The Lost Boys
Page 45
18 ‘“I heard”’ Paviotti, op. cit., p. 379
19 ‘“The seven crew”’ ibid., p. 377
20 ‘“The Osoppo’s work”’ Fey Pirzio-Biroli to Santa Hercolani, 26 May 1944, private family archive
21 ‘“The word ‘partigiani’”’ Paviotti, op. cit., p. 402
22 ‘Painted black’ Enrico Barbina, The Modified Liberators, B-24J 42-51778, Lt Solomon’s aircrew, thesolomoncrew.com
23 ‘Codenamed Coolant’ David Stafford, Mission Accomplished: SOE and Italy 1943–1945 (Vintage, 2012), pp. 133–43
24 ‘Jumping from’ Harry Hargreaves, ‘The Sermon Mission to Friuli’, No. 1 Special Force and the Italian Resistance (Federazione Italiana Associazioni Partigiane/Special Forces Club, 1990), vol. 2, p. 167
25 ‘“Never remain”’ 1 Special Force Reports from Missions, WO 204/7301, The National Archives
26 ‘Facing this’ Major Hedley Vincent’s Mission Report, WO 106/3929, The National Archives
27 ‘“The execution”’ ibid.
28 ‘It was Vincent’ Stafford, op. cit., p. 137
29 ‘Typically’ ibid.
30 ‘As one SOE officer’ Patrick Martin Smith, unpublished memoir, Private Papers of Captain P. G. B. Martin-Smith, Documents 16757, Imperial War Museum
31 ‘The villagers’ Stafford, op. cit., p. 138
32 ‘… “with freefalling”’ Hargreaves, op. cit., p. 169
33 ‘“One of my most”’ David Godwin, ‘The British Mission to East Friuli’, No. 1 Special Force and the Italian Resistance, op. cit., p. 177
34 ‘Throughout July’ 1 Special Force Reports from Missions, WO 106/3929, WO 204/7301, HS 6/850, The National Archives
13
1 ‘… “in her isolation”’ The Ulrich von Hassell Diaries (Frontline Books, 2011), p. 238
2 ‘He refused to visit hospitals’ Michael Baigent and Richard Leigh, Secret Germany: Claus von Stauffenberg and the Mystical Crusade Against Hitler (Jonathan Cape, 1994), p. 34
3 ‘“It is tragic”’ ibid.
4 ‘As the country’s military might’ ibid.
5 ‘… “desperately isolated attempts”’ The Ulrich von Hassell Diaries, op. cit., p. 191
6 ‘… “the only one”’ Ilse von Hassell, unpublished memoir, undated, private family archive
7 ‘Working late’ Baigent and Leigh, op. cit., p. 9
8 ‘“A man who doesn’t”’ obituary, Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist, Daily Telegraph, 13 March 2013
9 ‘“Today, please”’ quoted in Eberhard Zeller, The Flame of Freedom (Oswald Wolff, 1967), p. 267
10 ‘At the end of 1943’ Ilse von Hassell, op. cit.
11 ‘At six in the’ Roger Manvell and Heinrich Fraenkel, The July Plot (The Bodley Head, 1964), p. 101
12 ‘Of the same type’ ibid.; Baigent and Leigh, op. cit., p. 43
13 ‘A gloomy, forbidding’ Baigent and Leigh, op. cit., p. 34
14 ‘The first gate’ Zeller, op. cit., p. 301
15 ‘The bunkers here’ ibid.
16 ‘With only fifteen minutes’ Baigent and Leigh, op. cit., p. 43
17 ‘… “busy with a wrapped parcel”’ ibid.
18 ‘Whereas the subterranean’ Zeller, op. cit., p. 303
19 ‘… “catch everything”’ quoted in Baigent and Leigh, op. cit., p. 44
20 ‘… “parade ground”’ ibid., p. 46
21 ‘“Colonel Count”’ quoted in Zeller, op. cit., p. 304
22 ‘“You heard”’ ibid.
