How to Think Politically
Page 23
My first serious study of political ideas began as an undergraduate at the University of Toronto with Ronald Beiner. He inspired my interest in the subject then, and he has been my model of what a scholar should be ever since.
Finally, and above all, I could not have asked for a better co-author, critic and friend than James Bernard Murphy.
James Bernard Murphy
I discovered political philosophy in 1976 in the Directed Studies Program at Yale University, where I also received my doctorate in 1990.
I am equally indebted to Dartmouth College, where I have had the privilege to teach political ideas to many brilliant students, who have challenged me, kept me honest about the limits of my knowledge and inspired me with their youthful passion. In particular, I wish to thank my students who proofread the manuscript of this book: Natalia McLaren, Katarina Nesic, Josie Pearce and Joseph Torsella.
No one has taught me more about political philosophy or about friendship than my co-author, Graeme Garrard.
I owe a deep debt of gratitude to my wife, Kirsten Giebutowski, who generously read my chapters. Whatever literary merits they may possess are due to her careful editing.
We have divided the thinkers profiled here equally between us, with James Murphy writing about all of the ancient and medieval authors (from Confucius to Aquinas) and some of the moderns and contemporaries (Hegel, Madison, Tocqueville, Gandhi, Qutb, Hayek, Nussbaum and Naess). Graeme Garrard wrote about the rest.
We are both very grateful to our agent, Jaime Marshall, and our Bloomsbury editor, Jamie Birkett, for their tremendous advice, encouragement and sagacity.
INDEX
abilities here, here, here
abortion here
Abrahamic religions here, here: see also Christianity; Islam; Judaism
absolutism here, here, here
action here, here, here
Acton, Lord here, here
Adams, John here, here
aesthetics here, here, here
Age of Reason, The (Paine) here
agreement here, here, here, here, here, here
ahimsa here
Albert the Great here
Alexander the Great here, here, here, here
Analects (Confucius) here, here, here
anarchists here, here
anarchy here, here
Anti-Christ, The (Nietzsche) here
anti-clericalism here
anti-Semitism here, here
Antigone (Sophocles) here
Apology, The (Plato) here
appeasement here
Aquinas, Thomas here, here, here, here
Arabic language here, here, here, here
Arendt, Hannah here, here, here
aristocracy here, here, here, here, here, here
Aristotle here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
Aquinas and here
beautiful goodness here
democracy here, here, here
ethical naturalism here, here
government here
happiness here, here, here, here, here
human life here, here
justice here, here
Maimonides and here
Nussbaum and here, here, here, here, here
polities here, here, here
sages here, here
slavery here, here
virtues here, here
art here, here
artist-tyrants here
asceticism here, here
astronomy here
atheism here, here, here, here, here
Athens/Athenians here, here, here, here, here, here
Augustine of Hippo, St here, here, here, here, here, here,
authoritarianism here
Autobiography (Mill) here, here
autocracy here
barbarism/barbarians here, here
beautiful goodness here
beauty here, here, here, here, here
benevolence here, here, here, here, here
Bible here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
wheat and weeds parable here
biblical faith here, here, here
biblical law here, here, here
black people here
Bologna University here
Borgia, Cesare here
Boswell, James here, here
bourgeoisie here
boycotts here, here
Britain here, here, here, here, here, here
and American colonies here, here, here
British constitution here
and France here, here
and India here, here
suffrage here, here
British East India Company here
Burke, Edmund here, here, here, here, here
Caesar, Julius here
caliphs here
canon law here
capabilities here
Calvinism here
Capital (Marx) here
capitalism here, here, here, here, here, here, here
China here, here
Gandhi here
Mao here, here, here
Marx here, here, here, here
Rawls here
censorship here, here
central planning here, here, here
centralization here, here, here, here
character here, here, here, here, here, here
Charles II, King of England here
checks and balances here, here, here
Chesterton, G. K. here
children here, here, here, here, here, here
Plato here, here, here
Rousseau here, here
China here
communism here, here
Cultural Revolution here, here, here
feudalism here
Four News here
Four Olds here
