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Notes to pages 43–48
More examples are Eugene Smith, Indianola, to [E. M. Gregory], December 24, 1865,
AC, ULR, 1865–1866, reel 17; Johnathan T. Whiteside, Courtney, to [E. M. Gregory],
November 30, 1865, AC, ULR, 1865–1866, reel 17; Willis A. Bledsoe, Lancaster, to
Charles A. Vernou, A.A.A.G., June 30, 1868, AC, ROC, May–July, 1868, reel 26; George
C. Abbott, Hempstead, to E. M. Gregory, December 16, 1865, AC, ULR, 1865–1866, reel
17; and Hiram Seymour Hall, Marshall, to E. M. Gregory, December 9, 1865, AC, ULR,
1865–1866, reel 17.
30. Eli W. Green, Columbus, to Chauncey C. Morse, A.A.A.G., October 24, 1865,
AC, LR, 1865–1866, reel 17; Byron Porter, Austin, to Henry A. Ellis, A.A.A.G., Novem-
ber 2, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 7; John T. Scott, Victoria, to [E. M. Gregory],
November 12, 1865, AC, ULR, 1865–1866, reel 17; J. P. Richardson, A.A.A.G., to Albert
Evans, Edinburgh, December 9, 1867, SAC, PCLS, October 1867–February 1868, reel 2.
More instances of confusion are William Longworth, Sutherland Springs, to Captain,
January 15, 1866, ULR, 1865–1866, reel 17; Philip Howard, Meridian, to E. M. Gregory,
April 1, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 6; and John T. Raper, Columbus, to E. M. Greg-
ory, November 29, 1865, AC, ULR, 1865–1866, reel 17. Agents hiring unauthorized help
are Hiram Seymour Hall, Marshall, December 9, 1865, AC, ULR, 1865–1866, reel 17;
Christopher B. Bean, “ ‘A Most Singular and Interesting Attempt’: Th
e Freedmen’s
Bureau at Marshall, Texas,” Southwestern Historical Quarterly 110 (April 2007): 468;
John M. Barbour to Charles Griffi
n, February 2, 1867, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 4;
Chauncey C. Morse, A.A.A.G, to Fred E. Miller, January 17, 1866, AC, LR, 1865–1866,
reel 1; and Chauncey C. Morse, A.A.A.G., to William H. Farner, Millican, January 22,
1866, AC, LS, September 1865–March 1867, reel 1.
31. Johnathan T. Whiteside, Courtney, to [E. M. Gregory], December 8, 1865, AC,
ULR, 1865–1866, reel 17; Johnathan T. Whiteside, Courtney, to [J. B. Kiddoo], April 24,
1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 9; William H. Sinclair, A.A.A.G., to Johnathan T. White-
side, Courtney, April 28, 1866, AC, LS, September 1865–March 1867, reel 1; DeWitt C.
Brown, Navasota, to [J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G.], March 7, 1867, AC, ROC, December
1866–May 1867, reel 20.
32. Chauncey C. Morse, A.A.I.G., to William H. Sinclair, A.I.G., April 6, 1866, AC,
LR, 1866–1867, reel 7; Richter, Overreached on All Sides, 52, 49–54. Numbers came from
the Roster of Offi
cers and Civilians from January 1866 through March 1866 and Spe-
cial Orders. Th
e approximate 32 percent is noticeably lower than the 50 percent
claimed by William L. Richter (see Richter, Overreached on All Sides, 49).
33. Endorsement of letter from Samuel Th
omas to J. B. Kiddoo, August 20, 1866,
AC, ES, April 1866–September 1867, reel 2; Carpenter, Sword and Olive Branch, 101.
34. Special Orders No. 46, O. O. Howard, March 30 1866, AC, IRB, October 1865–
April 1869, reel 19; Crouch, Freedmen’s Bureau and Black Texans, 19–20; Special Orders
No. 48, O. O. Howard, April 2, 1866, AC, IRB, October 1865–April 1869, reel 19.
3. Conservative Phoenix: Th
e J. B. Kiddoo Era, May 1866–Summer 1866
1. Otis, ed., Medical and Surgical History of the War, 3:234; David A. Murdoch,
“Profi les in Leadership: Allegheny County’s Lawyer- Generals in the Civil War,” Pitts-
burgh History 81 (Winter 1998): 182; Richter, Overreached on All Sides, 79–80; Boatner,
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Notes to pages 48–49
215
Civil War Dictionary, 458–459; Francis B. Heitman, Historical Register and Dictionary
of the United States Army, From Its Organization, September 29, 1789, to March 2, 1903,
2 vols. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Offi
ce, 1988), 1:596; Tyler, ed., New
Handbook of Texas, 3:1091; William H. Powell, comp., List of Offi
cers of the Army of the
United States From 1779 to 1900 (New York: L. R. Hamersley and Company, 1900), 413;
Donald Bounds Kiddoo, “Th
e Life of General Joseph Kiddoo,” Heritage Library News 8
(Fall 2004): 4–8; National Rifl e Association, Th
e National Rifl e Association, 1873:
Address, Annual Reports, and Regulations for Rifl e Practice (New York: Reynolds &
Whelpey, 1877), 155–156; J. B. Kiddoo to O. O. Howard, October 25, 1866, O. O. Howard
Papers, 1833–1912 Correspondences, Freedmen’s Bureau Period, M91, Box 4, Bowdoin
College, Brunswick, Maine (hereaft er cited Howard Papers–Bowdoin); Samuel P.