14
1 ‘“My comrades”’ Eberhard Zeller, The Flame of Freedom (Oswald Wolff, 1967), p. 341
2 ‘Hitler had escaped’ Roger Manvell and Heinrich Fraenkel, The July Plot (The Bodley Head, 1964), p. 119; Zeller, op. cit., p. 336
3 ‘“The door was”’ Zeller, op. cit., p. 336
4 ‘Guiding Mussolini’ Manvell and Fraenkel, op. cit., p. 120
5 ‘“When I reflect”’ ibid.
6 ‘“Probably only”’ ibid., pp. 156–7
7 ‘“No military authority”’ Zeller, op. cit., p. 342
8 ‘“I shall crush”’ Eugen Dollmann, With Hitler and Mussolini: Memoirs of a Nazi Interpreter (Skyhorse Publishing, 2017), p. 323
9 ‘In the last week’ Umberto Paviotti, Udine sotto l’occupazione Tedesca, ed. Tiziano Sguazzero (Istituto Friulano per la Storia del Movimento di Liberazione, 2009), p. 426
10 ‘“Udine is paved”’ Fey Pirzio-Biroli to Santa Hercolani, 29 July 1944, private family archive
11 ‘Shocked by the extent’ David Stafford, Mission Accomplished: SOE and Italy 1943–1945 (Vintage, 2012), p. 139
12 ‘He knew that’ Corrado Pirzio-Biroli, conversation with author, October 2018
13 ‘“My guests”’ Fey Pirzio-Biroli to Santa Hercolani, 30 August 1944, private family archive
15
1 ‘“There goes someone”’ quoted in Roger Manvell and Heinrich Fraenkel, The July Plot (The Bodley Head, 1964), p. 173
2 ‘“His head”’ ibid.
3 ‘It was around’ Ilse von Hassell, unpublished memoir, undated, private family archive
4 ‘The sculptress’ Wolf Ulrich von Hassell, quoted in The Ulrich von Hassell Diaries (Frontline Books, 2011), p. 242
5 ‘“My death is certain”’ ibid.
6 ‘“One method was”’ Fabian von Schlabrendorff, The Secret War Against Hitler (Hodder & Stoughton, 1966), pp. 311–14
7 ‘“One night”’ ibid.
8 ‘“A prison cell”’ Wolf Ulrich von Hassell, op. cit., p. 243
9 ‘He typed’ Ilse von Hassell, op. cit.
10 ‘“You can lead”’ Wolf Ulrich von Hassell, op. cit.
11 ‘… “facilitate mercy”’ Martin Bormann to Chef der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD, 2 September 1944, NS6/25, Bundesarchiv Berlin
12 ‘One of the German’ Gregor Schöllgen, A Conservative Against Hitler (St Martin’s Press, 1991), p. 119
13 ‘“When he was addressed”’ Helmut Schmidt, Was Ich Noch Sagen Wollte (C. H. Beck, 2015), pp. 53–7
14 ‘“The whole trial”’ ibid.
15 ‘“He followed”’ ibid.
16 ‘“If a government”’ Joachim Mehlhausen (ed.), Zeugen des Widerstands (Mohr Siebeck, 1998), p. 64
17 ‘“My beloved”’ The Ulrich von Hassell Diaries, op. cit., p. 241
18 ‘… “hanged like animals”’ Marion Gräfin Dönhoff, ‘Um der Ehre willen’: Erinnerungen an die Freunde vom 20. Juli (Siedler, 1994), pp. 10–12
19 ‘The widows’ ibid.
20 ‘The method of execution’ Michael Baigent and Richard Leigh, Secret Germany: Claus von Stauffenberg and the Mystical Crusade Against Hitler (Jonathan Cape, 1994), p. 63
21 ‘“Not a single”’ quoted in Baigent and Leigh, op. cit., p. 63
22 ‘The utter’ Manvell and Fraenkel, op. cit., p. 198
23 ‘“Imagine a room”’ ibid., pp. 198–9
16
1 ‘According to this’ Michael Baigent and Richard Leigh, Secret Germany: Claus von Stauffenberg and the Mystical Crusade Against Hitler (Jonathan Cape, 1994), p. 60
2 ‘The following weeks’ Robert Loeffel, ‘Sippenhaft, Terror and Fear in Nazi Germany’, Contemporary European History, vol. 16, issue 1 (2007), p. 56
3 ‘More than 180’ ibid.