Great Leap Forward here, here
see also Confucius; Mao Zedong
Christianity here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
Church of Theophilanthropy, France here
Cicero, Marcus Tullius here, here, here
citizens here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
Arendt here, here, here, here, here, here
Aristotle here, here, here, here, here
Augustine here, here
Hayek here, here
Hegel here, here
Kant here, here, here, here
Madison here, here
Nussbaum here, here, here
Plato here, here
Tocqueville here, here, here
Wollstonecraft here, here
citizenship here, here, here
City of God, The (Augustine) here, here
City of God/City of Man here, here, here, here
city-states (poleis) here, here, here, here
civic virtues here, here, here, here, here, here
Tocqueville here, here, here, here
civil equality here
civil liberties here, here
civil disobedience here
civil religion here
civil rights here
civil wars here, here, here, here, here
American here
China here, here
English here, here, here
coercion here
Cold War here
commandments here, here
commerce here
common law here, here
common sense here, here
Common Sense (Paine) here, here
communism here, here, here, here, here, here
China here, here
Plato here, here
and violence here
Communist League here
Communist Manifesto (Marx and Engels) here, here, here
compassion here, here, here
concrete universals here
Condorcet, Marquis de here
Confessions (Augustine) here
Confucius here, here, here, here, here, here, here
consci
ences here, here, here, here, here, here, here
conscripts here
consequentialism here
conservationists here
conservatives here, here: see also Burke, Edmund
constitutional design here
constitutional government here, here
constitutional monarchies here
constitutionalism here, here, here, here
constitutions here, here, here, here, here, here, here
Hegel here, here
Hume here
Kant here, here, here
Madison here, here, here
consumerism here, here
contradiction here, here, here, here, here
Mao here, here, here, here
conventions (meetings) here
conventions (norms) here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
corporations here, here, here
corruption here, here, here, here, here, here
Aristotle here, here
Augustine here, here
of Islam here, here
Madison here, here
Plato here, here, here, here
Rousseau here, here
cosmopolitanism here, here, here, here, here
cosmos here, here
counter-revolution here
courage here, here, here, here, here, here, here
Crick, Bernard here
crime here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
criminal justice here, here
Cromwell, Oliver here, here
cruelty here, here, here
Cultural Revolution, China here, here, here
cynicism here, here
d’Alembert, Jean here
Dante Alighieri here, here
Darwin, Charles here, here
De officiis (On Duties, Cicero) here
death here, here, here, here, here
deep ecology here
deism here
delegates here, here
democracy here, here, here
Aristotle here, here, here
Kant here
Madison here
Mill here
representative democracy here, here, here, here
Tocqueville here
Democracy in America (Tocqueville) here
design here, here, here
constitutional design here
despotism here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
dialectic here, here
Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion (Hume) here, here
Dickens, Charles here
Diderot, Denis here
difference principle here
dignity here, here, here, here, here, here
dirty hands problem here, here
disability here, here, here
disagreement here, here, here, here, here
Discourses on Livy (Machiavelli) here
diversity here, here, here, here, here, here
Divine Comedy (Dante) here
divine justice here, here
divine law here
divine mind here
divine providence here, here
divine retribution here
divine sovereignty here
divine revelation here, here, here
domination here, here, here, here, here, here
Dominican order here
doubt here, here, here, here
duty here, here, here, here, here, here, here
civic duty here, here
moral duty here
Eastern Europe here
ecology
deep ecology here
of markets here, here
shallow ecology here, here
economics here, here
economic development here
economic equality here, here
economic rights here
economists here, here, here: see also Hayek, Friedrich
education here, here, here
American here
ancient Greece here, here
China here, here
Rousseau here, here
of women here, here, here
egalitarianism here, here
Eichmann, Adolf here
Eichmann in Jerusalem (Arendt) here
elites here, here, here, here, here, here, here
empires here, here
Roman Empire here, here, here
