A Historical Grammar of the Maya Language of Yucatan (1557-2000)
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affects, many of which are semantically related to the verbal affects described in 1.1. above. One of them
suffixed -ci to the reduplicated stem, and the other suffixed -nac to the same stem. A formal treatment of
reduplicated adjectives is provided in 1. Of Chapter 13.
2.1.1. ADJECTIVAL AFFECTS MARKED BY -CI. The adjectival affects marked by -ci are listed in the last two
columns in Table 12-1, next to their corresponding verbal affects, if any. Two patterns of reduplication are
exemplified in this Table: partial and full. In partial reduplication, the first consonant and vowel of the root
are repeated, yielding CV-CVC-ci, as in:
(8)
bibilci
‘trampled, dragged along’
cocotzci
‘brittle, fragile, easily burst (cord, thread)’
cucucci
‘fainting, swooning’
çaçahci
‘dry, parched by sun (leaves of tree)’
heheppci
‘creaking, squeaking’
lalabci
‘rotten (plants, roots)’
306 AFFECTS
mumukci
‘patient, long suffering’
nonolci
‘hardened (clay, bread)’
popotci
‘smooth, slippery’
xixicħci
‘full, stuffed, swollen’
In full reduplication, the entire root is repeated, yielding CVC-CVC-ci:
(9)
çinçinci
‘extended, stretched’
tzaytzayci
‘very sticky’
holholci
‘slippery, smooth’
hoxhoxci
‘rough’
láclácci
‘coagulating, curdling’
lemlemci
‘strong, robust, tied tightly’
lotzlotzci
‘coagulated, curdled’
mazmazci
‘fraying, wearing out (cord)’
muymuyci
‘pulverized, sifted’
poxpoxci
‘stuffed’
ppuyppuyci
‘abraded, crumbled’
teppteppci
‘swollen, taut’
ukukci
‘humid’
Contextual examples of partial and full reduplication in adjectival affects marked by -ci appear in (10a–g):
(10a) babahci v pucçikal ti keban
‘he is obdurate in sins’ (Ciudad Real 1600?: fol. 38v)
(10b) cħecħehci vinicob ti y otoch ku
‘people are tightly pressed together in church’ (Ciudad Real 1600?: fol. 54r)
(10c) hahacci v pach che ma vchac in naacali
‘the bark of the tree is very slippery; I cannot climb it’ (Ciudad Real 1600?: fol. 172r)
(10d) lemlemci v kaxal na
‘the bindings of the thatched house are strong’ (Ciudad Real 1600?: fol. 265v)
(10e) pipizci v malel kin toon
‘time passes in vain for us’ (Ciudad Real 1600?: fol. 376v)
(10f) ppuuyppuyci ticin vah
‘the dry bread is crumbled’ (Ciudad Real 1600?: fol. 394r)
(10g) xuxulci a butħicex ixim ti xuxac
‘fill the basket of corn to the utmost’ (Ciudad Real 1600?: fol. 465r)
2.1.2. ADJECTIVAL AFFECTS MARKED BY -NAC. Table 12-4 shows that three kinds of stems co-occurred with
-nac in Colonial Yucatec. Two of them involved reduplication, one partial and the other full. The third suf-
fixed -Vc to the CVC root (V echoed the vowel in the root), followed by -nac.
AFFECTS 307
Table 12-4. Colonial affect adjectives marked by -nac in the Calepino de Motul (Ciudad Real 1600?).
Adjestive
Gloss
acħacnac
juicy, succulent, full of sap; sticky (boiled honey), greasy (chicken fat); soft
ayacnac
juicy, greasy, sticky; var. aynac
akacnac
humid, greasy
alacnac
slow, deliberate
aanac
noisy, thunderous (thunder, earthquake)
babacnac
wide, open; strong
baabcanac
wide
babachnac
lean, thin, slender, weak
bakacnac
encircling, enclosing
balacnac
hidden
babalnac
wide
bebechnac
shaking (tall objects)
bibiknac
wriggling
bibixnac
late
bococnac
odiferous
bocolnac
smelly, odiferous
bobohnac
ringing hollow
booyocnac
walking very slowly
boboknac
shaking violently (water in vessel)
bobokac
shaking violently (water in vessel)
bubucnac
move back and forth
bubuchnac
losing time while walking, wandering alone sadly
buyucnac
odiferous, smelly
buɔucnac
smoking but not burning
calacnac
aching; penetrating, spreading (poison, wine, pain in body); var. canacnac
canacnac
aching; penetrating, spreading (poison, wine, pain in body); var. calacnac
cancanac
very swollen, tightened
ciicnac
intoxicated
cipcipnac
slippery
coconac
lewd, dishonest, dishonorable
cochocnac
wide
cocoynac
wrong, unequal, uneven, tilted
cocolnac
loose
cocopnac
arched, bent, folded
copocnac
twisting, coiling, forming hoop
cucucnac
very ripe (fruit)
cutzucnac
splintered (wood), unravelled (edge of cloth)
cuchucnac
loaded; guilty
cucuynac
hardened (fruit); trembling
culucnac
very loud (sound of thunder, drum)
cululnac
very loud (sound of thunder, drum)
308 AFFECTS
Table 12-4. (cont’d) Colonial affect adjectives marked by -nac in the Calepino de Motul.
