The Lost Boys
Page 46
2 ‘Forty-one columns’ Andrej Angrick and Peter Klein, The ‘Final Solution’ in Riga: Exploitation and Annihilation, 1941–1944 (Berghahn Books, 2009), p. 424
3 ‘Rations, consisting’ Meta Vannas, quoted in Kuhn, op. cit., p. 152
4 ‘“Oh this awful”’ Lore Ehrich, quoted in Theodor Schieder, Documents on the Expulsion of the Germans from East-Central Europe (Federal Administration for Expellees, Refugees and War Victims, 1960–1), p. 141
5 ‘“Snow, frost”’ Schoschana Rabinovici, Thanks to My Mother (Puffin Books, 2000), pp. 202–5
6 ‘“We got the order”’ ibid., p. 207
28
1 ‘“We had to”’ Anna-Luise von Hofacker, ‘Unsere Gefängniszeit’, unpublished memoir, private family archive
2 ‘“Kupfer had a go”’ ibid.
3 ‘An estimated 4,500’ Andrej Angrick and Peter Klein, The ‘Final Solution’ in Riga: Exploitation and Annihilation, 1941–1944 (Berghahn Books, 2009), p. 426
4 ‘On 30 January’ ibid., p. 425
29
1 ‘“In the camp”’ Marie-Gabriele Schenk Gräfin von Stauffenberg, Aufzeichnungen aus unserer Sippenhaft 20. Juli 1944 bis 19. Juni 1945 (Haus der Geschichte Baden-Württemberg, Der neue Blick, 2015), p. 97
2 ‘The punishment regime’ Stuart B. T. Emmett, Strafvollzugslager der SS und Polizei: Himmler’s Wartime Institutions for the Detention of Waffen-SS and Polizei Criminals (Fonthill, 2017), pp. 170–1
3 ‘Himmler, on becoming’ in a speech at Bad Tölz to SS Group Leaders, 18 February 1937
4 ‘“If this remains”’ ibid.
5 ‘… “this plague”’ ibid.
6 ‘Of these’ ‘Persecution of Homosexuals in the Third Reich’, website of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
7 ‘At Matzkau’ Emmett, op. cit., p. 152
8 ‘“February 5”’ Marie-Gabriele Schenk Gräfin von Stauffenberg, op. cit., p. 98
30
1 ‘“Our fear of”’ Marie-Gabriele Schenk Gräfin von Stauffenberg, Aufzeichnungen aus unserer Sippenhaft 20. Juli 1944 bis 19. Juni 1945 (Haus der Geschichte Baden-Württemberg, Der neue Blick, 2015), p. 99
2 ‘It was the first’ Ulrich Merten, Forgotten Voices: The Expulsion of the Germans from Eastern Europe after World War II (Routledge, 2012), p. 45
3 ‘In the space of’ Antony Beevor, Berlin: The Downfall 1945 (Penguin Books, 2003), p. 49
4 ‘The Gustloff was’ ibid., p. 51
5 ‘“Hanging around”’ Marie-Gabriele Schenk Gräfin von Stauffenberg, op. cit., pp. 99–100
6 ‘“After some adjustment”’ ibid., p. 101
7 ‘“Departure still always”’ ibid., p. 102
8 ‘“Heavy tanks”’ Isa Vermehren, Reise durch den letzten Akt: Ravensbrück, Buchenwald, Dachau. Eine Frau Berichtet (Rowohlt Taschenbuch Verlag, 1979), p. 181
9 ‘“Papa goes”’ Marie-Gabriele Schenk Gräfin von Stauffenberg, op. cit., p. 104
31
1 ‘In the early’ William L. Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich (Pan Books, 1964), pp. 170–83
2 ‘After resigning from’ Fritz Thyssen, I Paid Hitler (Hodder & Stoughton, 1941), pp. 39–42
3 ‘While, in the spring’ Nigel Jones, Countdown to Valkyrie: The July Plot to Assassinate Hitler (Frontline Books, 2008), p. 92
4 ‘Though Halder’ Peter Hoffmann, The History of the German Resistance 1933–1945 (McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2001), pp. 513, 530
5 ‘“I was in the”’ Léon Blum, quoted in Hans-Günter Richardi, SS-Geiseln in der Alpenfestung (Edition Raetia, 2015), p. 82
6 ‘“There are no”’ ibid., p. 83
7 ‘… “bandage the victims”’ Dietrich Bonhoeffer, speaking to a group of Berlin pastors on ‘The Church and the Jewish Question’, April 1933
8 ‘Bonhoeffer had’ see Hugh Mallory Falconer, The Gestapo’s Most Improbable Hostage (Pen and Sword Aviation, 2018); Hoffmann, op. cit.; Captain S. Payne Best, The Venlo Incident (Frontline Books, 2009).
