Hitler 1936-1945: Nemesis (Allen Lane History)

by Ian Kershaw

  Gersdorff, Rudolph-Christoph Freiherr von 659, 660, 662–3, 666

  Gerstenmaier, Eugen 666, 690

  Gestapo (Secret State Police) 262, 660; arrest and internment of Jews 133, 145; attacks Communism xxxvi, xxxvii; and the Blomberg scandal 52; Edelweié Pirates kill Gestapo men 704; engaged in Einsatzgruppen actions 468; Galen’s protest 427–30; Headquarters 600; interrogation of Fritsch 56; radicalization 43; and resistance groups 263, 667, 670; and Stalingrad 551; suppression of religious orders in Münster 427; torture of coup conspirators 690; on Tresckow 660

  Gewitteraktion (‘Storm Action’) 691

  Geyr von Schweppenburg, General Leo 641, 649

  Gibraltar 327, 328, 347, 348, 539

  Giesing, Dr Erwin 694, 726, 727, 728

  Giesler, Hermann 299, 512, 514, 575, 777, 778

  Giesler, Gauleiter Paul 575, 576, 823

  Giraud, General Henri 541–2

  Gisevius, Hans-Bernd 225, 268, 675–6, 678, 682

  Glaise-Horstenau, Edmund 71, 74, 75, 79

  Gleiwitz, Upper Silesia 221

  Globocnik, Odilo 319, 483

  Gneisenau, August Graf Neithardt von 644

  Gneisenau (battleship) 504

  Godesberg Memorandum 114–18, 122

  Goebbels, Joseph 32–3, 36, 43, 118, 226, 227, 753, 786, 798, 806, 819, 832; affair with Lida Baarova 145, 199; on the Anschlué 75–6; appointed Chancellor of the Reich 823, 830; on attacking England 267; on Barbarossa 385, 415 – 16; the Berlin Olympics 7; and black-marketeering 506, 508; Christian Churches a pet theme 509, 516; and the Committee of Three 568–9, 569–70; and Czechoslovakia 96, 107, 112, 113, 115–16, 121; diary 1, 13, 17–18, 39, 41, 44, 46, 83, 137, 138, 148, 161, 164, 177, 382, 395, 474, 487, 521, 571, 610, 638–9, 709, 711, 729; and Der ewige Jude 249; and the food crisis 506; the French armistice 299; and the Fritsch affair 56; in the Führer Bunker 776, 804, 827, 828; fury at the Dresden air-raid 779; on the German declaration of war on the USA 444–5; on Göring 11; and the Heé affair 373, 374–5, 376, 379; Himmler critical of 148; hopes for understanding with Britain 160; H’s most adoring disciple 184, 348, 571, 783; on H’s plans for dealing with Britain 292–3; and H’s threats to Austria 72; instigates the pogrom (1938) 138, 140; and the ‘Jewish Question’ 133, 279, 472–3, 474, 490, 510; on letters criticizing H 566; the ‘Madagascar solution’ 322; marital problems 145; on Memel 176; memorandum to H (September 1944) 729–30; the Munich Agreement 122; the OKW’s radio presentation 398; the ‘peace offer’ to Britain 300; plans to rid Berlin of Jews 133–4, 135, 351, 481, 482, 485, 519; pledges loyalty of all German people to H 117; ‘Plenipotentiary for Total War Deployment’ 563; on the Polish Question 279; propaganda against the Poles 241; radio address castigating the plotters (1944) 700; refashions H’s image (1942) 501; refuses to leave H 824; regrets H isolating himself 565–6; relations with H 35; relationship with Lida Baarova 145; remains wholly loyal 774; Rosenberg detests 149; satisfaction with the massacre of Jews 464, 494–5; signs the Political Testament 823; and Slovakia 166; the Spanish Civil War 16; the ‘special announcements’ 398, 422; Sportpalast speech (18 February 1943) 561–2; suggests reviving the Ministerial Council 570–71; suicide 83; threatens Jewish sympathizers 475; told of the assassination attempt (1944) 678–9; and the uprising (1944) 679; urges H to address the nation after six months’ silence 430–31; and vom Rath’s death 138; the winter clothing crisis 453; ‘The Jews are Guilty’ article 482

