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Austin, Texas (hereaft er cited Governor Correspondences); O. Hendrick to [J. W.]
Th
rockmorton, March 15, 1867, Th
rockmorton Governor Correspondences; Charles F.
Rand, Marshall, to O. Hendrick, March 31, 1867, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 9; J. W.
Th
rockmorton to Maj. Gen. Charles Griffi
n, Commander, District of Texas, March 4,
1867, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 9; J. W. Th
rockmorton to Maj. Gen. Charles Griffi
n,
Commander, District of Texas, April 10, 1867, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 9. Resistance are
in John E. George to Maj. Gen. [Charles] Griffi
n, May 8, 1867, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 5;
James Lowrie, Jasper, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., July 31, 1867, AC, ROC, June–August,
1867, reel 21; A. S. Gardner to J. W. Th
rockmorton, April 3, 1867, AC, LR, 1866–1867,
reel 9; and Samuel A. Craig, Brenham, to William H. Sinclair, A.A.G., August 2, 1866,
AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 4.
10. J. W. Th
rockmorton to J. B. Kiddoo, August 30, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 9;
J. W. Th
rockmorton to Louis T. Wigfall, December 30, 1866, James W. Th
rockmorton
Papers, Letterbook, 1866–1867, Center for American History, Austin, Texas (hereaft er
cited Th
rockmorton papers–Center for American History); Philip H. Sheridan, Per-
sonal Memoirs of Philip Sheridan (London: Chatto and Windus Peccadilly, 1888), 232.
11. Endorsement of letter from H. W. Allen, Hempstead, to William H. Sinclair,
A.A.G., June 2, 1866, AC, ES, April 1866–September 1867, reel 2; Stanton Weaver,
Crockett, to Judge Cooper, February 28, 1867, AC, ULR, 1865–1866, reel 17; Byron Por-
ter, Houston, to Lemuel K. Morton, A.A.A.G., September 12, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867,
reel 7; Jacob C. DeGress, Houston, to Henry A. Ellis, A.A.A.G., December 14, 1866, AC,
LR, 1866–1867, reel 5.
12. William Longworth to Secretary of the Freedmen’s Bureau for the State of
Texas, June 30, 1865, AC, LR, September 1865–March 1867, reel 7; William Longworth,
Sutherland Springs, to [E. M. Gregory], January 15, 1866, AC, ULR, 1865–1866, reel 17;
Tyler, ed., New Handbook of Texas, 3:458–459; Special Orders No. 18, December 28,
1865, AC, IRB, October 1865–April 1869, reel 19; William Longworth to A. J. Hamilton,
October 9, 1865, Hamilton Governor Correspondences; William Longworth to A. J.
Hamilton, October 10, 1865, Hamilton Governor Correspondences.
13. Litwack, Been in the Storm So Long, 237; Mary Farmer- Kaiser, “With a Weight
of Circumstances Like Millstones About Th
eir Necks: Freedwomen, Federal Relief,
and the Benevolent Guardianship of the Freedmen’s Bureau,” Virginia Magazine of
History and Biography 115 (2007): 431; William Longworth, Sutherland Springs, to [E.
M. Gregory], March 9, 1866, LR, 1866–1867, reel 6; James L. Dial to [J. B.] Kiddoo, June
6, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 5; William H. Sinclair, A.A.G., to William Longworth,
Sutherland Springs, March 23, 1866, AC, LS, September 1865–March 1867, reel 1; James
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Notes to pages 53–56
219
L. Dial to E. M. Gregory, February 10, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 5; R. H. Brahan to
[Headquarters], May 8, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 6; William H. Sinclair, A.A.G., to
James L. Dial, March 19, 1866, AC, LS, September 1865–March 1867, reel 1.
14. William Longworth, Seguin, to [Headquarters], May 25, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–
1867, reel 6; William Longworth, Seguin, to W. C. Wiseman, May 21, 1866, AC, LR,
1866–1867, reel 6; William Longworth, Seguin, to William H. Sinclair, A.A.G., June 25,
1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 6; William Longworth, Seguin, to William H. Sinclair,
A.A.G., May 30, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 6.
15. William H. Sinclair, A.A.G., to William Longworth, Seguin, June 9, 1866, AC,
LS, September 1865–March 1867, reel 1; William Longworth, Seguin, to J. B. Kiddoo,
June 21, 1866, LR, 1866–1867, reel 6; William H. Sinclair, A.A.G., to William Long-
worth, Seguin, July 27, 1866, LS, September 1865–March 1867, reel 1; Special Orders
No. 95, AC, IRB, October 1865–April 1869, reel 19. Information on Longworth’s suc-
cessor is in Henry A. Ellis, A.A.A.G., to Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan, Commander,
Department of the Gulf, November 10, 1866, AC, LS, September 1865–March 1867, reel
1; William H. Sinclair, Inspector, to Henry Ellis, A.A.A.G., October 7, 1866, AC, LR,
1866–1867, reel 5; and Special Orders No. 126, October 24, 1866, AC, IRB, October
1865–April 1869, reel 19.