Bates, History of Pennsylvania Volunteers, 1861–1865 (Harrisburg, PA: B. Singerly, State
Publisher, 1869–1871), 4:337; Donald Scott, Sr., Camp William Penn, 1863–1865: Ameri-
ca’s First Federal African American Soldiers’ Fight for Freedom (Altgen, PA: Schiff er
Publishing, 2012), 198, 210–211; New York Times, October 11, 1877. Th
ere are confl icting
accounts concerning Kiddoo’s age. Many sources have him born in 1840 and dying at
40; while a few have him born in 1837 and dying at 43. Th
ose that have him deceased at
43 are New York Times, August 24, 1880, and Samuel P. Bates, Martial Deeds of Penn-
sylvania (Philadelphia: T. H. Davis & Co., 1876), 941.
2. J. B. Kiddoo to O. O. Howard, May 14, 1866, AC, LS, September 1865–March
1867, reel 1; Samuel C. Sloan, Richmond, to Chauncey C. Morse, A.A.A.G., January 16,
1866, AC, ULR, 1865–1866, reel 17; New York Herald, July 30, 1866. For further problems
with the state’s labor situation, see J. W. McConaughey, Wharton, to [E. M. Gregory],
January 11, 1866, AC, ULR, 1865–1866, reel 17; Champ Carter, Sterling, to [Headquar-
ters], May 21, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 4; and Stanton Weaver, Crockett, to
Chauncey C. Morse, A.A.A.G., January 31, 1866, AC, ULR, 1865–1866, reel 17.
3. J. B. Kiddoo to O. O. Howard, May 28, 1866, AC, LR, 1865–1866, reel 1; Circular
No. 14, May 15, 1866, AC, IRB, October 1865–April 1869, reel 19; Richter, Overreached
on All Sides, 81; Richardson, Death of Reconstruction, xiv.
4. Circular No. 14, May 15, 1866, AC, IRB, October 1865–April 1869, reel 19; Roark,
Masters Without Slaves, 136; Endorsement of letter from L. S. Barnes, Crockett, to Wil-
liam H. Sinclair, A.A.G., June 21, 1866, AC, ES, April 1866–September 1867, reel 2;
Endorsement of letter from J. B. Moore, Seguin, to William H. Sinclair, A.A.G., July 25,
1866, AC, ES, April 1866–September 1867, reel 2; Schmidt, Free to Work, 128; Circular
No. 14, May 15, 1866, AC, IRB, October 1865–April 1869, reel 19.
5. J. Ernest Goodman, Columbus, to William H. Sinclair, A.A.G., July 31, 1866, AC,
LR, 1866–1867, reel 5; James A. Hogue, Livingston, to J. B. Kiddoo, July 13, 1866, AC,
LR, 1866–1867, reel 6; James A. Hogue, Livingston, to J. B. Kiddoo, July 18, 1866, AC,
LR, 1866–1867, reel 6; Alex B. Coggeshall, Bastrop, to William Sinclair, A.A.I., July 2,
1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 4. Comments on immense
workload are L. S. Barnes,
Crockett, to Henry A. Ellis, A.A.A.G., October 20, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 4; Cir-
cular No. 17, June 19, 1866, AC, IRB, October 1865–April 1869, reel 19; William H. Rock,
Richmond, to Lemuel K. Morton, A.A.A.G., September 19, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867,
reel 7; Special Orders No. 100, August 16, 1866, AC, IRB, October 1865–April 1869, reel
19; and Endorsement of letter from L. S. Barnes to Henry A. Ellis, A.A.A.G., October
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Notes to pages 49–50
13, 1866, AC, ES, April 1866–September 1867, reel 2. For reports of better relations, see
J. Ernest Goodman, Columbus, to William H. Sinclair, A.A.G., July 31, 1866, LR, 1866–
1867, reel 5; L. S. Barnes, Crockett, to William H. Sinclair, A.A.G., June 30, 1866, LR,
1866–1867, reel 4; and Fred Cole, “Texas Career of Th
omas Affl
eck” (Ph.D. diss., Loui-
siana State University, 1942). Reports following Kiddoo’s issuance of Circular No. 14
are H. W. Allen, Hempstead, to William H. Sinclair, A.A.G., July 12, 1866, AC, LR,
1866–1867, reel 4; Albert A. Metzner, Clinton, to William H. Sinclair, A.A.G., August
14, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 7; L. S. Barnes, Crockett, to William H. Sinclair,
A.A.G., June 30, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 4; Samuel C. Sloan, Richmond, to Wil-
liam H. Sinclair, A.A.G., June 27, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 8; Special Orders No. 51,
March 12, 1866, AC, IRB, October 1865–April 1869, reel 19; Byron Porter, Houston, to
William H. Sinclair, A.A.G., June 8, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 7; Charles P. Russell,
Gonzales, to [William H.] Sinclair, A.A.G., August 4, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 7; J.
