45. Ali Akbar Safayi Farahani, What a Revolutionary Must Know (London, 1973), 67. A former schoolteacher, Farahani fought with the Palestinians 1967-1969 and later participated in the Siahkal guerrilla movement in northern Iran. He was killed in 1970.
46. See Organisations et combats du peuple de l'Iran (n.p. [Paris?], n.d. [1974?]), passim.
47. P. Vielle and Abol Hassan Banisadr, Petrole et violence (Paris, 1974), 107 et seq.
48. On De« Gene and the various commando groups which evolved from it see J. M. Landau, Radical Politics in Modern Turkey (Leiden, ig74), 41-44· 4g, Charles Foley, ed., The Memoirs of General Grivas (London, 1964), 135,
50. There is no detailed history of Grivas's campaign. The fullest account is still his own autobiography. See also Charles Foley, Island in Revolt (London, 1964); idem, Legacy of Strife (London, 1964); Robert Stephens, Cyprus. A Place of Arms (London, 1966).
51. For the background of the Mau Mau disorders see L. S. B. Leakey, Defeating Mau Mau (London, 1954), and F. D. Corfield, Historical Survey of the Origins and Growth of Mau Mau (London, 1960); C. G. Rösberg and J. Noltingham, The Myth of Mau Mau (London, 1966). For military aspects of the revolt, F. Kitson, Gangs and Countergangs (London, 1960), and Ian Henderson and Philip Goodhart, The Hunt for Kimathi (London, 1958). For a Mau Mau point of view, W. Itote, Mau Mau General (Nairobi, 1967); Donald L. Barnett and Karari Njama, Mau Mau from Within (London, 1966). See also Life Histories from the Revolution, Mau Mau 1-3 (Richmond, Canada, 1974); these were written apparently by Barnett. (The problems with "autobiographies" of Asian or African guerrillas ghosted by Western well-wishers are manifold. To mention but one example; in the year 1953, Born of the People, an autobiography of Luis Taruc, was published in New York. When Taruc later surrendered and left the Communist party, he revealed that the book had been written "with the help of a friend" and edited by Jose Lavé, general secretary of the Communist party; various chapters on theoretical subjects were inserted without his knowledge. Pomeroy, on the other hand, claimed that "this book was actually written by W. J. Pomeroy compiled from interviews with numerous Huk leaders.")
52. Guy Arnold, Kenyatta and the Politics of Kenya (London, 1974), 110.
53. D. L. Wheeler and R. Pélissier, Angola (London, 1971), 178-179.
54. Richard Gibson, African Liberation Movements (London, 1972), 281.
55. The main sources for the war in Guiné-Bissau are B. Davidson, The Liberation of Guiné (Harmondsworth, 1969), and Gerard Chaliand, Lutte armeé en Afrique (Paris, 1967); Lars Rudebeck, Guinea-Bissau: A Study of Political Mobilization (New York, 1975), as well as Cabral's essays, Unité et lutte (Paris, 1975), all from a PAIGC point of view. The struggle in Angola and Mozambique is surveyed in R. H. Chilcote, Portuguese Africa (New York, 1967), and John A. Marcum, The Angolan Revolution (Cambridge, Mass., 1969). See also E. Mondlane, The Struggle for Mozambique (Harmondsworth, 1969).
56. Gibson, African Liberation Movements, 261.
57. K. W. Grundy, Guerrilla Struggle in Africa (New York, 1971), chapter 19.
58. "The campaign mounted by the enemy in claiming that the MPLA is a Communist organization can only be seen as propaganda intended to fool our people." A. Neto, Messages to Companions in the Struggle (Richmond, Canada, 1972), 27.