16. Edwin Bohne, “Th
e History of the Brenham Banner Press” (Master’s Th
esis,
Sam Houston State University, 1950), 2; Craig, “Memoirs,” 81; Special Orders No. 69,
1866, AC, IRB, October 1865–April 1869, reel 19; William H. Sinclair, A.A.G., to Samuel
A. Craig, Brenham, July 19, 1866, AC, ES, April 1866–September 1867, reel 2; Tyler, ed.,
New Handbook of Texas, 4:401.
17. Craig, “Memoirs,” 81; William H. Sinclair, A.A.G., to Samuel A. Craig, Bren-
ham, August 8, 1866, LS, September 1865–March 1867, reel 1; Endorsement of letter
from Samuel A. Craig, Brenham, to William H. Sinclair, A.A.G., July 16, 1866, AC, ES,
April 1866–September 1867, reel 2; Galveston Tri Weekly News, September 7, 1866; Sam-
uel A. Craig, Brenham, to William H. Sinclair, A.A.G., August 12, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–
1867, reel 4; Samuel A. Craig, Brenham, to William H. Sinclair, A.A.G., August 14,
1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 4; Samuel A. Craig, Brenham, to William H. Sinclair,
A.A.G., August 21, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 4; Samuel A. Craig, Brenham, to Wil-
liam H. Sinclair, A.A.G., August 27, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 4; J. B. Kiddoo to
Samuel A. Craig, Brenham, August 14, 1866, AC, LS, September 1865–March 1867, reel
1; J. B. Kiddoo to Brvt. Gen. Horatio G. Wright, Commander, District of Texas, July 21,
1866, ES, April 1866–September 1867, reel 2.
18. Craig, “Memoirs,” 81; J. B. Kiddoo to Samuel A. Craig, Brenham, August 30,
1866, AC, LS, September 1865–March 1867, reel 1; Samuel A. Craig, Brenham, to Wil-
liam H. Sinclair, A.A.G., August 12, 1866, LR, 1866–1867, reel 4; Samuel A. Craig, Bren-
ham, to William H. Sinclair, A.A.G., August 23, 1866, LR, 1866–1867, reel 4.
19. J. W. Th
rockmorton to Charles R. Breedlove, December 21, 1866, Th
rockmorton
papers–Center for American History; J. W. Th
rockmorton to [J. B.] Kiddoo, Septem-
ber 18, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 9; J. B. Kiddoo to J. W. Th
rockmorton, September
13, 1866, AC, LS, September 1865–March 1867, reel 1; Ernest Wallace, Texas in Turmoil:
Th
e Saga of Texas, 1849–1875 (Austin: Steck- Vaughn Company, 1965), 158; Telegram
from Samuel A. Craig, Seguin, to William H. Sinclair, A.A.G., August 15, 1866, AC, LR,
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220
Notes to pages 56–59
1866–1867, reel 4; William H. Sinclair, A.A.G., to Samuel A. Craig, Brenham, Septem-
ber 2, 1866, LS, September 1865–March 1867, reel 1; J. W. Th
rockmorton to J. B. Kiddoo,
August 20, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 9; Telegram from J. W. Th
rockmorton to O. O.
Howard, August 22, 1866, M752C, LR, March- May 1866, reel 30; J. B. Kiddoo to O. O.
Howard, September 17, 1866, AC, LS, September 1865–March 1867, reel 1; Telegram from
O. O. Howard to J. B. Kiddoo, August 29, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 6; O. O. Howard
to J. B. Kiddoo, August 23, 1866, M742C, LS, January 1–December 1866, reel 2; Special
Orders No. 113, September 19, 1866, AC, IRB, October 1865–April 1869, reel 19.
20. Jerry D. Th
ompson, Civil War to the Bloody End: Th
e Life and Times of Major
General Samuel P. Heintzelman (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2006),
336; William Longworth to [J. B.] Kiddoo, November 12, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel
6; Henry A. Ellis, A.A.A.G, to William Longworth, September 19, 1866, LS, September
1865–March 1867, reel 1; Endorsement of letter from William Longworth to J. B. Kid-
doo, September 17, 1866, AC, ES, April 1866–September 1867, reel 2; J. B. Kiddoo to
William Longworth, September 21, 1866, LS, September 1865–March 1867, reel 1; Henry
A. Ellis, A.A.A.G., to Samuel A. Craig, Seguin, September 28, 1866, LS, September
1865–March 1867, reel 1.
