The Third Reich
Page 84
Junge, Traudl, 558, 559, 565
Jungmädel, 304
Kaas, Ludwig, 231, 254
Kahr, Gustav Ritter von, 48, 52–60, 63, 285
Kaiser, Georg, 293–94
Kaiserhof Hotel, 153, 199, 219, 221, 222, 224
Kaltenbrunner, Ernst, 566
Kampfbund (German Battle League), 52–54, 57–58, 74
Kampfverlag, 84, 111, 112
Kapp, Wolfgang, 48
Kapp Putsch, 48, 87
Karl Liebknecht House raid, 240, 245–46
Kästner, Erich, 294
Keitel, Wilhelm, 390–91, 393, 402–3, 486–87, 556, 557, 559, 567
Kellogg-Briand Pact, 99
Kerrl, Hanns, 327
Kershaw, Ian, 489, 521
Kharkov, 514–15
Kiel, 275
Kietel, Wilhelm, 475
Kiev, 470, 472, 474, 495, 527
Kirkpatrick, Ivone, 408, 410
Klausner, Erich, 283–84, 288
Klemperer, Viktor, 240, 247, 274, 287, 312, 548–49
Klimt, Gustav, 8
Königsberg, 180
Köpenick, 266–67
KPD, 122, 125, 149, 170, 171, 242, 247, 254
Kraus, Werner, 294
Krebs, Hans, 298, 559, 565
Kreisau Circle, 535, 537
Kriebel, Hermann, 52, 54, 59, 60, 65
Kristallnacht, 362–67, 417, 424, 426, 490
Kroll Opera House, 253
Krupp von Bohlen, Gustav, 236
Kubizek, August, 2–6, 11, 379–80
Kursk, 527
Laban, Rudolf von, 294
Labor Front, see German Labor Front
labor unions, 10, 11, 18–20, 109, 120, 122, 171, 204, 205, 259–61, 264
of NSDAP, 120
SA and, 260
Lammers, Hans, 353, 487
Landsberg Prison, 62, 67–69, 74–77, 89
Landvolk, 119–20
Lang, Fritz, 293
Lange, Rudolf, 504
Latvia, 482, 504
Laval, Pierre, 373
Law for the Emergency Defense of the State, 286
Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor, 351, 353–54, 356
League of German Girls (Bund deutscher Mädel), 171, 304–5, 313
League of Nations, 33, 70, 157, 272, 377, 379, 424
disarmament conference sponsored by, 272–73, 370–71, 373
Germany admitted to, 99
Germany’s withdrawal from, 273, 347, 370, 371, 379, 400
Lebensraum (expansion), 41, 96, 139, 333, 276, 359, 369–70, 373, 387–88, 401, 403, 416, 428, 429, 442, 469–70
Leber, Julius, 537, 540
Leeb, Wilhelm Ritter von, 452
leisure activities, 309–11
Lenin, Vladimir, 26
Leningrad, 449, 470, 472, 474–76, 482, 527
Levien, Max, 26
Leviné, Eugen, 26
Ley, Robert, 260, 311, 331, 444, 566
Liebknecht, Karl, 22
Linz, 398–99
Lippe, 208–16, 218
Lipski, Jozef, 425
List, Wilhelm, 516
Lithuania, 423, 482
Little Entente, 372
Litvinov, Maxim, 430
Lloyd George, David, 32
Locarno Treaty, 99, 374, 377–78
Lodz, 492
London Blitz, 468, 544
London Ultimatum, 50
Lösener, Bernhard, 351
Lossow, Otto von, 52–58, 63
Lübeck, 511–12
Ludendorff, Erich, 17, 21, 52, 53, 56–62, 65, 72, 74–76, 79, 459
Hindenburg and, 226–27
in presidential elections, 79–81
Lueger, Karl, 9–12
Luftwaffe, 377, 385, 386, 387, 422, 438, 441, 457, 458, 461, 465–68, 475, 478, 482, 498, 516–18, 521, 542–46
Luitpold Arena, 314
Lustgarten, 259
Luther, Martin (diplomat), 504
Luther, Martin (monk and theologian), 37, 63, 299, 325
Luxembourg, 454
Luxemburg, Rosa, 22
MacDonald, Ramsay, 373
Madagascar, 448
Maginot Line, 453–54
Mahler, Gustav, 8
Maier, Johann, 553
Majdanek, 508, 522, 554
Mann, Heinrich, 293
Mann, Thomas, 293
Mannerheim, Carl Gustav, 449
Manstein, Erich von, 454–55, 500, 515, 517, 527
Marburg University, 278–80
marriage:
between Jews and non-Jews, 348–54
genetic health and, 340
Marxism, 11, 12, 14, 15, 23, 26–31, 44, 46, 64, 77, 78, 84, 121, 138, 169, 174, 175–76, 178, 181, 184–86, 232–33, 239, 240, 306, 325, 333
Masarik, Hubert, 414
Mastny, Jan, 414
Maurice, Emil, 44, 68
Mauthausen, 321, 399
May Day, 258–60, 313
Mayr, Captain, 28–30
Mein Kampf (Hitler), 27, 38, 40, 68–69, 75, 83, 95–96, 153, 163, 335, 336, 340, 358
