conservative Foes of Treaty, Foresees ’88 Summit,” Washington Post, 4 December 1987.
18.Derek Scally, “Did the Boss Bring Down the Berlin Wall?” Irish Times, 13 July 2013; Kate Connolly, “The Night Bruce Springsteen Played East Berlin—And the Wall Cracked,” Guardian, 5 July 2013.
19.R. W. Apple, “After the Coup,” New York Times, 22 April 1991.
20.Al Kamen, “President Intends to Nominate Appellate Judge Scalia,” Washington Post, 18 June 1986.
21.Kamen, “President Intends to Nominate Appellate Judge Scalia.”
22.Stephen Wermiel, “Judicial Shakeup: Changes on High Court Are Likely to Increase Conservatives’ Clout,” Wall Street Journal, 18 June 1986.
23.Rita Ciolli, “Rehnquist Denies He Harassed Voters,” Newsday, 31 July 1986; Norman Hill, “Rehnquist’s Rights Record Is a Disgrace,” Philadelphia Tribune, 22 August 1986; Glen Elsasser, “Rehnquist, Scalia Get Senate Confirmation,” Chicago Tribune, 18 September 1986; Stuart Taylor Jr., “Rehnquist and Scalia Take Their Places on Court,” New York Times, 27 September 1986.
24.George J. Church, “The Court’s Pivot Man,” Time, 6 July 1987.
25.Andrew Hartman, A War for the Soul of America: A History of the Culture Wars (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015), 152–54; James Davison Hunter, Culture Wars: The Struggle to Define America (New York: Basic Books, 1991), 252.
26.Ethan Bronner, Battle for Justice: How the Bork Nomination Shook America (New York: W. W. Norton, 1989), 84; Hunter, Culture Wars, 252–53.
27.Richard Lacayo, “The Battle Begins,” Time, 13 July 1987.
28.Bronner, Battle for Justice, 146, 297.
29.“Ginsburg’s Wife Did 2 Abortions in Residency,” Los Angeles Times, 2 November 1987; James Gerstenzang, “Ginsburg Withdraws, Citing Furor Over Use of Marijuana,” Los Angeles Times, 8 November 1987.
30.Al Kamen, “Kennedy Confirmed, 97–0,” Washington Post, 4 February 1988.
31.Lena Williams, “ 600 in Gay Demonstration Arrested at Supreme Court,” New York Times, 14 October 1987.
32.Cathy J. Cohen, The Boundaries of Blackness: AIDS and the Breakdown of Black Politics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997), 153.
33.John Leland, “Twilight of a Difficult Man,” New York Times, 19 May 2017.
34.HIV and AIDS 1981–2000, Center for Disease Control, 1 January 2001.
35.“Listen to Reagan’s Press Secretary Laugh About Gay People Dying of AIDS,” Slate, 1 December 2015.
36.Nina Biddle, Lisa Conte, and Edwin Diamond, “AIDS in the Media: Entertainment or Infotainment,” in Effective Health Communication for the 90s, ed. Scott C. Ratzan (London: Routledge, 1993), 143.
37.Randy Shilts, And the Band Played On: Politics, People and the AIDS Epidemic (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1987), 573–82; Bernard J. Turnock, Public Health: What It Is and How It Works (Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett, 2012), 205.
38.Michael Schaller, Ronald Reagan: America and Its President in the 1980s (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 94.
39.Bill Press, How the Republicans Stole Religion: Why the Religious Right Is Wrong About Faith & Politics and What We Can Do To Make It Right (New York: Three Leaves Press, 2005), 155; Hartman, A War for the Soul of America, 156.
40.Gillian Frank, “Phyllis Schlafly’s Legacy of Anti-Gay Activism,” Slate, 6 September 2016.
41.Cynthia Carr, Fire in the Belly: The Life and Times of David Wojnarowicz (New York: Bloomsbury, 2012), 350–53.
42.“Silence=Death,” Primary Source Sets: ACT UP and the AIDS Crisis, Digital Public Library of America.
43.“Today in Gay History,” Back2Stonewall.com.
44.Gerald Boyd, “Reagan Urges Abstinence for Young to Avoid AIDS,” New York Times, 2 April 1987.
45.The AIDS Research Program of the National Institutes of Health (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 1991).
46.Understanding AIDS, 1988, US National Library of Medicine.
47.“Before Occupy: How AIDS Activists Seized Control of the FDA in 1988,” The Atlantic, 6 December 2011.
48.US Food and Drug Administration, Expanded Access and Expedited Approval of New Therapies Related to HIV/AIDS, Washington, DC, online material.
Chapter 9: NEW WORLD ORDERS
1.Tom Bethell, “Can GOP Handle Its Iowa Surprise?: Conservatives Fear a Bork-Type Battle While Democrats Need Secret Ballot,” Los Angeles Times, 10 February 1988.
2.John Corry, “Fireworks, Not Issues, in the News,” New York Times, 18 February 1988.