59. See chapter 8 below.
60. The best general account of the rise and fall of the Latin American guerrilla movements is Allemann, Macht und Ohnmacht der Guerilla. Also of interest are the earlier books by Richard Gott, Rural Guerrilla in Latin America (London, 1973), and Luis Mercier Vega, Technique du contre état (Paris, 1968). James Kohl and John Litt, Urban Guerrilla Warfare in Latin America (Cambridge, Mass., 1974), is a collection of texts with introductory comments. The most important work in Spanish is V. Bambirra, ed., Dies años de insurrección en America Latina (Santiago, 1.971). For Venezuela see Luigi Valsalice, Guer-riglia e politica: L'esemplo de Venezuela 1962-1969 (Florence, 1973)· The most up-to-date bibliography is Bibliografia guerra revolucionaria y subversión en el continente (Washington, 1973), published by the Library of the Inter-American Defense College.
61. Deas, "Guerrillas in Latin America," 74.
62. Anti-Mau Mau countergangs had first been used in Kenya and spread much confusion among the guerrillas. In Latin America right-wing terrorist groups emerged in many countries, frequently with the approval of the government or the army. This applies to the Argentine National Orgainzation Movement (ΜΑΝΟ), the Guatemalan NOA and ΜΑΝΟ, the Brazilian Escudrão da Morte. The Spanish anti-Basque Guerrilleros de Christo Rey should also be mentioned in this context. For the urban guerrillas these were of course merely hired agents, just as in the eyes of the extreme right the Communists and Castroists were simply "bandits." Internal war is not the ideal period for detached political and social analysis.
63. For a comprehensive list, Political Kidnappings 1968-1973, Staff Study by the House of Representatives Committee on International Security (Washington, 1973)· See also Brian M. Jenkins and Janera Johnson, International Terrorism. A Chronology 1968-1974 (Santa Monica, 1975).
64. Ulster, by the Sunday Times Insight Team (London, 1972), 194 et seq. See also Martin Dillon and Denis Lehane, Political Murder in Northern Ireland (London, 1973).
65. See chapter 8 below.
66. D. V. Segré and J. H. Adler, "The Ecology of Terrorism," Survival (July-August 1973), 180.
67. Β. M. Jenkins, High Technology Terrorism and Surrogate War. The Impact of New Technology on Low-Level Violence (Santa Monica, 1975), passim. For observations on the international character of terrorism J. Bowyer Bell, Transnational Terrorism (Washington, 1975).
Chapter Eight: Guerrilla Doctrine Today
1. Boris Goldenberg, Kommunismus in Lateinamerika (Stuttgart, 1971), 361.
2. The basic texts of Latin American guerrilla writing are available in English, French and German. Among the more important general studies are the following: Vania Bambirra, ed., Diez Años de Insurrectión (Santiago, 1971), 2 vols.; Richard Gott, Guerrilla Movements in Latin America (London, 1970); Luis Mercier Vega, Guerrillas in Latin America (London, 1969). Hugh Thomas, Cuba or the Pursuit of Freedom (London, 1971) and Theodore Draper, Castroism, Theory and Practice (London, 1965) are essential for the understanding of the Castro ideology. Some of the best studies on the subject are in German; this refers in particular to Boris Goldenberg, Kommunismus in Lateinamerika (Stuttgart, 1971) and Fritz René Allemann, Macht und Ohnmacht der Guerilla (München, 1974). The following are also of interest: Günter Masehke, Kritik des Guerillero (Frankfurt, 1973); Wolfgang Berner, Der Evangelist des Castroismus-Guevarismus (Köln, 1969); Richard E. Kiessler, Guerilla und Revolution (Bonn, 1975); Robert F. Lamberg, Die castristische Guerilla in Lateiname rika (Hanover, 1971). Of great help to students of the subject are the following bibliographies: Ronald H. Chilcote, Revolution and Structural Change in Latin America: a Bibliography on Ideology, Development and the Radical Left (1930-1965) (Stanford, 1970), 2 vols.; Anon., Bibliografia: Guerra Revolucionaria y Subversión en el Continente (Washington, 1973).
3. Interview with Andrew St. George, 4 February 1958; Ronald E. Bonachee and Nelson P. Valdes, Revolutionary Struggle, 1947-1958; Volume I of the Selected Works of Fidel Castro (Cambridge, Mass., 1972), 369.