Meissner, Otto, 196, 216, 218, 222, 224
Memel, 33, 423
Miklas, Wilhelm, 394, 397
Milch, Erhard, 542
Model, Alfred, 547
Molotov, Vyacheslav, 432
Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 430–32, 434, 449, 481
Moltke, Helmut James von, 535, 537, 540
Montgomery, Bernard, 520, 566
Moravia, 421–23, 447, 490
Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, 503–4
Morell, Theodor, 558
Moscow, 470–72, 474–76, 482, 488, 495, 497–98, 501, 502
motherhood, 304–6, 308
Mother’s Cross, 308
Mother’s Day, 305
motion picture industry, 293
Müller, Heinrich, 504
Müller, Hermann, 99
Müller, Karl Alexander von, 28, 56–57
Müller, Ludwig, 263, 327, 328
Munich, 16, 219, 249
Beer Hall Putsch in, see Beer Hall Putsch
degenerate art exhibition in, 295–96
Eternal Jew exhibition in, 358–59
Hitler in, 13–14, 25–32, 374
postwar chaos in, 12, 25–32
Munich Agreement, 414–17, 420
music, 133, 293, 297
Mussolini, Benito, 373, 376–77, 379, 386, 392, 394, 416, 431, 434, 437, 439–40, 476, 528
Czechoslovakia and, 412–14
execution of, 563
Mutschmann, Martin, 214
Myth of the Twentieth Century, The (Rosenberg), 123, 324
Napoleon I, Emperor, 449, 460, 474, 476, 498
Napoleon III, Emperor, 458
National Club, 137–38
National Socialist Labor Front, 260
National Socialist Lecturers Association, 298
National Socialist Letters, 84
National Socialist People’s Welfare, 306
National Socialist Physicians League, 342
National Socialist Women’s Association (NS-F), 306
National Socialist Women’s League, 172
Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte, 265
Navajos, 322
Nazi Factory Organization (NSBO), 307
Nazi German Students Association, 299
Nazi Germany:
appearance of peace and public order in, 318–19, 380
armed forces of, see armed forces; Wehrmacht
Autobahn in, 272, 311, 318
beginning of state-sanctioned reign of terror in, 238
block monitors in, 319
Christianity and, see Christianity
civil rights suspended by Reichstag Fire Decree, 243–44, 246
Civil Service Law in, see Civil Service Law
culture and, see culture
dissent and resistance groups in, 322–23, 532–42, 552–53
economy of, 232, 268, 274–75, 307, 319, 333, 335
, 344, 373, 381–88, 474–75, 543
elections in, 247–48, 274, 372
Enabling Act in, 231, 254–55, 258, 262, 263, 266, 289, 291
end of, 567
first public criticism of, 278–79
first wave of arrests, murders, and beatings in, 318–19
food supplies and, 382, 387, 405, 475
foreign policy of, see foreign policy
Four Year Plan in, 361, 384–85, 386, 392, 475, 504, 542
Gleichschaltung process of Nazification in, 248–49, 258, 291, 297, 308
“Heil Hitler” greeting in, 95, 311–12
Hindenburg’s death and, 289
Hitler becomes president, 289
Hitler cult in, 271, 278, 317
Hitler’s chancellorship, 224–27, 229–64, 272, 370
imports and exports of, 382, 383
improvisation in leadership of, 245, 351
individuality and, 297, 331
institutional Darwinism in, 269–70
Interior Ministry of, 266, 267, 340, 351, 357, 504
Jews in, see Jews
Justice Ministry of, 266, 267, 350, 357, 504
lack of organization in, 269, 376
local Nazi bosses in, 275
Olympic Games in, 349, 357, 380, 381
paramilitary wings of, see SA; SS
People’s Court in, 350, 534–35, 540, 541
police forces in, see police
political arrests in 1933, 261
political organizations outlawed in, 264
radicalization of policies in, 391, 504
radio broadcasts of leaders in, 238
Reichstag of, see Reichstag (Nazi Germany)
transportation system in, 543
unemployment in, 204–5, 259, 272, 274, 318