21. W. Goodrich to J. W. Th
rockmorton, October 8, 1866, Th
rockmorton Governor
Correspondences; Samuel A. Craig, Seguin, to William H. Sinclair, A.A.G., October 21,
1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 4; George C. Potwin to Brvt. Maj. Gen. Samuel P. Heint-
zelman, Commander, District of Texas, September 29, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 7;
Samuel A. Craig, Seguin, to Henry A. Ellis, A.A.A.G., October 8, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–
1867, reel 4; J. W. Th
rockmorton to J. B. Kiddoo, October 13, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867,
reel 9.
22. James B. Moore, Seguin, to Colonel, August 6, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 7;
Craig, “Memoirs,” 89–91; William H. Sinclair, Inspector, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G.,
May 29, 1867, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 7; Samuel A. Craig, Seguin, to William H. Sin-
clair, A.A.G., October 21, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 4; Tyler, ed., New Handbook of
Texas, 3:867; Samuel A. Craig, Seguin, to Henry A. Ellis, A.A.G., December 6, 8, and 11,
1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 4; Th
ompson, Civil War to the Bloody End, 335; Endorse-
ment of letter from T. S. Leason to J. B. Kiddoo, December 21, 1866, AC, ES, April
1866–September 1867, reel 2; Special Orders No. 148, December 14, 1866, AC, IRB,
October 1865–April 1869, reel 19; Special Orders No. 154, December 25, 1866, AC, IRB,
October 1865–April 1869, reel 19.
23. Endorsement of letter from J. B. Kiddoo to Brvt. Maj. Gen. Horatio G. Wright,
Commander, District of Texas, June 9, 1866, AC, ES, April 1866–September 1867, reel 2.
24. Endorsement of letter from Samuel A. Craig, Seguin, to Henry A. Ellis,
A.A.A.G., November 10, 1866, AC, ES, April 1866–September 1867, reel 2; O. O. How-
ard to J. B. Kiddoo, August 23, 1866, M742C, LS, January 1–December 29, 1866, reel 2.
An instance from Louisiana where an agent caused problems for his successors is in
Solomon K. Smith, “ ‘Better to not look at a place, than send an unsupported man there
as Agent:’ Chaplain Th
omas Callahan, and the arrival of the Freedmen’s Bureau in
Shreveport,” North Louisiana History 36 (2005): 154–166.
25. Richter, “Who Was the Real Head of the Texas Freedmen’s Bureau?,” 121; Bent-
ley, History of Freedmen’s Bureau, 105; A. P. Delano, Marlin Falls, to F. B. Sturgis,
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Notes to pages 59–60
221
Waco, January 10, 1867, AC, ULR, 1867–1869 and Undated, reel 18; Samuel C. Sloan,
Richmond, to William H. Sinclair, A.A.G., May 31, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 8;
Philip Howard, Meridian, to E. M. Gregory, March 22, 1866, LR, 1866–1867, reel 6;
Charles C. Hardenbrook, Beaumont, to William H. Sinclair, A.A.G., May 7, 1866, AC,
LR, 1866–1867, reel 6; Charles C. Hardenbrook, Beaumont, to William H. Sinclair,
A.A.G., May 10, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 6; Charles C. Hardenbrook, Beaumont,
to William H. Sinclair, A.A.G., June 18, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 6; Charles C.
Hardenbrook File, Pension Record; Endorsement of letter from Charles C. Harden-
brook, Beaumont, to William H. Sinclair, A.A.G., May 1, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel
6; Endorsement of letter from J. B. Kiddoo to Brvt. Maj. Gen. Horatio G. Wright,
Commander, District of Texas, June 4, 1866, AC, ES, April 1866–September 1867, reel 2;
Flake’s Daily Bulletin, April 30, 1866; Charles C. Hardenbrook, Beaumont, to William
H. Sinclair, July 8, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 6; Crouch, “Freedmen’s Bureau in
Beaumont,” (Part One) 14–18; Charles C. Hardenbrook, Houston, to Henry A. Ellis,
A.A.A.G., November 22, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 6; Special Orders No. 63, April
16, 1866, AC, IRB, October 1865–April 1869, reel 19; Special Orders No. 149, December
17, 1866, AC, IRB, October 1865–April 1869, reel 19; Special Orders No. 122, October 16,
1866, AC, IRB, October 1865–April 1869, reel 19; Special Orders No. 150, December 19,
1866, AC, IRB, October 1865–April 1869, reel 19; Foner, Politics and Ideology, 101; J. B.
