A Historical Grammar of the Maya Language of Yucatan (1557-2000)
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is a reflex of Colonial -ancil.
1.2.1. VERBAL AFFECTS MARKED BY -B’-AL. The affects marked by -b’-al are listed with their imperfective
stems in the first two columns of Table 12-3. The perfective stem is formed by adding -n-ah(-ih) to the im-
perfective stem. The use of the imperfective stem in context is illustrated in (6a–e) and of the perfective
stem in (6f–g):
300 AFFECTS
(6a)
ȼ’óʔok u hač b’ašb’al a nòok’
‘your clothes have become very grimy’ (V. Bricker et al. 1998:27)
(6b)
ȼ’óʔok u ȼ’ukb’al inw óʔoč b’úʔul
‘my beans have become thick’ (V. Bricker et al. 1998:56)
(6c)
táan u náayb’al u y ič
‘he is dozing’ (V. Bricker et al. 1998:195)
(6d)
ȼ’óʔok u poȼ’b’al le b’ehaʔ
‘this road has become very slippery’ (V. Bricker et al. 1998:218)
(6e)
h wàaneʔ ȼ’óʔok u tohb’al
‘John, he already became stiff [after death]’ (V. Bricker et al. 1998:278)
(6f)
č’alb’alnahih
‘it became greasy’ (V. Bricker et al. 1998:79)
(6g)
híiȼ’b’alnah in šikin
‘I got a sudden pain in my ear’ (V. Bricker et al. 1998:105)
The use of -n-ah in the perfective stem indicates that it is being treated as an antipassive, rather than as
a root.
1.2.2. VERBAL AFFECTS MARKED BY -(Á)ANKIL. The -(á)ankil suffix appears only in the imperfective stem, as
in the following contextual examples:
(7a)
táan u y iȼláankil a k’íʔik’el
‘your blood is oozing’ (V. Bricker et al. 1998:10)
(7b)
ȼ’óʔok u káahal u b’òokáankil le hàanloʔ
‘that food has begun to give off an odor’ (V. Bricker et al. 1998:34)
(7c)
t u láakal b’áʔaš t a mèentah teneʔ
‘everything you did to me,
téʔe k u kùupankil t im puksíʔik’alaʔ
it is bottled up there in my heart’ (V. Bricker et al. 1998:138)
(7d)
čéen t u máan a waȼ’k’aláankil
‘you only wander about’ (V. Bricker et al. 1998:297)
The perfective stem behaves like an antipassive, with -n-ah replacing -(á)ankil, as in ʔàalnahih ‘she gave
birth’ (V. Bricker et al. 1998:4).
AFFECTS 301
Table 12-3. Affect verbs and related adjectives in the Hocaba Dictionary (V. Bricker et al. 1998).
Verb
Gloss
Adjective
Gloss
ʔáamb’al
roar (plane), rumble (earth)
—
ʔayb’al
become obese (dog, horse)
ʔáʔaykil
obese (dog, horse)
ʔišb’al
break out in a rash or goose
ʔíʔiškil
rough [skin with rash or goose
pimples
pimples; bark of tree]
ʔoȼ’b’al
become wrinkled
ʔóʔoȼ’kil
covered with wrinkles
ʔolb’al
become soft [hands of someone
ʔóʔolkil
soft, tender [leaf, hands of someone
who ceases working]
who is idle]
—
ʔóʔop’kil
fragile
ʔúumb’al
rock, sway
—
ʔusb’al
swell
ʔúʔuskil
swollen
b’ahb’al
swell (boil); be crowded (bus,
b’ab’ahkil
swollen, inflamed [with pus];
house)
crowded (bus, house)
b’amb’al
become fat, heavy
b’amb’ankil
fat, heavy
b’ašb’al
become hard (earth floor, clothes
b’ab’aškil
tight, packed (earth floor in house);
with grime)
grimy
b’ayb’al
become straight
b’ab’aykil
straight
b’íʔib’al
become soft (cloth after many
b’íʔib’iʔkil
soft, smooth
washings)
b’ilb’al
become clean, rubbed smooth
b’ib’ilkil
clean, rubbed smooth
(floor, ground)
b’ohb’al
become stiff; ring hollow
b’ob’ohkil
swollen, flatulent (stomach, like a
drum); dry (cough, throat, lungs)
b’uhb’al
sprout profusely (leaves on tree)
b’ub’uhkil
dense, thick (leaves on tree);
splittable
ȼahb’al
become well toasted until it is
ȼaȼahkil
well toasted
fragile
ȼak’b’al
become sharp
ȼaȼaʔkil
very sharp (knife, scissors)
ȼáak’b’al
palpitate, throb
—
ȼamb’al
temper (metal), harden,
ȼanȼankil
hardened, tempered
straighten up
ȼapb’al
become fuzzy
ȼaȼapkil
fuzzy
ȼikb’al
converse, chat
—
ȼuȼb’al
scar, obstruct
ȼuȼuȼkil
thick (forest)
ȼ’aȼ’b’al
become muddy
ȼ’aȼ’aʔkil
squishy
302 AFFECTS
Table 12-3. (cont’d) Affect verbs and related adjectives in the Hocaba Dictionary (V. Bricker et al. 1998).