Adjestive
Gloss
çaçacnac
dry, parched by the sun (leaves of tree)
caɔanac
stretching, extending
çaçalnac
drying out (clothes, earth)
çamacnac
sweet smelling
çatacnac
sharp (pain of bedbug bite)
çauacnac
tangled, topsy-turvy
çiçicnac
very parched (plant) {çiçiçnac misspelled}
cikicnac
disheveled, disarranged (hair, thatch covering house) {çikicnac misspelled}
çoçotnac
swollen, full of air (wine bag), inflated, stuffed (stomach full of food or gas)
çucucnac
thick, dense {çuçucnac misspelled}
çucucnac
often, frequently {çuçucnac misspelled}
cuɔucnac
thrown, stretched, spread out, extended (long objects); {çuɔucnac misspelled}
cuzulnac
very ripe (fruit) {çuzulnac misspelled}
tzaktzaknac
struck one after another
tzihinac
reeking of urine
tzolocnac
placed in order
ɔaacnac
very humid and wet
ɔibnac
smooth, polished, burnished
ɔoɔocnac
feeling intensely
ɔuɔunac
softening, ripening
chalacnac
clear
chichicnac
half mad, insane, crazy; half silly, foolish, stupid; astonished that he does not do what
he was told nor fetches what he was requested to bring
chichicnac
shaking violently
chijcnac
melancholic, frowning, annoyed
chichnac
melancolic, sad, gloomy, peevish, vexed {chicnac misspelled ?}
cholocnac
loosening
choonac
very humid
chulucnac
dripping, leaking one after another
cħenecnac
silent, quiet, calm, peaceful, suspended, absent, vacant
cħetecnac
twisted
cħoocnac
rotten, decayed, full of pus
cħulucnac
very wet, humid
eɔecnac
quietly, calmly, peacefully
eelnac
burning
epecnac
about to happen
hacaacnac
slipping, sliding (snake, rope)
haazacnac
suffering
haaznac
suffering
hahanac
shiny, glossy {hahaɔnac misspelled ?}
hechecnac
that which squeaks, creaks, crackles, grates
AFFECTS
309
Table 12-4. (cont’d) Colonial affect adjectives marked by -nac in the Calepino de Motul.
Adjestive
Gloss
henecnac
sprawling, loose (load)
hetħecnac
fissured, cracked, cleft, creviced, cut
hobacnac
destroyed, disturbed, undone, tangled
homocnac
empty, cleared
hulucnac
swift, straight like an arrow
humucnac
noisy, loud
hutucnac
falling, fading
hatzacnac
dividing, separating
holocnac
pierced or bored through, from side to side
kaacnac
abundant, copious, prosperous
kakamnac
lifeless, floating; var. kakacnac, kakanac
kanacnac
ripening (fruit, corn)
kaapacnac
pinching, contracting
kaatacnac
wandering back and forth
kaaxilnac
defecating
kechbanac
twisting, deviating
kinicnac
abundant, timely
kukulnac
hardened (fruit)
labacnac
spoiling, rotting, growing old; spoiled, rotten, aged
lalacnac
detaching, pulling out
lalacnac
stinging, smarting, burning (mustard)
lamacnac
large, wide, spacious; distant; var. lemecnac
lelemnac
resplendant, shining, glittering, bright, flashing
lemecnac
subdued, calm, quiet
lemecnac
large, wide, spacious; distant; var. lamacnac
liliknac
on the verge of leaving
lolocnac
brought to a boil
lolopnac
bent, folded, curved
lopocnac
bent, folded, arched
lulucnac
tender, soft, delicate; feeble, weak, frail; flimsy
lutħucnac
gradually, slowly
mamaknac
soft, tender
manac
restless, uneasy; distant, far, isolated
manacnac
distant, far from view; var. lamacnac
mizicnac
sweeping back and forth (long dress, tail of animal)
mimiznac
dragging
molocnac
piling up
mulacnac
piled up {mulucnac misspelled ?}
mumucnac
hidden, covered, wrapped
mumuznac
itchy
mumuknac
patient, long-suffering
310 AFFECTS
Table 12-4. (cont’d) Colonial affect adjectives marked by -nac in the Calepino de Motul.