B. Kiddoo to O. O. Howard, August 29, 1866, AC, LS, September 1865–March 1867, reel
1; Albert A. Metzner, Clinton, to William H. Sinclair, A.A.G., August 14, 1866, AC, LR,
1866–1867, reel 7; Johnathan F. Brown, Anderson, to William H. Sinclair, A.A.G., July
25, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 4; and Carl Moneyhon, Texas Aft er the Civil War: Th
e
Struggle of Reconstruction (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2004), 56.
6. J. W. McConaughey, Wharton, to William H. Sinclair, A.A.G., March 28, 1866,
AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 7; L. S. Barnes, Crockett, to William H. Sinclair, A.A.G., June
14, 1866, LR, 1866–1867, reel 4; H. W. Allen, Hempstead, to William H. Sinclair, A.A.G.,
July 12, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 4; J. Orville Shelby, Liberty, to J. B. Kiddoo, July 8,
1866, AC, ULR, 1865–1866, reel 17; J. Orville Shelby, Liberty, to J. B. Kiddoo, July 18,
1866, AC, ULR, 1865–1866, reel 17; Endorsement of letter from Louis H. Jacobs, Milli-
can, to William H. Sinclair, A.A.G., July 15, 1866, AC, ES, April 1866–September 1867,
reel 2; J. Orville Shelby, Liberty, to J. B. Kiddoo, July 18, 1866, AC, ULR, 1865–1866, reel
17; Richard Cole to J. B. Kiddoo, June 26, 1866, AC, ULR, 1865–1866, reel 17; William H.
Sinclair, A.A.G., to J. Orville Shelby, Liberty, July 25, 1866, LS, September 1865–March
1867, reel 1; J. Orville Shelby, Liberty, to J. B. Kiddoo, July 8, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867,
reel 8; Special Orders No. 98, July 10, 1866, AC, IRB, October 1865–April 1869, reel 19;
William H. Sinclair, A.A.G., to J. Orville Shelby, Liberty, August 16, 1866, AC, LS, Sep-
tember 1865–March 1867, reel 1; Endorsement of letter from J. Orville Shelby to J. T.
Kirkman, A.A.A.G., April 9, 1867, LR, 1866–1867, reel 2. For planter discontent, see
Statement of W. B. Anderson, May 30, 1866, AC, ULR, 1865–1866, reel 17; and Endorse-
ment of letter from J. Bates to Henry A. Ellis, A.A.A.G., October 25, 1866, AC, ES,
April 1866–September 1867, reel 2. For instances of excessive punishment for labor vio-
lations, see Champ Carter, Marlin Falls, to [Headquarters], April 19, 1866, AC, LR,
1866–1867, reel 4; Charles Harrison to Colonel, May 5, 1866, AC, ULR, 1865–1866, reel
17; Robert Singleton, “William Gilmore Simms, Woodlands, and the Freedmen’s
Bureau,” Mississippi Quarterly 50 (Winter 1996): 18–36; Benjamin J. Brisbane, Chaplain
2nd Wisconsin Volunteer Cavalry, Hempstead, to Th
omas W. Conway, Superintendent
of Freedmen, Department of Gulf, September 14, 1865, AC, ULR, 1865–1866, reel 17;
Fred W. Reinhard, Centreville, to [Headquarters], November 16, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–
1867, reel 9; Frank Holsinger, Beaumont, to William H. Sinclair, A.A.G., April 5, 1866,
AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 6; J. B. Kiddoo to O. O. Howard, June 26, 1866, Correspon-
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Notes to pages 50–51
217
dences, Freedmen’s Bureau Period, M912, Box 4, Howard papers–Bowdoin; Champ
Carter, Seguin, to [J. B. Kiddoo], June 7, 1866, SAC, LS, January 1867–March 1868 and
June–September 1868, reel 26; Statement of W. B. Anderson, May 30, 1866, AC, ULR,
1865–1866, reel 17; Robert McClermont to O. O. Howard, August 4, 1866, Correspon-
dences, Freedmen’s Bureau Period, Howard papers–Bowdoin, M91, Box; and Harry
Wilcox Pfanz, “Soldiering in the South During the Reconstruction Period, 1865–1877”
(Ph.D. diss., Ohio State University, 1958), 74–82.