4. The second Declaration of Havana, 4 February 1962 in M. Kenner and J. Petras, Fidel Castro Speaks (London, 1972), 164.
5. Ché Guevara, Guerrilla Warfare (London, 1969); the article was originally published in Cuba Socialista (September 1963), 1-17.
6. Guevara, Guerrilla Warfare, 14.
7. Debray, Revolution in the Revolution (New York, 1967), 104-106.
8. Guevara, Guerrilla Warfare, 19.
9. Regis Debray, Strategy for Revolution (London, 1973), 46-47.
10. Speech at the University of Havana, 13 March 1967, in Kenner and Petras, op. cit., 119.
11. OLAS: Première Conférence de l'organisation latino-americaine de solidarité (Paris, 1967), 72.
12. Debray, Revolu
tion, 26.
13. Alberto Bayo, 150 Questions to a Guerrilla (Boulder, 1963).
14. Guevara, Guerrilla Warfare — a Method; in Malin, op. cit., 276.
15. Guevara, Guerrilla Warfare, 121.
16. The romantic ("Byronic") inspiration of guerrilla leaders was noted first by Davydov and later by Maguire, the London lawyer who, around the turn of the century, was one of the first to present a systematic guerrilla doctrine.
17. "Frente a todos" Bohemia (8 January 1956), in Bonachee and Valdes, 1,299.
18. T. Draper, Castroism: Theory and Practice (London, 1965).
19. Ibid., 55.
20. Bohemia (28 July 1957).
21. Liborio Justo, Bolivia, la revolucion derrotada (Cochabamba, 1967), 261. Quoted in Goldenberg, op. cit.
22. Leo Huberman and Paul Sweezy, eds., Regis Dehray and the Latin American Revolution (New York, 1969).
23. Douglas Bravo, "Cuba: Rectificación tactica ο estrategia," French translation in Temps Modernes (July 1971).
24. Regis Debray, Les Epreuves de Feu. La Critique des Armes (Paris, 1974), II, 121-122.
25. Ibid., 123.
26. Interview with the Mexican newspaper Sucesos, in Vega, op. cit., 242-246.
27. Gott, op. cit., 262-265; Norman Gall, Teodoro Petkoff: The crisis of the professional revolutionary, part I, "Years of Insurrection." Field Staff Reports 1972, No. 1, 16 et seq; Robert J. Alexander, The Communist Party of Venezuela (Stanford, 1969), passim.
28. Hector Bejar, Peru 1965: Notes on a Guerrilla Experience (New York, 1970), 124.
29. Hugo Blanco, El Camino de Nuestra Revolución (Lima, 1964), passim; Robert J. Alexander, Trotskyism in Latin America (Stanford, 1973), 174-175.
30. For a representative selection of his writings see John Gerassi, ed., Camilo Torres, Revolutionary Priest (London, 1973). There is a recent biography: W. J. Broderick, Camilo Torres (New York, 1975).
31. Anon., La Guerrilla por dentro (Bogotá, 1971), passim; the author of this book was the former guerrilla leader Jaime Arenas. Conrad Dentrez, Les mouvements révolutionnaires en Amerique Latine (Brussels, 1972); Allemann, loc. cit., 272-274.
32. G. Lora, Neubewertung der Guerilla (Berlin, 1973), 142.
33. Alexander Craig, "Urban Guerrilla in Latin America," Survey (Summer 1971), 124.
34. The writings of Carlos Marighela have been widely translated; the books and articles of Abraham Guillen are not readily available even in Spanish. A comprehensive bibliography has been supplied by Russell, Miller and Hildner; "The Urban Guerrilla in Latin America," Latin American Research Revieiv (Spring 1974). Among the few general studies on the subject, the following ought to be mentioned: Robert Moss, Urban Guerrillas (London, 1972); James Kohl and John Litt, Urban Guerrilla Warfare in Latin America (Cambridge, Mass., 1974). Ernesto Mayans, ed., Tupamaros: antologia documental (Cuernavaca, 1971) is an excellent collection of the main documents on the urban guerrilla in Uruguay.