Adjestive
Gloss
mumulnac
piled up, very close together (people, livestock)
nacacnac
bored, bothered
nacacnac
unsteady (child taking first step)
nakacnac
smarting, chafing
namacnac
distant, very far; tall, sovereign
nanacnac
unsteady (child, drunk, sick person)
nanauac
falling (drunk, child)
necħecnac
slowly, little by little
nibnibnac
fervent
ninibnac
fervent
nicnac
blooming, blossoming
notħocnac
worn out, dried out (land); weak, feeble, frail (person)
ooɔnac
wrinkling here and there
oochnac
bent, bowed, stooped, crouched
ochocnac
bent, bowed, stooped, crouched
oomnac
boiling
ootnac
throbbing
papalnac
trembling from fright or fear
pepetnac
going in circles
potocnac
pierced, perforated, bored
ppalacnac
untwisting, untangling
ppiticnac
excessive
ppotocnac
woolly, fleecy, fuzzy, curly
ppuppucnac
stooped, crouched
ppuhucnac
rebellious, upset
ppuuyucnac
crumbled
ppuppucnac
spongy, soft like unspun cotton
ppuxucnac
bent, stooped, crouched
ppuxulac
bent, stooped, crouched
tapacnac
fragrant, penetrating
tibicnac
afraid, frightened
titicnac
noisy
tilicnac
raised (dust, earth); noisy (thunder, stomach, drums)
titippnac
throbbing, pulsating (pulse); move back and forth (boat in water)
tuucnac
stinking, fetid, spoiled, tainted
tutulnac
overflowing
tħonocnac
humble, meek, weak, faint
uáánac
going and stopping from time to time
uececnac
spilled, scattered, shed
uijhnac
hungry
ukucnac
drinking, soaking, humid, leaky (vessel)
AFFECTS 311
Table 12-4. (cont’d) Colonial affect adjectives marked by -nac in the Calepino de Motul.
Adjestive
Gloss
xabacnac
scattered, spread, spilled, topsy-turvy
xacacnac
on all fours
xanacnac
slow
xeuecnac
spilling, spreading
xibicnac
separated, spread, dissolved [in water]; dissipated (smoke, fog)
xibicnac
trembling, shaking, shuddering; fearful
xicicnac
tarnishing, cracking, splitting, breaking apart
xitnac
opening
xitħicnac
stretched
xohocnac
rotten (beans, corn, seeds)
xoyocnac
surrounding, encircling, turning
yuyunac
softening, ripening (bubo, abscess)
yuyucnac
very tall (tree, man)
The reduplicated -nac stems were structurally identical to the ones suffixed by -ci: CV-CVC-nac and CVC-
CVC-nac. A number of the CV-CVC-nac stems share meanings with the corresponding CV-CVC-ci stems, of
which the following are representative:
(11)
CV-CVC-ci
CV-CVC-nac
Gloss
cocolci cocolnac loose
cocopci
cocopnac
arched, bent, folded
cucuyci
cucuynac
hardened (fruit)
çaçalci
çaçalnac
drying out after being wet
çiçici
çiçicnac
very parched (plant)
mamakci
mamaknac
soft, tender
mumukci
mumuknac
patient, long-suffering
ooɔci
ooɔnac
wrinkling
titici
titicnac noisy
In addition, a number of the CVC-Vc-nac stems that are based on the same roots as the CV-CVC-ci and
CVC-CVC-ci stems have similar or identical meanings:1
(12)
CV(C)-CVC-ci
CVC-Vc-nac
aayci ayacnac
‘juicy, greasy, sticky’
‘juicy, greasy, sticky’
aakci akacnac
‘humid, greasy’
‘humid, greasy’
cucutzci cutzucnac
‘unravelled at top or bottom (cloth)’ ‘splintered (wood), unravelled (edge of cloth)’
312 AFFECTS
cuculci culucnac
‘noisy, clattering’
‘very loud (sound of thunder, drum)’
hahacci hacaacnac
‘slippery, slick’
‘slipping, sliding (snake, rope)’
lalabci labacnac
‘rotten (plants, roots)’
‘spoiling, rotting, growing old; spoiled, rotten, aged’
luluci lulucnac
‘soft, soaked’
‘tender, soft, delicate; feeble, weak, frail, flimsy’
nonotħci
notħocnac
‘thin, feeble, frail; poor,
‘worn out, dried out (land); weak, feeble, frail (person)’
impoverished, dried out (land)’
ppuuyppuyci ppuuyucnac
‘abraded, crumbled’
‘crumbled’
Some examples of CV-CVC-nac adjectival affects appear in context in (13a–f) below:
(13a) bebechnac che t u me[n] yk
‘the tree is shaking because of the wind’ (Ciudad Real 1600?: fol. 49v)
(13b) cocoynac a cuch ixim
‘your load of corn is unbalanced’ (Ciudad Real 1600?: fol. 77r)
(13c) cuculnac t u ximbal t u hunal
‘noisily he walks alone’ (Tizimin n.d.: fol. 14r)
(13d) eelnac kak t in nal
‘the fire is burning in my cornfield’ (Ciudad Real 1600?: fol. 164r)
(13e) mumuznac in pach
‘my back is itchy’ (Ciudad Real 1600?: fol. 313r)
(13f) oochnac v talel Ju.o