Verb
Gloss
Adjective
Gloss
ȼ’amb’al
fall thickly (leaves)
ȼ’anȼ’ankil
dense (leaves), crammed (meat in
stew)
ȼ’iʔb’al
become clean, brilliant (ripe fruit)
ȼ’iʔȼ’iʔkil
sparkling clean
ȼ’ipb’al
become slippery
ȼ’iȼ’ipkil
slippery
ȼ’opb’al
become muddy
ȼ’oȼ’opkil
muddy, marshy
ȼ’úʔub’al
soften
ȼ’úʔuȼ’uʔkil
soft, mushy
ȼ’uȼ’b’al
shrivel
—
ȼ’ukb’al
become thick (boiled beans)
ȼ’uȼ’uhkil
creamy (beans)
čaʔb’al
become loose
čáʔačáʔakil
loose
čimb’al
become bowed with fruit (tree)
činčinkil
bowed [from weight of fruit]
čočb’al
dry up, shrivel
čočočkil
dried up, shrivelled
čohb’al
bear many fruit
čočohkil
hanging (fruits)
čoʔb’al
fill up [with many people]
čočoʔkil
crammed
čučb’al
shrivel
čučučkil
shrivelled, tangled
č’alb’al
become greasy
č’ač’alkil
greasy
č’ayb’al
drip (blood from meat)
č’ač’aykil
bloody (meat)
č’ehb’al
stick up (points or tips)
č’eč’ehkil
sticking up (points or tips)
č’emb’al
weigh a lot
č’enč’enkil
heavy
č’išb’al
clump, cluster thickly
č’ič’iškil
thickly clustered (worms, plants)
—
háʔahaʔkil
juicy
halb’al
lubricate
hahalkil
slippery, smooth
hap’b’al
become gritty
hahap’kil
gritty
hep’b’al
become tight
hehep’kil
tightened, cinched
héesb’al
pant
—
hetb’al
become fragile
hehetkil
easily split, broken
híiȼ’b’al
stab (pain [once only])
hihiȼ’kil
extractable; painful (crying)
hič’b’al
be tied firmly
hihič’kil
porous, grainy
hišb’al
become grainy
hihiškil
bumpy, pebbly
hoȼ’b’al
disintegrate; become doughlike
hohoȼ’kil
disintegrated, rotten
hoč’b’al
become limp
hohoč’kil
limp
holb’al
become slippery
hoholkil
slippery
hopb’al
take fire
hohopkil
flammable
AFFECTS 303
Table 12-3. (cont’d) Affect verbs and related adjectives in the Hocaba Dictionary (V. Bricker et al. 1998).
Verb
Gloss
Adjective
Gloss
hošb’al
become scaly (skin)
hohoškil
grainy, bumpy; crackling (starched
clothes); ringing (hollow stone)
huʔb’al
grow thickly (hair, leaves)
huhuʔkil
very thick (leaves on tree)
hupb’al
become dusty [sinking in sand]
huhupkil
dusty [sinking in sand]
hušb’al
become bumpy, granular
huhuškil
bumpy (ground); granular, grainy;
scaly
huyb’al
become powdery
huhuykil
soft, smooth
kalb’al
ache [from something too cold or
kakalkil
grainy, granulated; numb
too sweet]
kamb’al
be crowded, become stiff
kankankil
stiff (neck, back)
kelb’al
become grainy, granular
kekelkil
grainy, granular
kešb’al
become grainy [skin after bathing]
kekeškil
grainy
kiʔb’al
become soiled (clothing)
kikiʔkil
dirty, filthy (clothing)
kiȼ’b’al
become grimy
kikiȼ’kil
grimy
kíilb’al
tremble, shake, quake
—
—
kokoȼkil
frayed
kohb’al
become thick, felt
kokohkil
densely woven
košb’al
become pimply, warty
kokoškil
pimply, warty
kotb’al
become crowded
kokotkil
crowded
—
kukučkil
sticky
kulb’al
bathe in mud
kukulkil
smeared
kupb’al
become stuffy
kukupkil
sultry, becalmed
kutb’al
become fat
kukutkil
fat, bulbous
k’ak’b’al
dry up, shrivel
k’ak’aʔkil
desiccated
k’isb’al
swell (breasts)
k’ik’iskil
swollen (breasts full of milk)
k’olb’al
become dirty
k’ok’olkil
dirty, grimy
k’osb’al
become dry
k’ok’oskil
dry (meal without grease)
k’ušb’al
become gritty
k’uk’uškil
gritty
leȼ’b’al
glisten, shine
leleȼ’kil
glistening, shining
léeȼ’b’al
flash, sparkle, gleam
—
lemb’al
become firm
lelenkil
firm, heavy
léemb’al
flash, sparkle, gleam
—
lot’b’al
shrivel up
lolot’kil
shrivelled, wrinkled
304 AFFECTS
Table 12-3. (cont’d) Affect verbs and related adjectives in the Hocaba Dictionary (V. Bricker et al. 1998).