35. A. Guillen, Estrategia de la guerrilla urbana (Montevideo, 1966), 63; quoted in Donald C. Hodges, ed., Philosophy of the Urban Guerrilla (New York, 1973), 236.
36. A. Guillen, El pueblo en armas: estrategia revolucionaria (unpublished, 1972), quoted in Hodges, 257-258.
37. Hodges, loc. cit., 241.
38. Hodges, loc. cit., 263-277.
39. Carlos Marighela, For the Liberation of Brazil (London, 1971), 178-182.
40. Ibid., 47.
41. R. Moss, op. cit., 395.
42. Joao Quartin, Dictatorship and Armed Struggle in Brazil (New York, 1971), 194-195·
43. Minimanual, in Marighela, op. cit., 81.
44. More books and articles have been written about the Tupamaros than about any other Latin American guerrilla movement. The most important are, in addition to Mayans's collection of documents mentioned above: A. Mercader and Jorge de Vega, Tupamaros: estrategia y acción (Montevideo, 1969); Alain Labrousse, The Tupamaros (London, 1973); Maria Esther Gilio, The Tupamaros (London, 1972).
45. Originally published in the Chilean journal Punto Final and frequently reprinted. Quoted here from Kohl and Litt, op. cit., 227-236.
46. Interview with "Urbano," Kohl and Litt, op. cit., 268.
47. Debray, Les Epreuves de Feu, loc. cit., 277. This is a variation on one of Debray's favorite theses, first pronounced in the 1960s about the revolu-tionarization by the revolutionaries of the counterrevolution,
48. Freedom Struggle, "By the Provisional IRA" (n,p., 1973), n.
49. Patxi Isaba, Euzkadi Socialiste (Paris, 1971), 98. See also Ortzi, Historia de Euskadi (Paris, 1975).
50. Pierre Vallières, Nègres blancs d'Amerique (Montreal, 1969).
51. A. Schubert, ed., "Das Konzept Stadtguerrilla," Stadtguerrilla (Berlin, 1971), 111. See also Holger, der Kampf geht weiter, Dokumente und Beitraege zum Konzept Stadtguerrilla (Gaiganz, 1975).
52. Kollektiv RAF, Uber den bewaffneten Kampf in Westeuropa (Berlin, 1971), 47.
53. Schubert, op. cit., 137.
54. H. J. Müller-Borchert, Guerilla im Industriestaat (Hamburg, 1973), 108.
55. Erklärungen von Horst Mahler (Rote Hilfe, Berlin, 1974), 8.
56. Jerry Rubin, Do it. Scenario of the Revolution (New York, 1970), 125.
57. "Communiqué No. 1" in Harold Jacobs, ed., Weatherman (Berkeley, 1970), 125·
58. Scanlans (January, 1971), 15; The Berkeley Barb (15 February 1974).
59. "Communiqué No. 4" in Jacobs, op. cit., 518.
60. Scanlans, loc. cit., 14.
61. Philip S. Foner, ed., The Black Panther Speaks (New York, 1970), 107, 122.
62. Eldridge Cleaver, On the Ideology of the Black Panther Party (n.p., n.d.), 11.
63. Break de Chains (New York, 1973), 14.
64. Break de Chains, op. cit., 11-12.
65. Frantz Fanon, Pour la révolution Africaine (Paris, 1969), 186.
66. F. Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth (London, 1967), 64.
67. Irene L. Gendzier, Frantz Fanon (New York, 1973), 203.
68. Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth, log.
69. Jack Woddis, New Theories of Revolution (London, 1972), 174.
70. Nguyen Nghe, "Fanon et les problèmes de l'indépendence," La Pensée (February 1963).
71. Ronald H. Chilcote, "The Political Thought of Amilcar Cabral," Journal of Modern African Studies, 3 (1968), 386.
72. Amilcar Cabral, Revolution in Guinea (London, 1969), 51.
73. Speech in Havana, January 1966, reprinted in L'Arme de la Théorie, I (Paris, 1975) and in Portuguese Colonies: Victory or Death (Havana, 1971), 133.