9 ‘There were no’ Psychological Warfare Division, Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Forces, The Buchenwald Report, translated and edited by David A. Hackett (Westview Press, 1995), p. 77
10 ‘Hunger, illness’ Valerie Riedesel, Freifrau zu Eisenbach, Geisterkinder: Fünf Geschwister in Himmlers Sippenhaft (SCM Hänssler, 2017), p. 206
11 ‘In the first three’ Clare Mulley, The Women Who Flew for Hitler: The True Story of Hitler’s Valkyries (Macmillan, 2017), p. 298
12 ‘Of approximately 80,000’ The Buchenwald Report, op. cit., p. 138. At the last roll call at the camp, on 3 April 1945, there were 80,900 prisoners.
13 ‘Encompassing’ ibid., pp. 90ff.
14 ‘The prisoners lived’ ibid., pp. 45ff.
15 ‘… 850 children’ ibid., pp. 8, 89
16 ‘“Let’s have the birds”’ ibid., pp. 68–7
17 ‘Blocks 46’ ibid., pp. 71–4
18 ‘In one experiment’ General George S. Patton, War As I Knew It (Houghton Mifflin, 1947), p. 301
19 ‘Trials to “cure”’ The Buchenwald Report, op. cit., p. 79
20 ‘One SS surgeon’ ibid., p. 229
21 ‘Another drug’ Vivien Spitz, Doctors from Hell: The Horrific Account of Nazi Experiments on Humans (Sentient Publications, 2005), p. 210
22 ‘Challenged at’ ibid., p. 209
23 ‘Between Block 46’ The Buchenwald Report, op. cit., p. 73
24 ‘“Women in”’ ‘Concentration Camp Bordellos’, Der Spiegel, 25 June 2009
25 ‘Eighteen young girls’ The Buchenwald Report, op. cit., p. 73
26 ‘“I was never”’ Matthias Wegner, Ein weites Herz: Die zwei Leben der Isa Vermehren (Ullstein, 2004), p. 172
27 ‘“Fear and anxiety”’ ibid.
28 ‘“What I became aware”’ ibid., p. 171
29 ‘“There was a special”’ Isa Vermehren, Allied Forces Headquarters (Central Mediterranean), Statements by Former Political Prisoners, Second World War, WO 328/41, The National Archives
30 ‘“Man’s inhumanity”’ TV interview with Volker Kühn for Zeugen des Jahrhunderts, ZDF, 2001
31 ‘“The days without”’ Anna-Luise von Hofacker, ‘Unsere Gefängniszeit’, unpublished memoir, private family archive
32
1 ‘To support this’ Anna-Luise von Hofacker, ‘Unsere Gefängniszeit’, unpublished memoir, private family archive
2 ‘Reading the letters’ ibid.
3 ‘Lenz replied’ ibid.
4 ‘Officially’ see Clare Mulley, The Women Who Flew for Hitler: The True Story of Hitler’s Valkyries (Macmillan, 2017), p. 295
5 ‘“She was adamant”’ Gerhard Bracke, Melitta Gräfin Stauffenberg: Das Leben einer Fliegerin (Ullstein, 1993), p. 207
6 ‘Rather than’ Mulley, op. cit., p. 300
7 ‘Before leaving’ ibid.
8 ‘“It was very secret”’ ibid., p. 301
9 ‘“Litta looked”’ Bracke, op. cit., p. 207
10 ‘Litta knew’ Mulley, op. cit., p. 301
11 ‘… “Flying Angel”’ ibid.
12 ‘We waited’ Hofacker, op. cit.