4 ‘Saint Maria di Rosa’ ‘Spiritual Life’, Catholic Herald, 9 December 2010
5 ‘“I can’t go”’ ibid.
6 ‘In founding the order’ ibid.
17
1 ‘Along the ridge’ Major Hedley Vincent’s Mission Report, WO 106/3929, The National Archives; Umberto Paviotti, Udine sotto l’occupazione Tedesca, ed. Tiziano Sguazzero (Istituto Friulano per la Storia del Movimento di Liberazione, 2009), pp. 465–73
2 ‘“Dearest Fey”’ Santa Hercolani to Fey Pirzio-Biroli, 16 September 1944, quoted in Fey von Hassell and David Forbes-Watt, A Mother’s War (John Murray, 1990), p. 96
3 ‘The Nazis had even’ Robert E. Conot, Justice at Nur
emberg (Carroll & Graf, 1993), p. 300
18
1 ‘“The blow which”’ Major Hedley Vincent’s Mission Report, WO 106/3929, The National Archives
2 ‘Only by deploying’ ibid.
3 ‘In recent months’ ibid.
4 ‘… “certain reliable”’ ibid.
5 ‘“It seems possible”’ ibid.
6 ‘WE ARE AT CRAVERO’ No. 1 Special Force: operation instructions, situation reports, intelligence reports by agents, partisan activities etc., WO 204/7295, The National Archives
7 ‘After the partisans’ War Crimes Investigation conducted in the Nimis/Subit area by Section 77 Special Investigation Branch of the Corps of Military Police, Testimonies of the local priest, captured SS soldiers, and Allied prisoners of war, May–August 1945, WO 311/1267, The National Archives
19
1 ‘Upwards of’ Wilfried Beimrohr, ‘“Gegnerbekämpfung”: Die Staatspolizeistelle Innsbruck der Gestapo’, in Rolf Steininger and Sabine Pitscheider (eds), Tirol und Vorarlberg in der NS-Zeit (Studien Verlag, 2002)
2 ‘Answering directly to Berlin’ ibid.
3 ‘The various departments’ Final Interrogation Report, Busch, Friedrich Heinrich, Assistant Gestapo Chief of Innsbruck, 15 September 1945, 307th Counter Intelligence Corps Detachment, RG263, Entry ZZ-8, Box 34, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington DC
4 ‘But the bulk’ Beimrohr, op. cit.
5 ‘“There was no”’ Friedrich Busch, RG263, Entry ZZ-8, Box 34, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington DC
6 ‘Aged forty-one’ Deputy Theater Judge Advocate Office, 7708 War Crimes Group, United States Forces, 24 March 1947, Records of the Central Intelligence Agency, RG263, Entry ZZ-18, Box 34
7 ‘In the summer’ ibid.
8 ‘Aged forty’ ibid.
9 ‘The majority were’ Beimrohr, op. cit.
10 ‘One of the chief interrogators’ Gerald Schwab, OSS Agents in Hitler’s Heartland: Destination Innsbruck (Praeger, 1996), p. 114
11 ‘“Don’t be stupid”’ ibid.
12 ‘Trussing the prisoner’ ibid., p. 117
21
1 ‘A slim, stylish’ Robert Loeffel, Family Punishment in Nazi Germany: Sippenhaft, Terror and Myth (Palgrave Macmillan, 2012), p. 145
2 ‘They included’ ibid., p. 128
3 ‘The Kuhns’ son’ Peter Hoffmann, ‘Major Joachim Kuhn: Explosives Purveyor to Stauffenberg and Stalin’s Prisoner’, German Studies Review, vol. 28, no. 3 (October 2005), pp. 519–46
22
1 ‘“Mika” was’ Robert Loeffel, Family Punishment in Nazi Germany: Sippenhaft, Terror and Myth (Palgrave Macmillan, 2012), pp. 142–3
2 ‘Irma’ Irma Goerdeler, Statement to S.I.B., Royal Military Police, Capri, 6 June 1945, WO 328/6, The National Archives
3 ‘Walks, however’ Valerie Riedesel, Freifrau zu Eisenbach, Geisterkinder: Fünf Geschwister in Himmlers Sippenhaft (SCM Hänssler, 2017), p. 130
4 ‘The lack of logic’ ibid., p. 137
5 ‘As Professor’ Clare Mulley, The Women Who Flew for Hitler: The True Story of Hitler’s Valkyries (Macmillan, 2017), p. 72
6 ‘They had met’ ibid., p. 19
7 ‘The work, testing’ ibid., pp. 115–18
23
1 ‘“This man felt”’ Krzysztof Dunin-Wąsowicz, Obóz koncentracyjny Stutthof (Wydawnictwo Morskie, 1966), pp. 83ff.