Kiddoo to Brvt. Maj. Gen. Horatio G. Wright, Commander, Department of Texas, May
29, 1866, AC, LS, September 1865–March 1867, reel 1; J. B. Kiddoo to Brvt. Maj. Gen.
Horatio G. Wright, Commander, District of Texas, May 30, 1866, AC, LS, September
1865–March 1867, reel 1. Further complaints of violence are William H. Horton, Whar-
ton, to J. B. Kiddoo, January 1, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 6; Charles C. Harden-
brook, Richmond, to Henry A. Ellis, A.A.A.G., November 17, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867,
reel 7; Samuel C. Sloan, Richmond, to William H. Sinclair, A.A.G., June 30, 1866, AC,
LR, 1866–1867, reel 8; Ira P. Pedigo, Woodville, to J. B. Kiddoo, August 6, 1866, AC, LR,
1866–1867, reel 7; Dallas Herald, April 28 and May 5, 1866; W. D. Wood, Reminiscences
of Reconstruction in Texas and Reminiscences of Texas and Texans Fift y Years Ago (n.p,
1902), 15; A. B. Newsom et al., to [Headquarters], July 23, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel
7; and Gilles Vandal, “ ‘Bloody Caddoo’: White Violence Against Blacks in a Louisiana
Parish, 1865–1876,” Journal of Social History 25 (Winter 1991): 373–388.
26. Philip Howard, Meridian, to E. M. Gregory, March 22, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867,
reel 6; Philip Howard, Meridian, to [J. B. Kiddoo], July 31, 1866, LR, 1866–1867, reel 6;
Camp Carter, Sterling, to [J. B. Kiddoo], May 21, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 4; Wil-
liam Longworth, Sutherland Springs, to William H. Sinclair, May 1, 1866, AC, LR,
1866–1867, reel 6; William Longworth, Sutherland Springs, to General, March 9, 1866,
AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 6. Examples of violence are Byron Porter, Houston, to William
H. Sinclair, A.A.G., May 3, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 7; F.
D. Inge, Leona, to [E. M.]
Gregory, March 22, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 6; John H. Archer, Hempstead, to J.
B. Kiddoo, January 10, 1867, AC, LR, December 1866–May 1867, reel 20; James D. Rich-
ardson, ed., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 1789–1897, 10
vols. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Offi
ce, 1897), 6:398–405, 422–426; O. O.
Howard to General, February 23, 1866, AC, ULR, 1865–1866, reel 17; Circular No. 7,
March 6, 1866, AC, IRB, October 1865–April 1869, reel 19; and E. D. Townsend, A.A.G.,
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222
Notes to pages 60–62
to Brvt. Maj. Gen. P. M. Brannan, Commander, Department of Georgia, April 9, 1866,
AC, IRB, reel 19. For the showdown between President Johnson and Radical Republi-
cans, see LaWanda Cox and John H. Cox, Politics, Principle, and Prejudice 1865–1866:
Dilemma of Reconstruction America (London: Th
e Free Press of Glencoe, 1963). For
other opinions about President Johnson, see William F. Mugleston, ed., “Th
e Freed-
men’s Bureau and Reconstruction in Virginia: Th
e Diary of Marcus Sterling Hopkins,
a Union Offi
cer,” Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 86 (January 1978): 49.
27. Donald G. Nieman, “Andrew Johnson, the Freedmen’s Bureau, and the Problem
of Equal Rights, 1865–1866,” Journal of Southern History 44 (August 1978): 420; Cox
and Cox, “General Howard and ‘Misrepresented Bureau,’ ” 437; F. B. Sturgis, La
Grange, to Henry A. Ellis, A.A.A.G., November 19, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 8;
Richter, “Revolver Rules the Day!,” 325; Paul David Philips, “Freedmen’s Bureau in
Tennessee” (Ph.D. diss., Vanderbilt University, 1966), 324; Telegram from James C.
Devine, Huntsville, to Henry A. Ellis, A.A.A.G., October 22, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867,
reel 5; James C. Devine, Huntsville, to Henry A. Ellis, A.A.A.G., October 24, 1866, AC,
LR, 1866–1867, reel 4; Croushore and Potter, eds., A Union Offi
cer in the Reconstruc-
tion, 110–112.
28. Th
omas H. Baker, Lockhart, to Charles A. Vernou, A.A.A.G., May 31, 1868, AC,
ROC, May–July, 1868, reel 25; Th
omas H. Baker, Lockhart, to Charles A. Vernou,