Verb
Gloss
Adjective
Gloss
mayb’al
become fine
mamaykil
fine, smooth, powdery
mučb’al
shrivel, frizz
mumučkil
shrivelled, frizzy
nat’b’al
become cramped, crowded
nanat’kil
cramped, crowded
náayb’al
doze
—
nič’b’al
become angry; feel itchy
ninič’kil
itchy
—
nonohkil
hanging around
not’b’al
shrivel up, waste away
nonot’kil
shrivelled
nuk’b’al
encyst
nunuʔkil
encysted
nulb’al
form lump
nunulkil
lumpy [changes position]
paʔb’al
become drenched
papaʔkil
drenched
pač’b’al
swoon
papač’kil
weak [from drinking]
pečb’al
stick (someone who won’t leave)
pepečkil
stuck
pik’b’al
become loose (tooth)
pipiʔkil
loose (post, tooth)
poȼ’b’al
become slippery
popoȼ’kil
very slippery
p’očb’al
swarm; break out in rash
p’op’očkil
spotted, blotchy
p’olb’al
swell; develop, grow
p’op’olkil
developed, grown, well groomed
p’ošb’al
break out in rash
p’op’oškil
blotchy, spotted
saȼ�
��b’al
become ill [from fever]
sasaȼ’kil
elastic, weak, shaky
síʔib’al
become dry [in sun or near fire]
síʔisíʔikil
dry [in sun or near fire]
somb’al
become overgrown
sonsonkil
thick, covered (with weeds or vines)
sotb’al
become swollen [filled with air]
sosotkil
swollen [with air]; hollow (sound)
sulb’al
become drenched
susulkil
drenched
šeʔb’al
become dirty
šešeʔkil
dirty
šíimb’al
walk
—
tak’b’al
become sticky
tataʔkil
sticky
—
tetep’kil
easily burst
timb’al
swell up (belly after overeating)
tintinkil
taut, tight
točb’al
stiffen [with dirt, starch]; grow
totočkil
stiff, hard
hard, tough
tóoč’b’al
flame, rise up (waves)
totoč’kil
very drunk
tohb’al
become taut, tight, stiff
totohkil
taut, tight
tuk’b’al
bulge, swell
tutuʔkil
bulging
AFFECTS 305
Table 12-3. (cont’d) Affect verbs and related adjectives in the Hocaba Dictionary (V. Bricker et al. 1998).
Verb
Gloss
Adjective
Gloss
t’ayb’al
jell, coagulate
t’at’aykil
gelatinous
t’iʔb’al
become inflamed, distended (belly) t’iʔt’iʔkil
distended
t’imb’al
become taut
t’int’inkil
very tight (guitar strings)
t’očb’al
harden (glue)
t’ot’očkil
hardened
—
t’ot’ohkil
brittle
t’oyb’al
become gelatinous; make well
t’ot’oykil
gooey; well done
t’učb’al
develop well
t’ut’učkil
well-built, shapely (woman)
wamb’al
become stuffed, blown up
wawankil
stuffed, blown up
wehb’al
become loose (grains on corncob)
wewehkil
loose (grains on corncob)
yač’b’al
become squishy (mud); ooze
yayač’kil
squishy (mud), oozy (blister)
(blister)
yalb’al
become greasy
yayalkil
greasy
yéʔeb’al
appear suddenly and disappear
—
(lightning)
yúʔub’al
become soft
yuʔyuʔkil
soft
yúuʔb’al
undulate (crowd)
—
yúukb’al
shake, be agitated
—
yulb’al
form cyst
yuyulkil
lumpy (cyst under skin)
2. ADJECTIVAL AFFECTS
2.1. ADJECTIVAL AFFECTS IN COLONIAL YUCATEC. Reduplication is a characteristic of the principal adjectival