24
1 ‘“It was a gigantic”’ Trudi Birger with Jeffrey M. Green, A Daughter’s Gift of Love: A Holocaust Memoir (The Jewish Publication Society, 1992), p. 21
2 ‘Surrounded by water’ Stutthof, Holocaust Education and Archive Research Team, www.HolocaustResearchProject.org
3 ‘The camp’ Marek Orski, ‘The Extermination of the Stutthof Concentration Camp Prisoners Using the Poisonous Cyclone B Gas’ (Oranienburg, 2008), pp. 1–2
4 ‘… thirty new barracks’ Holocaust Education and Archive Research Team, op. cit.
5 ‘“There were so many”’ Gregori Semenjaka, quoted in Janina Grabowska, ‘K. L. Stutthof: Ein historischer Abriss’, in Hermann Kuhn (ed.), Stutthof: Ein Konzentrationslager vor den Toren Danzigs (Edition Temmen, 1995), p. 121
6 ‘Some 47,000 prisoners’ Andrej Angrick and Peter Klein, The ‘Final Solution’ in Riga: Exploitation and Annihilation, 1941–1944 (Berghahn Books, 2009), p. 417
7 ‘“They stretched”’ Kuhn, op. cit., p. 190
8 ‘The mass killings’ Krzysztof Dunin-Wąsowicz, Obóz koncentracyjny Stutthof (Wydawnictwo Morskie, 1966), pp. 83ff.
9 ‘In the four months’ Angrick and Klein, op. cit., p. 417
10 ‘“We reeked”’ Birger with Green, op. cit., p. 18
11 ‘When the trains’ ibid., pp. 20–1
12 ‘On most transports’ Holocaust Education and Archive Research Team, op. cit.
13 ‘“After they had”’ Schoschana Rabinovici, Thanks to My Mother (Puffin Books, 2000), pp. 190–1
14 ‘According to one’ Angrick and Klein, op. cit., p. 426
15 ‘“No one wanted to”’ Birger with Green, op. cit., pp. 17–19
16 ‘“We had to show”’ Maria Rolnikaite, quoted in Kuhn, op. cit., p. 142
17 ‘“There was one”’ quoted in Orski, op. cit., p. 19
18 ‘“He looked”’ Birger with Green, op. cit., p. 18
19 ‘“The death sentences”’ Dunin-Wąsowicz, op. cit.
20 ‘“Once it happened”’ ibid.
21 ‘As SS officer’ statement by Albert Petlikau, quoted in Angrick and Klein, op. cit., p. 423
22 ‘“Every day”’ Dunin-Wąsowicz, op. cit.