74. Gerard Chaliand, Armed Struggle in Africa (New York, 1969), 114.
75. A. Cabral, Unité et lutte, II, La pratique révolutionnaire (Paris, 1975), 195 et seq.
76. Havana speech, loc. cit.: see also Amilcar Cabral, Die Revolution der Verdammten (Berlin, 1974), 88.
77. Amar Ouzegane, Le meilleur combat (Paris, 1962), 300.
78. El Moudjahid (15 November 1957), quoted in André Mandouze, ed., La révolution algérienne paries textes (Paris, 1961), 132.
79. This refers, for instance, to Mustafa Talas, Harb al isabat (Damascus, n.d.), which was published in several editions. Talas later became the chief of staff of the Syrian army. His book was dedicated to Guevara.
80. Y. Harkabi, Fedayeen Action and Arab Strategy (London, 1968), 14.
81. Harkabi, op. cit., 18.
82. Hisham Sharabi, Palestine Guerrillas (Washington, 1970), 32.
83. Min muntalaqat al amal al fidai (Amman, 1967), 67.
84. Walid Kazziha, Revolutionary Transformation in the Arab World (London, 1975). 54·
85. The basic ideological texts of the various groups are readily available in many editions; they were systematically reproduced in the Journal of Palestine Studies, Beirut. A convenient collection is Bichara et Nairn Khader, ed., Textes de la révolution palestinienne (Paris, 1975). Among the more important descriptive accounts are Gerard Challiant, La résistance palestinienne (Paris, 1970); John K. Cooley
, Green March, Black September (London, 1973); Ehud Yaari, Strike Terror (New York, 1970); Edgar O'Ballance, Arab Guerrilla Power (1967-1972) (London, 1973). The central theoretical issues are discussed in books by Naji Alush, Elias Murgus and Anis Qasim (in Arabic) and Y. Harkabi (in Hebrew).
86. Rolf Tophoven, Fedayin, Guerrilla ohne Grenzen (Bonn, 1973), 109. Fatah alone received 80-85 million in 1973; the Libyan government gave 30 million.
87. Peter Paret and John W. Shy, "Guerrilla Warfare and U.S. Military Policy," in Τ. N. Greene, The Guerrilla and How to Fight Him (New York, 1962), 37.
88. Kwame Nkrumah, Handbook of Revolutionary Warfare (London, 1968).
89. Abdul Haris Nasution, Fundamentals of Guerrilla Warfare (London, 1965), 55, 73·
90. Ibid., 17.
91. General Grivas, Guerrilla Warfare and Eoka's Struggle (London, 1964), 73.
92. Ibid., 74.
93. World Marxist Review (May 1964).
94. William J. Pomeroy, op. cit., 34.
95. Lin Piao, "Long live the Victory of People's War," People's Daily (August 1966); Peking Review (3 September 1966).
96. Peter van Ness, Revolution and Chinese Foreign Policy (Berkeley, 1971), 7.
97. The Polemic on the General Line of the International Communist Movement (Peking, 1965), 15.
98. Roger Trinquier, Modern Warfare (London, 1964), 6.
99. Otto Heilbrunn, Partisan, Warfare (London, 1962), 40.
100. Kenneth W. Grundy, Guerrilla Struggle in Africa (New York, 1971), 42.
101. R. Trinquier, La guerre moderne (Paris, 1959); G. Bonnet, Les guerres insurrectionelles et révolutionnaires (Paris, 1958), as well as the books and articles by Chassin, Souyris, Nemo, Lacheroy, Rocquigny, Hogard and others.
102. Peter Paret, French Revolutionary Warfare from Indochina to Algeria (New York, 1964), 7.
103. Captain Souyris in Revue militaire d'information (October, 1958), 38.
104. For a discussion of the revolutionary war doctrine, J. S. Ambler, The French Army in Politics (Columbus, 1966), 308-336.
105. Ximenes (pseud.) in Revue militaire d'information (August-September 1958), 27-40.
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