7. A. H. Mayer, Liberty, to S. H. Lathrop, A.A.A.G., December 23, 1866, AC, LR,
1866–1867, reel 7; Circular No. 19, August 20, 1866; Circular No. 21, October 1, 1866,
Circular No. 23, November 1, 1866, and Circular No. 25, December 21, 1866, AC (all in
IRB, October 1865–April 1869, reel 19). For agents’ suspicion toward planters, see Lem-
uel K. Morton, Sterling, to J. B. Kiddoo, September 30, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 7;
Samuel C. Sloan, Richmond, to William H. Sinclair, A.A.G., May 31, 1866, AC, LR,
1866–1867, reel 8; and George C. Abbott, Hempstead, to [E. M.] Gregory, October 31,
1865, AC, ULR, 1865–1866, reel 17.
8. For the problem of seizures, see Jacob C. DeGress, Houston, to Henry A. Ellis,
A.A.A.G., November 5, 1866, LR, 1866–1867, reel 5; A. H. Mayer, Liberty, to William H.
Sinclair, Inspector, Galveston, December 31, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 7; William
H. Sinclair, Inspector, to Henry A. Ellis, A.A.A.G., December 4, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–
1867, reel 8; William H. Sinclair, Inspector, to Henry A. Ellis, A.A.A.G., December 2,
1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 8; and J. B. Kiddoo to Jacob C. DeGress, Houston,
December 1, 1866, AC, LS, September 1865–March 1867, reel 1. For lack of responsibility
with free labor compared to slavery, see Eugene D. Genovese, Roll, Jordan, Roll: Th
e
World the Slaves Made (New York: Pantheon Books, 1972), 74; J. Th
omas May, “Th
e
Medical Care of Blacks in Louisiana During the Occupation and Reconstruction,
1862–1868: Its Social and Political Background” (Ph.D. diss., Tulane University, 1972),
169–170; and Anne Barber Harris, “Th
e South as Seen by Travelers, 1865–1880” (Ph.D.
diss., University of North Carolina, 1971), 15. For vagrancy, see W. E. B. DuBois, Th
e
Philadelphia Negro: A Social Study (New York: Benjamin Bloom, 1899); Nathan Glazer
and Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Beyond the Melting Pot (Cambridge: M.I.T. Press, 1963);
E. Franklin Frazier, Th
e Negro in the United States (New York: Th
e MacMillan Com-
pany, 1971); and Genovese, Roll, Jordan, Roll. In Texas, care for the indigent, unlike
other states, was not pressing (see Elaine Cutler Everly, “Th
e Freedmen’s Bureau in the
National Capital” (Ph.D. diss., George Washington University, 1971), 101, 83; J. B. Kid-
doo to Generals, January 11, 1866, AC, LS, September 1865–March 1867, reel 1; Robert
H. Bremner, Th
e Public Good: Philanthropy and Welfare in the Civil War Era (New
York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1980), 113–126; Mary Farmer- Kaiser, “ ‘Are they not in some
sorts vagrants’: Gender and the Eff orts of the Freedmen’s Bureau to Combat Vagrancy
in the Reconstruction South,” Georgia Historical Quarterly 88 (Spring 2004): 25–49;
Mary J. Farmer, “Freedwomen and the Freedmen’s Bureau: Race, Gender, and Public
Policy in the Age of Emancipation” (Ph.D. diss., Bowling Green State University,
2000), 87–90; Mary Farmer- Kaiser, Freedwomen and the Freedmen’s Bureau (New
York: Fordham University Press, 2010), chapters 1–3; Robert C. Lieberman, “Th
e
Freedmen’s Bureau and the Politics of Institutional Structure,” Social Sciences History
18 (Autumn 1994): 406, 427; Fredrickson, Black Image, 178–179; Foner, Reconstruction,
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Notes to pages 51–53
152; Olds, “Freedmen’s Bureau as a Social Agency,” 2; Richard Paul Fuke, “A Reform
Mentality: Federal Policy Toward Black Marylanders, 1864–1868,” Civil War History 22
(September 1976): 214–226; Chad Alan Goldberg, “Th
e Freedmen’s Bureau and Civil
War Pensions: Race and Policy Feedback in America’s Nineteenth- Century Welfare
State” (paper delivered at American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, 2006.
9. Circular No. 16, June 18, 1866, AC, IRB, October 1865–April 1869, reel 19; J. D.
O’Connell, Houston, to [Headquarters], June 22, 1867, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 7; O.
Hendrick to [J. W.] Th
rockmorton, March 25, 1867, Incoming Correspondence, Gover-
nor J. W. Th
rockmorton Records (RG 301), Archives Division–Texas State Library,