23 ‘“I don’t want”’ Birger with Green, op. cit., p. 144
24 ‘While camp’ Orski, op. cit., pp. 2–3
25 ‘Former SS’ testimony of Hans Rach during the Stutthof Trials in Gdańsk, 1947, AK-IPN SO Gd. Ref. 78
26 ‘Prisoners were expected’ Gregori Semenjaka, quoted in Kuhn, op. cit., p. 121
27 ‘At night’ Birger with Green, op. cit., p. 142
28 ‘Outlining this’ 21 June 1944, NS 19/4014, Bl. 167–8, Bundesarchiv Berlin
29 ‘“From experience”’ Rabinovici, op. cit., p. 195
30 ‘Every morning’ Orski, op. cit., p. 18
31 ‘“The toilets”’ Rabinovici, op. cit., p. 194
32 ‘They slept’ Gregori Semenjaka, quoted in Kuhn, op. cit., p. 122
33 ‘“The guards had”’ Erna Valk, quoted in Kuhn, op. cit., p. 149
34 ‘… “sucked on like”’ quoted in Angrick and Klein, op. cit., p. 424, from a statement by Zbroja, 28 March 1968, 407 AR 91/65, BD. 7, Bundesarchiv Ludwigsburg
35 ‘A number of women’ Rabinovici, op. cit., p. 198
36 ‘“There were several”’ Maria Rolnikaite, quoted in Kuhn, op. cit., p. 143
37 ‘“This was harder”’ Birger with Green, op. cit., pp. 110–11
38 ‘“I would say”’ statement by Otto Knott, 24 September 1975, 407 AR 91/65, BD. 6, Bundesarchiv Ludwigsburg
39 ‘“The camp doctors”’ Maria Rolnikaite, quoted in Kuhn, op. cit., p. 143
40 ‘“They made us”’ ibid., p. 144
41 ‘So terrible were’ Angrick and Klein, op. cit., p. 426
42 ‘“Morning after morning”’ Rabinovici, op. cit., pp. 200–1
43 ‘“The fires were lit”’ Orski, op. cit., pp. 5–6
25
1 ‘“The Germans put”’ Schoschana Rabinovici, Thanks to My Mother (Puffin Books, 2000), p. 199
2 ‘As she and her’ Valerie Riedesel, Freifrau zu Eisenbach, Geisterkinder: Fünf Geschwister in Himmlers Sippenhaft (SCM Hänssler, 2017), pp. 173–7
3 ‘“Please read all”’ ibid., p. 177
26
1 ‘… a force of’ Ian Kershaw, The End: Germany 1944–45 (Penguin Books, 2003), pp. 168–9
2 ‘The temperature’ Antony Beevor, Berlin: The Downfall 1945 (Penguin Books, 2003), p. 17
3 ‘Slogans, painted’ ibid.
&nbs
p; 4 ‘“A blind feeling”’ quoted in Ian Kershaw, op. cit., p. 180
5 ‘… “to strike such terror”’ quoted in Ulrich Merten, Forgotten Voices: The Expulsion of the Germans from Eastern Europe after World War II (Routledge, 2012), p. 3
6 ‘“Zabashtansky called”’ Major Lev Koplev, No Jail for Thought (Secker & Warburg, 1977), p. 52
7 ‘Etched into the’ Richard Bessel, Germany 1945: From War to Peace (Simon & Schuster, 2010), p. 71; Karl Potrek, German Displaced Persons Association, 1953
8 ‘Even by East Prussian’ Kershaw, op. cit., p. 177
9 ‘“Panic grips”’ ibid.
10 ‘“It was sad”’ Lore Ehrich, quoted in Theodor Schieder, Documents on the Expulsion of the Germans from East-Central Europe (Federal Administration for Expellees, Refugees and War Victims, 1960–1), pp. 135–6
11 ‘Columns kept’ Beevor, op. cit., p. 47
12 ‘Some carts’ ibid.
13 ‘“Dear Papa!”’ ibid., p. 37
14 ‘“The entire contents”’ Antony Beevor, The Second World War (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2014), pp. 829–30
15 ‘With black paint’ ibid., p. 830
16 ‘“German villages”’ Lieutenant Gennady Klimenko, quoted in Max Hastings, Armageddon: The Battle for Germany 1944–45 (Macmillan, 2004), p. 308
17 ‘“Even the trees”’ Beevor, Berlin: The Downfall 1945, op. cit., p. 33
18 ‘“Germans abandoned”’ Beevor, The Second World War, op. cit., p. 31
19 ‘“The roads were”’ ibid., p. 827
20 ‘“As far as”’ ibid., pp. 827–8
21 ‘“I took”’ ibid., p. 828
22 ‘“Bullets and”’ ‘Paying with Life and Limb for the Crimes of Nazi Germany’, Der Spiegel, 27 May 2011
23 ‘“The ice was”’ Merten, op. cit., p. 44
24 ‘“During the very”’ Schieder, op. cit., p. 140
27
1 ‘“The icy wind”’ Meta Vannas, quoted in Hermann Kuhn (ed.), Stutthof: Ein Konzentrationslager vor den Toren Danzigs (Edition Temmen, 1995), p. 152