  Goebbels, Magda 198–9, 783, 827–8, 832–3

  Goerdeler, Carl 268, 659, 663, 665, 666; becomes a leading opponent of the Third Reich 19, 664; confession 691; opposes an armaments-led economy 18, 22; Reich Price Commissioner 19; Stauffenberg and 668; warns about H’s aims 90

  Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von 240

  Gold Beach 640

  Goldlap 738

  Gollancz, Victor 840

  Göring, Edda 799

  Göring, Emmy 799

  Göring, Hermann 32, 43, 188, 207, 320, 341, 405, 475, 543, 546, 563, 684, 753, 798, 804; aborted political leadership plan 572–3; aims at economic dominance in southeastern Europe 49, 89; air-lift to 6th Army 544, 545; ambitions 57; and the Anschlué 75–8, 81, 89; and ‘aryanization’ 42; attempts to make a comeback 226; attends two Committee of Three meetings 574; and the Austrian Question 67, 68, 96; the Berlin Olympics 7; blamed for the ‘absolute failure’ of the Luftwaffe 645; and the Blomberg scandal 52, 53; Bormann forces him to resign 807–8; chairs the Ministerial Council 312; and the Committee of Three 568–70; contempt for bureaucracy 313; and Czechoslovakia 96, 119, 120; designated to be H’s successor 396; diary 12; and Dunkirk 296; elevated to Reich Marshal 303–4; encourages H to get rid of Halder 533; the end of his influence on foreign policy 123; establishes a Central Office for Jewish Emigration 147–8; on expansion 46; expelled from the Party 823; favours an agreement with Britain 50, 67, 226, 771–2; foreign policy 67–8; Four-Year Plan see under Germany; and Fritsch 55; ‘Fuel Dictator’ 11; on a ‘great showdown’ with the Jews 127; H humiliates 786–7; and the Heé affair 371, 372, 375, 376; and H’s cancellation of the Polish invasion 215; and H’s memorandum (1936) 20, 21; H’s reluctance to oppose 289; illness 574; isolates himself 95; on the ‘Jewish Question’ 131; keen to see the end of Czechoslovakia 89; and the Luftwaffe’s failure 535, 570, 572, 587, 620–21, 629, 738, 825–6; made Field Marshal 58; at a meeting to discuss the Polish situation 208; and the Munich Agreement 121, 123; narcotics intake 574; nominally in charge of anti-Jewish policy 471; popularity evaporates 620, 644, 739; the Prussian Finance Ministry 574–5; pushes for peace at Munich 89; rapaciousness 89; and the Spanish Civil War 14, 15, 16; successful visit to Italy 45; suicide 836; telegram to H 807; on trial at Nuremberg 574; wants total economic exploitation of Russia 406; and Wiedemann’s mission to London 105

  Gorki 437, 438

  GPU (Gosudarstvennoye Politicheskoye Upravlenie; Soviet State Political Administration) 359

  GPU-Organization 354

  Graf, Willi 552

  Grafeneck asylum 261

  Grand Army (of Napoleon) 393

  Grave 723

  The Great King (film) 501 ‘greater economic sphere’ see

  Groéraumwirtschaft

  Greater Russia, Rosenberg’s policy in 406

  Greece: capitulation of 366–7; German plans to occupy 361, 363; Italian invasion 331, 346, 361

  Greenland 585

  Greiner, Helmuth 545

  Greiser, Arthur 239, 250–2, 261, 315, 316, 319, 320, 479, 480, 484–5, 759, 837

  Groß-Rosen concentration camp, Lower Silesia 768

  Großdeutschland (‘Greater Germany’) 83

  Groéraumwirtschaft (‘greater economic sphere’) xliv, 68, 343

  Grodno 398

  Groscurth, Lieutenant-Colonel Helmuth 119, 262, 268, 270

  Grozny 497, 514, 529, 530, 532, 536

  Grynszpan, Herschel 136, 150

  Guarantee to Poland 155, 175, 178, 179, 190, 212, 216, 218, 237, 586

  Guderian, General Heinz 290, 413, 414, 437, 442, 450, 451, 454–5, 501, 577, 578, 580, 591, 618, 650, 688, 694–5, 723, 725, 737, 753, 756–9, 768, 769, 770, 779, 784, 787–8