13 ‘“It made the barrack”’ Marie-Gabriele Schenk Gräfin von Stauffenberg, Aufzeichnungen aus unserer Sippenhaft 20. Juli 1944 bis 19. Juni 1945 (Haus der Geschichte Baden-Württemberg, Der neue Blick, 2015), p. 109
14 ‘… Fräulein Knocke’ Isa Vermehren, Reise durch den letzten Akt: Ravensbrück, Buchenwald, Dachau. Eine Frau Berichtet (Rowohlt Taschenbuch Verlag, 1979), pp. 193–7
15 ‘“pleasant-looking”’ Captain S. Payne Best, The Venlo Incident (Frontline Books, 2009), e-book, p. 510
16 ‘He boasted’ Horst Hoepner and Hermann Pünder, Allied Forces Headquarters (Central Mediterranean), Statements by Former Political Prisoners, Second World War, WO 328/14 and WO 328/30, The National Archives
17 ‘“He told me”’ Payne Best, op. cit., p. 524
18 ‘“I shall still”’ ibid., p. 553
19 ‘At dawn’ Psychological Warfare Division, Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Forces, The Buchenwald Report, translated and edited by David A. Hackett (Westview Press, 1995), p. 326
20 ‘“This has been”’ Payne Best, op. cit., p. 555
21 ‘“Pure rage”’ Vermehren, op. cit., p. 194
22 ‘“From the heavy”’ ibid.
23 ‘“First of all”’ ibid.
24 ‘“SS men”’ ibid., p. 200
33
1 ‘“It was a hell”’ Captain S. Payne Best, The Venlo Incident (Frontline Books, 2009), e-book, p. 558
2 ‘“This man”’ ibid., p. 587
3 ‘“The pile of”’ ibid., p. 561
4 ‘“Someone recognised”’ ibid., p. 560
5 ‘Based at Dachau’ John J. Michalczyk (ed.), Medicine, Ethics and the Third Reich: Historical and Contemporary Issues (Rowman & Littlefield, 1994), p. 95
6 ‘“When they came”’ Payne Best, op. cit., p. 560
7 ‘“Really I have”’ ibid., p. 573
8 ‘“The target”’ Hugh Mallory Falconer, The Gestapo’s Most Improbable Hostage (Pen and Sword Aviation, 2018), p. 117
9 ‘“The warders”’ Payne Best, op. cit., p. 572
10 ‘“This nocturnal”’ Isa Vermehren, Reise durch den letzten Akt: Ravensbrück, Buchenwald, Dachau. Eine Frau Berichtet (Rowohlt Taschenbuch Verlag, 1979), p. 204
11 ‘“It was a”’ Payne Best, op. cit., p. 575
12 ‘“It was the”’ Falconer, op. cit., p. 121
13 ‘“The upshot”’ Anna-Luise von Hofacker, ‘Unsere Gefängniszeit’, unpublished memoir, private family archive
14 ‘“We lost no time”’ ibid.
15 ‘“Stiller, with most”’ Falconer, op. cit., p. 122
16 ‘“When the sun”’ Hofacker, op. cit.
17 ‘“The door was”’ Vermehren, op. cit., p. 206
18 ‘“Weather very windy”’ Marie-Gabriele Schenk Gräfin von Stauffenberg, Aufzeichnungen aus unserer Sippenhaft 20. Juli 1944 bis 19. Juni 1945 (Haus der Geschichte Baden-Württemberg, Der neue Blick, 2015), p. 110
19 ‘Staying low’ Clare Mulley, The Women Who Flew for Hitler: The True Story of Hitler’s Valkyries (Macmillan, 2017), p. 305
20 ‘A few hundred’ ibid.
21 ‘… “she was in”’ Gerhard Bracke, Melitta Gräfin Stauffenberg: Das Leben einer Fliegerin (Ullstein, 1993), p. 225
22 ‘… “a special operation”’ Mulley, op. cit., p. 309
23 ‘As she passed’ ibid., p. 311
24 ‘Lieutenant Thomas’ ibid.
25 ‘… “two salvos”’ ibid.
26 ‘A retired’ ibid.
27 ‘The two men’ ibid., p. 312
28 ‘Mysteriously’ Bracke, op. cit., p. 232
29 ‘“Masses of”’ Vermehren, op. cit., p. 211
30 ‘“More upsetting”’ ibid.