Encyclopédie here
ends and means here
‘Enfranchisement of Women, The’ (Taylor) here
Engels, Friedrich here, here, here, here
English Civil War here
Enlightenment here, here, here, here
French here, here
Scottish here
environmentalists here
equality here, here, here, here, here, here, here
America here, here
Arendt here, here
economic equality here, here
legal equality here, here
Tocqueville here, here
Wollstonecraft here, here, here
see also gender equality; inequality
equal opportunities here, here
ethical consequentialism here
ethical naturalism here
ethics, Confucian here, here, here, here
evil here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
evolution here
exceptionalism here
exploitation here, here
families here
Al-Farabi here, here, here, here, here
fascism here, here
Faulkner, William here
fear here
feminism here
feudalism here, here, here
financial crisis (2008) here, here
Förster-Nietzsche, Elizabeth here, here
fortune here, here
free markets here, here, here, here
free speech here, here
freedom here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
economic freedom here, here
freedom of speech here, here
Hayek here
Hegel here, here, here
Mill here, here, here, here
Rawls here
religious freedom here, here
French Revolution here
Burke here, here, here
Hegel here, here
Kant here
Paine here, here
Tocqueville here
Wollstonecraft here, here
Freud, Sigmund here
friendship here, here, here, here
fundamentalism here, here
Gandhi, Mohandas here, here
non-violence here, here, here
Gay Science, The (Nietzsche) here
gender equality here, here, here, here, here, here
genius here: see also supermen
genocide here
gentlemen here
Al-Ghazali here
Godwin, Mary here
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von here
goods
goods of human life here, here
hierarchy of goods here
government here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
Aristotle here
Augustine here, here
Burke here, here, here
Confucius here, here, here
and economy here
Hayek here, here, here
Hobbes here
Kant here, here, here, here
Locke here, here
Madison here, here, here, here
Paine here, here, here
Plato here
Tocqueville here
USA here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
happiness (human flourishing) here
Aristotle here, here, here, here
Kant here
Nussbaum here, here, here
Plato here
Qutb here
Hayek, Friedrich August von he
re
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich here
heresy, persecution of here
Historical and Moral View of the Origin and Progress of the French Revolution, An (Wollstonecraft) here
History of England (Hume) here, here
Hitler, Adolf here, here, here
Hitler as Nobody Knows Him (Hoffmann) here
Hobbes, Thomas here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
Hoffmann, Heinrich here
Human Condition, The (Arendt) here
human flourishing, see happiness
human life here
human rights here
humanism here, here, here, here, here
Hume, David here, here, here, here
imaginative perfection here
income inequality here
Index of Forbidden Books, Vatican here
India here, here, here
individualism here
inequality here, here, here, here, here, here
injustice here: see also justice
intellectual perfection here
International Workingmen’s Association here
internationalism here
is/ought fallacy here
Islam
medieval Islam here
militant Islam here
Italy here
Jefferson, Thomas here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
Jews here, here: see also Judaism
Jiang Qing here
jihad here
Johnson, Samuel here, here
Judaism here, here
Jung, Carl here
justice here, here, here
Aristotle here, here
as fairness here, here
Hume here
and luck here, here
Plato here, here
Rawls here, here, here, here
social justice here, here
Justice as Fairness: A Restatement (Rawls) here
Justinian code here, here
Kant, Immanuel here, here, here, here, here
Keynes, John Maynard here, here
Khmer Rouge, Cambodia here
King, Martin Luther, Jr here, here
labour here, here, here
laissez-faire policy here, here
laws here, here, here, here
common law here, here
legal equality here, here
legitimacy here
Lenin, Vladimir here, here, here
Leonardo da Vinci here
Letter Concerning Toleration (Locke) here
Letter from Birmingham Jail (King) here
liberalism here, here, here
Mill here, here
liberty here, here, here
Lincoln, Abraham here
literary criticism here
Locke, John here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
logic here
luck
luck egalitarianism here
and justice here, here
Luther, Martin here
Lyceum, Athens here
lying