  Guernica 24–5

  Guinness family 13

  Gulf of Salerno 600

  Gumbinnen 738

  Günsche, SS-Sturmbannführer Otto 797, 827, 828, 830, 831, 833

  Gürtner, Justice Minister Franz 55, 56, 59, 253–4, 256, 262, 506

  Gustav V, King of Sweden 817

  Gustloff, Wilhelm 136

  Gypsies 234, 244, 318, 382

  Haase, Professor Werner 825, 826

  Habsburg Empire: dismembering of 65; hostility towards Czechs 92; imperial crown lands 172

  Hácha, Dr Emil 170

  Hack, Dr Friedrich Wilhelm 26, 27

  Hadamar asylum 261

  Haeften, Lieutenant Werner von 671–2, 673, 676, 681, 682, 683, 689

  Hafeld 197

  Hagen, Lieutenant Hans 680

  Hahn, Otto 731

  Hald
er, General Franz 101, 123, 179, 207, 214, 215, 217, 220, 225, 236, 243, 262, 266, 267, 269, 270, 281, 296, 302, 303, 306, 308, 335, 344–5, 346, 356–7, 362, 365, 384, 391, 396, 399, 407–12, 414, 417, 418, 419, 433, 435, 438, 450, 451, 452, 456, 497, 514–15, 527, 528, 529, 531–2, 533–4, 690

  Halifax, Lord 66, 67, 69, 73, 77, 99, 105, 109, 174, 213, 215–20, 306

  Halle-Merseburg 765

  Hamburg 597–8, 637, 800, 806

  Hamilton, Duke of 370, 371, 373, 379

  Hamm 791

  Hanau 788

  Hanke, Gauleiter Karl 759, 779, 823

  Hanover 294, 791

  Harlan, Veit 713

  Harpe, Colonel-General Josef 758

  Harris, Air Marshal Arthur 761

  Harz mountains 402

  Hase, Major-General Paul von 680

  Hasselbach, Dr Hans-Karl von 235, 727

  Hassell, Ulrich von 209, 226, 268, 551, 659, 664

  Haus Wahnfried, Bayreuth 15, 198

  Haushofer, Albrecht 378

  Haushofer, Karl 378

  Hawaii 444

  Hefelmann, Hans 258, 259, 260

  Heim, General Ferdinand 543

  Heinemann, General Erich 643

  Heinkel works, Rostock 509–10

  Heinrici, Colonel-General Gotthard 759, 784, 793, 802

  Heisenberg, Werner 731

  Helldorf, Wolf Heinrich Graf von 52–3, 133, 135, 374, 691

  Hendaye meeting (H-Franco) 328–30

  Henderson, Sir Nevile 46, 73, 92, 99, 110, 116, 119, 120, 122, 206, 211–14, 216–21, 226, 228

  Henlein, Konrad 46, 88, 96, 108, 109, 113, 218

  Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony and Bavaria 245

  Herber, Lieutenant-Colonel Franz 681 ‘Heroes’ Memorial Day’ 37, 505, 555, 565, 598, 631, 662, 783

  Herrlingen 733

  Heé, Rudolf 219, 245, 272, 298, 312, 315, 369, 381, 382–3, 786, 837; heads the central Party office 129; and the Spanish Civil War 15; mission to Scotland 369–80, 436; weak and ineffectual Party leadership 421

  Heß, Wolf Rüdiger 369

  Hessen 137

  Heusinger, Colonel Adolf 396, 412, 672, 673

  Hewel, Walter 170, 199, 212, 216, 226, 350, 594, 633, 797, 816

  Heydrich, Reinhard 129, 134, 149, 252, 262, 318, 472, 476, 478; and the Anschlué 82, 84; appointed Deputy Reich Protector 488; approach to the ‘Jewish Question’ 139, 461–2; assassinated by Czech patriots 518–19, 526; concern with the ‘final solution’ 321–2, 471, 492–4; and the Einsatzgruppen 381, 382, 463; explains the ‘ethnic cleansing’ programme in Poland 243–4; ‘final evacuation’ of German Jews to the General Government 352; and the Fritsch file 54; grandiose resettlement scheme in Poland 279; heads the Central Office for Jewish Emigration 147; Jewish ‘emigration action’ 135; and Jews’ identification marks 473; and the ‘Madagascar solution’ 321, 324, 349; opens the Wannsee Conference 147–8, 492–3; and police state 278; and policy in Russia 468; and the ‘Polish’ assault at Gleiwitz 221; role with the Security Police 495; and ‘special tasks’ 353, 354; suggests a distinctive badge for Jews 144; and the Wannsee Conference 492–3

