Timefulness
Page 22
1–200 years
Groundwater
Shallow
10–100 years
Deep
100–10,000 years
Oceans
1000 years
Glaciers
100–800,000 years
Mantle
Millions of years
Carbon5 in:
5
Atmosphere-ocean system
100–1000 years
Soils
25 years
Land plants
5–10 years
Limestone
10 million years
Sea salt (sodium ions)
70 million years
3
Mixing Time
Global ocean
ca. 1500 years
2
Troposphere
1 year
5
(lower part of atmosphere)
4. University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, Center for Science Education,
2011. The Water Cycle. https:// scied .ucar .edu /longcontent /water -cycle.
5. Kump, L., Kasting, J., and Crane, R., 1999. The Earth System. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. pp. 134, 146.
C . V E L O C I T I E S A N D R AT E S O F C H A N G E
Geologic Average
Anthropocene Rate
Chapter
Plate motions
Background rate
1–10 cm/yr
Same
3
In earthquakes
(0.4–4 in./yr)
3
1 m/s (3ft/sec)
Rock uplift in
0.1–0.5 cm/yr
Same
3
mountain belts
(0.04–2 in./yr)
Isostatic rebound Up to 1 cm/yr
Same
3
due to erosion or (0.4 in./yr)
deglaciation
Land subsidence
from withdrawal —
Up to 2 cm/yr
3
of oil, gas, or
(0.8 in./yr)
groundwater
Erosion
0.1 mm/yr (0.004 in./yr) ca. 1 mm/yr
3, 5
(but varies with relief
(0.04 in./yr)6
and climate)
Sea level rise
Holocene average
Since 1900: 1.7 mm/yr
5, 6
(last 10,000 years):
(0.067 in./yr)7
0.1 mm/yr (0.004 in./yr) Since 1990:
ca. 3.0 mm/yr
(0.1 in./yr)
Projected for 2100:
14 mm/yr (0.5 in./yr)8
CO2 emissions
(as billions of
Volcanoes: 0.2 Gt/yr
Human emissions:
5
tons, Gt, of
10 Gt/yr
carbon, C)9
Increase in
Since last glacial
Since 1800: 0.5 ppm/yr
5
atmospheric CO2 maximum (18,000 years Since 1960: 1.5 ppm/yr
ago): 0.006 ppm/yr
Since 2000: 2.0 ppm/yr
6. Wilkinson, B., 2005. Humans as geologic agents. Geology, 33, 161–164.
doi:10.1130/G21108.1.
7. Church, J., and White, N., 2011. Sea level rise from the late 19th to early 21st century. Surveys in Geophysics, 32, 585–602. doi:10.1007/s10712-011-9119-1.
8. US Global Change Research Program, 2014. Third National Climate Assessment.
http:// www .globalchange .gov /nca3 -downloads -materials.
9. Gerlach, T., 2011. Volcanic vs. anthropogenic carbon dioxide. EOS, 92, 201–208.
doi:10.1029/2011EO240001.
D . C YC L E S A N D R E C U R R E N C E I N T E R VA L S
Cycle Length
Chapter
Supercontinent cycle (Wilson cycle);
ca. 500 million years
3
time between assembly and breakup
Milankovitch orbital cycle
Eccentricity
96,000 and 413,000 years
5
Obliquity
41,000 years
Precession
23,000 years
Dansgaard-Oeschger cycle:
(Pleistocene cooling/warming related
1500 years
5
to ocean circulation)
El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO):
3–5 years
5
semiperiodic alternation in location of
warm water masses in Pacific Ocean;
affects global weather
Madden-Julian oscillation:
1–3 months
5
repeating eastward migration of air
masses over the Indian and Pacific
Oceans; controls precipitation on land
adjacent to both oceans
Earth’s rotation
4
Modern
24 hours
Devonian
22 hours
Archean
18 hours
Recurrence time of supereruption at
Yellowstone (last one 640,000 years ago)
ca. 700,000 years
2, 3
Recurrence time of M9 earthquakes on
Cascadia subduction zone (last in 1700)
200–800 years
3
Global earthquake recurrence time
(long-term averages)
3
Magnitude 9
10 years
Magnitude 8
1 year
Magnitude 7
1 month
Magnitude 6
1 week
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. δ
at th
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., 2006. C
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er ie
a hit
l., 2011. H
o-Triassic e
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er
d
llions of y
t a
ycle
o th
alue over a p
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tes or
i, M
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y, A
bon c
e δ
ee aminif
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s in
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40% of gen 76% of sp
D for hard
E rates 100–100X back
s g
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nosk
s a m
e car
alue
l., 2010. C
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d J