Volk as center of, 297; see also Volksgemeinschaft
working class in, see work; working class
in World War II, see World War II
youth programs in, see youth programs
Nazi Party (National Socialist German Workers Party; NSDAP):
All Quiet on the Western Front and, 132–33
apocalyptic language used in, 420, 489
Bamberg meeting of, 85–89
banning of, 62, 69, 72, 77
Bavarian Reichswehr and, 46
becomes largest party in Germany, 168, 175, 184
becomes second-largest party in Germany, 118
Beer Hall Putsch, see Beer Hall Putsch
Berlin transportation strike supported by, 187, 190, 192, 195
Boxheim Documents of, laying out plans for coup, 136
Brown House headquarters of, 132, 148, 283, 284
business community and, 137–40
Catholic Church and, 122–23, 171
Communists and, 85, 86
demographic diversity in followers of, 170, 173–74
Depression and, 74, 99–101, 103, 106, 107, 110, 119, 129
DVFP alliance with, 72–73, 75, 82
dysfunctional German political system and, 173–74, 178
economic policy of, 138–39
election fatigue and, 190, 195
in election of 1933 in Lippe, 208–16, 218
in elections of 1924, 70–74
in elections of 1926 and 1927, 98–99
in elections of 1928, 98–101, 103–4
in elections of 1929, 109–10
in elections of 1930, 109–10, 117–19
in elections of 1931, 134
in elections of 1932, 141–52, 155–57, 168, 175–76, 180, 182, 183, 185, 188–92, 194–95, 198–200, 202, 225
in elections of 1933, 231, 234, 236–37, 239, 243, 247–48
electoral popularity of, 225
festivals of, 93
financial difficulties of, 187, 190, 201, 202, 208, 218, 225
formation of, 37–40
Gauleiter of, 83, 87, 89, 91, 92, 97, 110–12, 171, 212–14, 282, 447, 491
German Socialist Party and, 42
Göring’s joining of, 42–43
early growth of, 47
Hitler becomes leader of, 42
Hitler cult in, 95, 178, 271, 278
Hitler’s control of, 77, 86–87
Hitler’s vision of, 211
ideology of, 30, 39, 40, 68, 73, 84, 85, 115, 134, 173, 174, 188, 195, 210, 288
industrialists’ funding of, 236–37
internal crisis in 1932, 194
Jews in ideology of, 39, 40, 73, 77, 78, 84, 86, 121–22, 134, 166–68, 186, 209–10, 336, 469; see also Jews
labor union of, 120
legality policy of, 76–77, 116, 127, 135–36, 182, 194, 202, 217
loss of popular appeal in 1932, 189–92, 198, 201–2, 203, 208–9, 225
lower middle class and, 168, 169, 173, 196
membership growth of, 110, 131–32, 134
middle class and, 105, 119, 120, 170, 180, 182, 185, 186, 190–93, 195
NSFB and, 74
older Germans appealed to, 171–72
opportunists’ joining of, 266, 329–30
organizational and strategic reforms in, 103–6
Papen and, 161–62
Party Day of, 51, 92
as people’s party, 168–70, 173, 195
placement in political spectrum, 169–70
politicians’ belief in taming of, 204, 225
as protest party, 168, 173–74, 191, 194–96
Prussian referendum and, 134–35
rallies and parades of, 94, 115, 132, 135, 164, 217, 289, 292, 313–16, 350–51, 380–81, 384, 405–6
rebuilding of, 75–79, 90, 101, 104
reestablishment of, 76–77, 81, 90
Reichstag paralyzed by, 123–24
Rosenberg as caretaker of, 69
rural population and, 104–5, 192
salute of, 226, 249, 311
“second revolution” called for in, 266, 268, 275, 277, 278, 286
social acceptance of, 107
“socialism” of, 121, 186–87, 191, 333–34
Socialists and, 85, 86
special interests and, 170
SS, see SS
Storm Troopers, see Storm Troopers
Strasser and Goebbels’ revision of program of, 85–86
surge of support for, 168
swastika symbol of, 37, 239, 263, 303, 312, 314, 350
Twenty-five Points program of, 28, 38–40, 84, 86, 87, 104, 111, 114, 115, 137, 350
uniforms in, 184