31 ‘“The anxiety over”’ Hofacker, op. cit.
32 ‘“Now, no more”’ Gräfin von Stauffenberg, op. cit., p. 116
33 ‘“Everywhere we look”’ ibid.
34
1 ‘… “the first concentration”’ ‘Dachau’, website of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
2 ‘Later, in 1938’ ibid.
3 ‘“Both men”’ Isa Vermehren, Reise durch den letzten Akt: Ravensbrück, Buchenwald, Dachau. Eine Frau Berichtet (Rowohlt Taschenbuch Verlag, 1979), p. 214
4 ‘He was very’ Captain S. Payne Best, The Venlo Incident (Frontline Books, 2009), e-book, p. 600
5 ‘“One could imagine”’ Lt Col Walter J. (Mickey) Fellenz, Commanding Officer, 1st Battalion, 22nd Regiment in a report to the Commanding General of the 42nd Division of the US 7th Army, 6 May 1945
6 ‘Arriving at Dachau’ Payne Best, op. cit., p. 648
7 ‘There was also’ see Sydney Smith, Wings Day (Collins, 1968); B. A. ‘Jimmy’ James, Moonless Night: The Second World War Escape Epic (Leo Cooper, 2002); Payne Best, op. cit.; Peter Churchill, The Spirit in the Cage (Hodder & Stoughton, 1954)
8 ‘The day before’ Richard Bessel, Germany 1945: From War to Peace (Pocket Books, 2010), p. 104
9 ‘TWO SPECIAL TRAINS’ Gerald Schwab, OSS Agents in Hitler’s Heartland: Destination Innsbruck (Praeger, 1996), p. 173
10 ‘HIMMLER ARRIVED’ ibid.
11 ‘Rohde, a brilliant’ Payne Best, op. cit., p. 611
12 ‘On the morning’ ibid., p. 627
13 ‘“Hour after hour”’ Payne Best, op. cit., p. 627
14 ‘… “other accommodation”’ ibid., p. 628
15 ‘GRUENWALDER HOF’ Schwab, op. cit., p. 173
16 ‘Recognizing that’ Roger Manvell and Heinrich Fraenkel, Heinrich Himmler: The Sinister Life of the Head of the SS and Gestapo (Greenhill Books, 2007), pp. 197–8; Peter Longerich, Heinrich Himmler (Oxford University Press, 2012), pp. 725–6
17 ‘“This accomplishment”’ Herma Briffault (ed.), The Memoirs of Doctor Felix Kersten (Doubleday, 1947), p. 228
18 ‘COUNT BERNADOTTE’ Himmler’s Meeting with Count Bernadotte, Sir Victor Mallet to the Foreign Office, 13 April 1945, PREM 3/197/6, The National Archives
19 ‘The senior’ ibid.
20 ‘“Himmler was”’ Peter Witte and Stephen Tyas, Himmler’s Diary 1945: A Calendar of Events Leading to Suicide (Fonthill Media, 2014), p. 143
21 ‘“Then the war”’ ibid., p. 144
22 ‘To Masur’s question’ Norbert Masur, cited in Gerald Reitlinger, The Final Solution (Vallentine, Mitchell, 1953), p. 521
23 ‘“Nobody has had”’ Briffault, op. cit., p. 288
24 ‘Masur asked’ W. Schellenberg, Memoirs (André Deutsch, 1956), p. 444
25 ‘… scheduled to’ Manvell and Fraenkel, op. cit., p. 233
26 ‘(1) COUNT’ Herschel V. Johnson, US Ambassador to Sweden, to the US Department of State, 25 April 1945, cited in Witte and Tyas, op. cit., p. 157
27 ‘“Himmler was still”’ Albert Speer, Inside the Third Reich, cited in Witte and Tyas, op. cit., p. 158
35
1 ‘Dusty tinsel’ Sydney Smith, Wings Day (Collins, 1968), p. 217
2 ‘… “every nook”’ Captain S. Payne Best, The Venlo Incident (Frontline Books, 2009), e-book, p. 637
3 ‘“He pointed out”’ ibid., p. 615
4 ‘“Sudden death”’ ibid., p. 546
5 ‘… “a position”’ Hugh Mallory Falconer, The Gestapo’s Most Improbable Hostage (Pen and Sword Aviation, 2018), p. 130
6 ‘“At about half past”’ ibid., pp. 131–2
7 ‘“The Americans”’ Kurt Schuschnigg, Austrian Requiem (Victor Gollancz, 1947), p. 237
8 ‘“The wildest”’ ibid.