  Hilger, Gustav 195

  Himmler, Heinrich 104, 226, 227, 245, 262, 471, 478, 650, 753, 776, 798, 804, 806, 814; addresses Reichs- and Gauleiter (6 October 1943) 605; ambitions 57; and the Anschlué 76, 79, 82, 84; appointed Minister of the Interior 599, 709; approach to the ‘Jewish Question’ 139, 461–2, 469; authorized to deport Jews to the east 479; ‘Black Order’ 252; clashes with Forster 251; as Commander of the Reserve Army 716; commands Army Group Vistula 758–9, 779, 782, 787, 818; Commissar for Settlement 246, 279; conspirators want to eliminate with H 671; critical of Goebbels 148; delights in genocide of Jews 487; demands for ethnic Germans 319; driving out Jews 127; expelled from the Party 823; on extermination of Jews in the Ostland 486, 520; Forster on 316; and the Fritsch file 54, 55; General Plan for the East commissioned 462; on Germany’s ideological enemies 130; given command of the reserve army 677, 690; and the Heé affair 374; on Kiev 434; offer to surrender 816–19; policy in Russia 406, 468; ‘rejected by the Party’ 786; retreats to a convalescent clinic 782; role with the Security Police 495; secret overtures to the West 716–17; speaks to SS leaders (4 October 1943) 487, 559, 584, 604–5; statistics of Jews ‘executed’ 521; suggests deporting Jews to Africa 320–32; suicide 836; supports Ribbentrop in the Sudeten crisis 129; and Volkssturm 714, 716; and the Warsaw Uprising 725; ‘Some Thoughts on the Treatment of the Alien Population in the East’ 321