3.Jon Margolis, “Bush Rolls in New Hampshire,” Chicago Tribune, 18 February 1988; Adam Clymer, “Democrats Use Humor and Scorn in Mounting Attack Against Bush,” New York Times, 20 July 1988; Jack Nelson, “Bush Promises New Policies to Build on Reagan’s Record,” Los Angeles Times, 19 August 1988; Lou Cannon, “Conservatives Laud Choice,” Washington Post, 17 August 1988.
4.William Schneider, “Democrats: Nobody Here But Us Moderates,” Los Angeles Times, 24 July 1988; Kevin Phillips, “Dukakis: Election Prospects and Post-Election Caveats,” Christian Science Monitor, 2 August 1988.
5.Ed Rollins, Bare Knuckles and Back Rooms: My Life in American Politics (New York: Broadway Books, 1997), 125–28; Sidney Blumenthal, Pledging Allegiance: The Last Campaign of the Cold War (New York: HarperCollins, 1990), 257–60.
6.John Taylor, “Pawing the Dirt,” New York Magazine, 17 August 1992, 16; John Robert Greene, The Presidency of George Bush (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2000), 33–34.
7.“Boogie Man: The Lee Atwater Story,” PBS Documentary, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/atwater/etc/script.html; John Brady, Bad Boy: The Life and Politics of Lee Atwater (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1996), 19.
8.Brady, Bad Boy, 182; Timothy McNulty, “ ‘Outrageous’ Debate Question Angers Kitty Dukakis,” Chicago Tribune, 15 October 1988.
9.Henry Allen, “To the Polls, Grudgingly,” Washington Post, 9 November 1988; Richard L. Berke, “ 50.16 Percent Voter Turnout Was Lowest Since 1924,” New York Times, 18 December 1988.
10.Owen Ullmann, “Bush’s Policy Towards Iraq Invited Exaggerations,” Philadelphia Inquirer, 20 October 1992; Robert S. Greenberger, “U.N. Security Council Clears Use of Force to Oust Iraq From Kuwait After Jan. 15,” Wall Street Journal, 30 November 1990; Tom Kenworthy and Helen Dewar, “Divided Congress Grants President Authority to Wage War Against Iraq,” Washington Post, 13 January 1991.
11.Rick Atkison, “U.S. Victory Is Absolute,” Washington Post, 1 March 1991.
12.“Transcript of President’s State of the Union Message to Nation,” New York Times, 30 January 1991; Jeffrey A. Engel, When the World Seemed New: George H. W. Bush and the End of the Cold War (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2017), 415–39.
13.Chester Pach, “Lyndon Johnson’s Living Room War,” New York Times, 30 March 2017.
14.Philip Seib, “Introduction,” in Seib, ed., Media and Conflict in the Twenty-Fi
rst Century (New York: Palgrave-McMillan, 2005), 11; Rick Atkison, Crusade: The Untold Story of the Persian Gulf War (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1993), 416; Martha Brannigan, “CNN Is Raising Its Advertising Rates As Gulf War Sends Ratings Soaring,” Wall Street Journal, 1 February 1991.
15.Editorial, “The President’s Popularity,” New York Times, 5 March 1991; Maureen Dowd, “Unable to Out-Hero Bush, Democrats Just Join Him,” New York Times, 8 March 1991.
16.Editorial, “The President’s Popularity,” New York Times, 5 March 1991; Michael R. Kagay, “History Suggests Bush’s Popularity Will Ebb,” New York Times, 22 May 1991.
17.Geraldine Fabrikant, “The Deal for MCA,” New York Times, 27 November 1990.
18.John M. Berry, “Jobless Rate Hit 7.8 Pct. In June,” Washington Post, 3 July 1992; Patrice Apodaca, “Facing ‘Edge of a Cliff’ at GM,” Los Angeles Times, 9 April 1991; Agis Salpukas, “Its Cash Depleted, Pan Am Shuts Down,” New York Times, 5 December 1991; Clyde H. Farnsworth, “U.S. Hardens Trade Stance with Japan,” New York Times, 7 January 1991; James Risen, “Slow Growth Seen Plaguing Economy for Years to Come,” Los Angeles Times, 25 November 1991.
19.James M. Poterba, “Federal Budget Policy in the 1980s,” in American Economic Policy in the 1980s, ed. Martin Feldstein (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 235; Congressional Budget Office, Budget, 1990–1994.
20.Bob Woodward, “In His Debut in Washington Power Struggles, Gingrich Threw a Bomb,” Washington Post, 24 December 2011.
21.Judith A. Layzer, “Environmental Policy from 1980 to 2008: The Politics of Prevention,” in Conservatism and American Political Development, ed. Brian J. Glenn and Steven M. Teles (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), 234.
22.Richard Conniff, “The Political History of Cap and Trade,” Smithsonian, August 2009; James Morton Turner and Andrew C. Isenberg, The Republican Reversal: Conservatives and the Environment from Nixon to Trump (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2018), 115–21.
23.Don Shannon, “Spirits Soar as Bush Signs Disabled Rights Act Into Law,” Los Angeles Times, 27 July 1990.
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