Völkischer Beobachter newspaper of, 41, 69, 77, 79–81, 98, 104, 115, 125, 128, 134, 149, 175, 201, 243, 256–57, 361
Volksgemeinschaft (people’s community) of, 31, 38, 73, 121, 151, 209, 304, 313, 317, 318, 321, 330, 333, 334
women and, see women
working class and, see working class
working groups in, 83, 87, 89
Young Plan and, 106–8, 110, 112, 113, 117, 135
as young people’s party, 171
Nazi Physicians League, 351
Nazi propaganda, 4, 15, 37–39, 42, 77, 91–94, 97, 101, 110, 113–15, 131, 132, 134, 140, 142, 176, 194, 195, 198, 202, 225
Addressbuch as aid in, 146
anti-Semitic stereotypes in, 166
blood flag in, 95, 132
branding and merchandising in, 162–63
concentrated offensives in, 105
contradictory promises in, 163–64
coordination and uniformity in, 113, 146
against Czechoslovakia, 405, 423–24
energetic and youthful image in, 115, 171
against England, 463
entertainment value and theatricality in, 162, 163
financial difficulties and organizational fatigue and, 188–91
German Christians and, 263
Goebbels and, 92, 105, 110–13, 115, 145, 147, 162, 163, 186, 189, 268, 317–18
grassroots, 91–94, 147, 180, 190
handbook for, 93
Himmler as head of, 97–98, 105, 110
Himmler’s 19
28–29 campaigns, 131
and Hitler’s appointment as chancellor, 231
and Hitler’s campaign in elections of 1932, 145–47, 149–51
Hitler’s views on, 89–90, 92, 97, 110, 164, 198
Jews emphasized in, 489
Lippe election and, 208–9
local groups in, 98
marketing research in, 114
modern techniques used in, 112
network of cells for, 91, 97
Olympic Games and, 380
provocations in, 163
public mass meetings, 94
regional elections and, 155–56
reports by local leaders and, 190
RPL leadership of, 145–47, 149, 150, 156, 162, 164, 166, 180, 185–87, 189, 190–93, 195, 201, 202
shift in focus of, from middle class to working class, 192–93, 195
show funerals in, 126
speaker’s school program and, 112
Strasser as head of, 89, 91, 92, 97, 104
Wessel’s death used in, 125–26
Neidhardt, Franz, 63, 65
Neubauer, Jacob, 7, 12
Neumann, Erwin, 504
Neurath, Constantin von, 255, 352, 375, 387–89
dismissal of, 391
New Beginning, 274
New People, 344
newspapers, 134, 238, 247
Angriff, 111, 126, 127, 134, 167
Völkischer Beobachter, 41, 69, 77, 79–81, 98, 104, 115, 125, 128, 134, 149, 175, 201, 243, 256–57, 361
New York Times, 65, 66, 75–76, 229–30, 296
Niemöller, Martin, 327–28
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 343
Night of Long Knives, 280–89
Normandy landings, 529–31, 542–43
Norway, 456–57, 462, 464, 524
NSBO (Naitonal Socialist Shop Floor Organization), 120
NSDAP, see Nazi Party
NSFB (National Socialist Freedom Movement), 74
Nuremberg, 313, 399, 550, 553
rallies at, 94, 217, 289, 292, 313–16, 350–51, 380–81, 384, 405–6
Nuremberg Laws, 347, 351–56, 504, 506
trials arising from, 354
Nuremberg trials, 566, 567
Obersalzberg, 560
Office of Racial Policy, 344, 357
Olbricht, Friedrich, 536, 538, 539
Olympic Games, 349, 357, 380, 381
opera, 1, 4–5
Operation Sea Lion, 464–65, 468, 469, 470
Operation Barbarossa, 451, 469–90, 493–502, 503, 513–14, 516
Oster, Hans, 453, 536, 538, 540
Owens, Jesse, 380
Pact of Steel, 428, 434
Pan-German movement, 9, 17
Pan-German League, 106, 135
Papen, Franz von, 158–61, 165, 176, 177, 182–86, 191, 192, 196, 204, 206, 211, 234, 235, 237, 243, 262, 278
Austria and, 317, 392–94
emergency decrees and austerity programs of, 160, 172, 204–5
Enabling Act and, 231
Goebbels and, 279
Göring’s meeting with, 220
Hindenburg and, 158–59, 197, 206, 207, 220, 221, 279, 279, 281