9 ‘“We are waiting”’ ibid.
10 ‘“We all got”’ Payne Best, op. cit., p. 644
11 ‘… “the picture of”’ W. Schellenberg, Memoirs (André Deutsch, 1956), p. 445
12 ‘“Just as we”’ Payne Best, op. cit., p. 646
13 ‘“Around 10 to 15”’ Isa Vermehren, Reise durch den letzten Akt: Ravensbrück, Buchenwald, Dachau. Eine Frau Berichtet (Rowohlt Taschenbuch Verlag, 1979), p. 216
14 ‘“Rafforth was”’ ibid., p. 198
15 ‘German radio’ The Times, 24 April 1945
16 ‘Some 5,000 prisoners’ Hans-Günter Richardi, SS-Geiseln in der Alpenfestung (Edition Raetia, 2015), p. 152
17 ‘“Our departure”’ Schuschnigg, op. cit., p. 238
18 ‘“The sight of”’ Léon Blum, Le Dernier Mois (Éditions Diderot, 1946), pp. 67–71
19 ‘“The fact that”’ Vermehren, op. cit., p. 220
20 ‘“We fell into”’ ibid., p. 222
21 ‘“My mother”’ ibid., pp. 223–4
22 ‘“It was the”’ Payne Best, op. cit., p. 658
23 ‘“There was one”’ ibid., p. 663
24 ‘“The Prime Minister”’ Meeting of the War Cabinet, 25 April 1945, PREM 3/197/6, The National Archives
25 ‘The moment’ ibid.
27 ‘“His orders”’ Vermehren, op. cit., p. 227
28 ‘A GERMAN OFFER’ Count Folke Bernadotte, The Curtain Falls (Alfred A. Knopf, 1945), pp. 61–2
29 ‘“I was only”’ Schellenberg, op. cit., p. 452
36
1 ‘“We didn’t need”’ Peter Churchill, The Spirit in the Cage (Hodder & Stoughton, 1954), p. 211
2 ‘“We all got”’ Hugh Mallory Falconer, The Gestapo’s Most Improbable Hostage (Pen and Sword Aviation, 2018), p. 152
3 ‘“Germans in”’ ibid., p. 153
4 ‘… “had lost”’ B. A. ‘Jimmy’ James, Moonless Night: The Second World War Escape Epic (Leo Cooper, 2002), p. 182
5 ‘“As soon as”’ Falconer, op. cit., p. 152
6 ‘The day before’ Hans-Günter Richardi, SS-Geiseln in der Alpenfestung (Edition Raetia, 2015), p. 191
7 ‘The first was’ Sydney Smith, Wings Day (Collins, 1968), pp. 227–32
8 ‘But after the’ ibid., p. 228
9 ‘“I was by this”’ Captain S. Payne Best, The Venlo Incident (Frontline Books, 2009), e-book, p. 667
10 ‘“Slowly, the first”’ Kurt Schuschnigg, Austrian Requiem (Victor Gollancz, 1947), p. 240
11 ‘“A youngish”’ James, op. cit., p. 184
12 ‘While Stiller’ Smith, op. cit., p. 230
13 ‘“An attack”’ James, op. cit., p. 186
14 ‘“We had to”’ Fabian von Schlabrendorff, The Secret War Against Hitler (Pitman Publishing Corporation, 1966), p. 334
15 ‘“We discussed”’ Falconer, op. cit., p. 154
16 ‘It was not clear’ Schlabrendorff, op. cit., p. 333
17 ‘“Fritz was”’ Payne Best, op. cit., pp. 674–8
18 ‘“I don’t like”’ ibid., p. 677
19 ‘“You mustn’t touch”’ ibid.
20 ‘“This started him”’ ibid., p. 675
21 ‘… “160 prominent”’ Richardi, op. cit., p. 216
22 ‘… “convoy of Prominenten”’ James, op. cit., p. 189n