  Hindenburg (airship) 6

  Hindenburg, Field Marshal Paul von Beneckendorff und von xv, 814, 823

  Hitler, Adolf: absolute power xxxvi; addresses the German people after the assassination attempt (1944) 684, 701; aims to destroy Czechoslovakia 87–8, 92, 93, 100, 116, 136, 158, 163–4; Anschluß a watershed for H 83, 92, 94; appointed Chancellor (1933) xv, 23, 162; approach to Poland changes markedly 166–7; assassination attempt (1939) 263–4, 271–5, 278; assassination plans and attempt (1944) 86, 224, 358, 359, 651–84, 687–705, 706, 753; and the atomic bomb 731–2; authorizes deportation of Jews to the east 479, 481, 488, 494; awareness of the slaughter of Jews 520–23; Baldwin on 4; ‘Basic Order’ (January 1940) 290–91, 522; becomes a remote figure 501, 564, 565–6, 570, 571, 614; and the Blomberg scandal 52, 53–4; Brenner Pass talks 291–2; and the ‘Church struggle’ 39–41; cremation of his body 829–31; criticized for the first time (over Stalingrad) 551–2; crusade against Bolshevism 335, 384, 406, 505; daily routine 32–3, 105–6, 198–9, 396, 777; ‘Decree for the Implementation of the Four-Year Plan’ 23; ‘Destructive Measures on Reich Territory’ decree 785–6; disaffection with 95, 556–7; dismay at Britain’s ultimatum 223, 230; disposes of his possessions 821; draconian economic measures against Jews 143–4; effect of ‘Crystal Night’ on 150; the essence of his political ‘career’ 783; the euthanasia authorization 253; experiences in the First World War 403; favours a Polish rump state 238; fiftieth birthday (20 April 1939) 183–4, 187, 228, 806; fifty-fifth birthday 632; fifty-sixth birthday 794, 797, 799, 800; final meeting with his Gauleiter 779–80; final proclamation to the soldiers of the eastern front (15 April 1945) 749, 792–3; foreign policy compared to that of Göring 67–8; the French armistice 298–9; the Fritsch affair 54–6; Führer cult 94, 183, 184, 185, 198; Haider involved in a conspiracy 123, 179; health 36, 92, 411–12, 456, 473, 513, 541, 553, 556, 565, 577, 587, 611–12, 623, 631, 694, 726–8, 732, 741, 779–80; and the Heé affair 371–2, 373, 375, 376–7, 379, 380, 381, 382–3, 436; and Himmler’s offer to surrender 816–17; horoscope 791; ideological aims of the war against Russia 356; imperialist aims 517; interned in Landsberg (1924) 31; and Katyn 583; last ‘election’ campaign 82–3; last offensive 745; last triumph 693; major speech on foreign policy (20 February 1938) 71, 72, 73; marries Eva Braun 820–21; meeting with Franco at Hendaye 329–30; meeting with Mussolini at Feltre 593; memorandum on the future of the economy 19–23, 25, 144; mode of addressing (‘Mein Führer’) 30; the Munich Agreement 122–3; mutual distrust of Stalin 331; ‘offer’ to Britain regarding Poland 213, 216, 217, 265–6, 267; Operation Sealion 302–3, 310; opposition to 262–3, 268–9, 552, 556; the order to attack Poland (on 1 September 1939) 220–1; ‘peace offer’ to Britain 300, 301, 306, 379; personal security 660; his personal staff 30–2; Political and Private Testaments 821–3, 825, 832; popularity 275, 278, 311, 367, 375, 421, 655; popularity wanes 541, 700, 702–3; ‘prophecy’(i939) 459, 473–4, 478, 479, 482, 487, 488, 491, 494, 495, 516, 522, 536, 540, 589, 637; the quintessential hate-figure of the twentieth century xvii; reaction to Mussolini’s replacement 594–5; reactions to H’s survival 699–702; rescinds Polish invasion order (August 1939) 214–15, 229–30; restores Germany’s position as a major power 28–9; role in the road to the ‘Final Solution’ 495; sees himself as ‘irreplaceable’ 276; ‘sixteen-point proposal’ 219–20, 221; and the Spanish Civil War 4, 13, 14; Special Train 291, 292, 294, 307, 328, 329; style of rule 569; suicide (30 April 1945) 828, 829,
832; support for xxxix–xl; takes over the Wehrmacht 56–8; takes on the supreme command of the army 452–3; talks with Mussolini (January 1941) 346–7; talks with Mussolini (April 1943) 581; talks with Mussolini (22 April 1944) 633; talks with Mussolini (May 1938) 133; treatment of Eva Braun 34; triumph in Vienna 79–81; ultimatum demanding the Party leadership (1921) 283; views devastation in Warsaw 236; war directive (18 December 1940) 335; war as the essence of human activity 403; ‘world-view’ xli, 21, 150, 233, 588; at the zenith of his power (1940–41) 286; antisemitism 285, 360; aims to destroy the Jews xli, 42, 130, 150, 152–3, 253, 323, 350, 459, 582–3, 588; attacks Jewish lack of ability and creativity 489; keen to hide his involvement in the genocide 487; and the Olympic Games 5; ‘removal’ of the Jews xliv, xlv, 1, 41, 279, 336, 349, 383; personality: charm 29, 72; courage xxxix; egomania 613; exploitation of others 30–1, 34; hubris xvi, xviii; hypochondria 411, 612, 727–8, 777; megalomania 34, 36, 187–8, 368, 400; preoccupation with his own mortality 36–7, 84, 92, 228; profound contempt for human existence 500–501; rages 5–6, 7, 39, 43, 116, 178, 202, 229, 270, 530, 531, 532, 539, 564, 573, 590, 612, 627, 675, 732, 757–8, 759, 769, 818; restlessness xlvi, 27; secretiveness 30, 487, 522, 523; self-confidence xlvi, 15, 356, 456, 504, 530, 533, 578, 624; self-glorification xv; sense of political mission xv, 63, 70, 92, 253, 314, 323; a skilled dissembler 29–30; Valhalla mentality 577; vegetarianism 509; public speaker: antisemitism 5, 39; criticism of the ‘Heroes’ Memorial Day’ speech (1943) 555; Finnish recording (1942) 525; performing skills xli, 117, 189, 432; speech to the last ever session of the Reichstag 510–12; speeches loses their impact 540; use of his hands 303; on working with other nations 27; works: Mein Kampf 19, 21, 39, 45, 63, 65–6, 151, 206, 237, 255, 375, 752, 821; Second Book 19, 21, 237