1434
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see also specific firearms
fireworks, 221–22
flamethrowers, 16, 21, 204, 219, 220–21, 222
flight, manned, 170–72
Florence, 83–93
Chinese delegation in, 38, 132, 134–36, 140, 161, 176, 233
Chinese female slaves in, 81, 82
Council of, 78–79, 90–91, 92, 158
Ponte Vecchio in, 174
pontificate in, 70, 93, 96, 124, 155, 161, 204
silk industry in, 200, 201, 204, 205
Venetian wealth and, 157
see also specific Florentinos; specific sites
Florida, 238, 252, 279, 280
Fontana, Giovanni di, 222–23, 224, 227, 240, 254
Forbidden City, 3, 4, 5, 14, 124, 233
Ford Bell Library, 111
Forlanni, Giovanni, 73–74
Foscari, Francesco, 78, 198
1421 (Menzies), xiii, 101, 102, 128
Frodsham, Charles, 111
Fulin, 132–33
Fustat, al-, 50, 51–52, 53–54
see also Cairo
Gadol, Joan, 156, 159, 164–65, 251
Galileo Galilei, 26, 27, 248–51
Galluzzi, Paolo, 184, 186, 187, 191–92, 193, 194, 195, 196
Galvão, Antonio, 78, 102, 126, 265
Gama, Vasco da, 10, 223
Gan De, 26, 250
Garciá de Paredes, Diego, 280
gems, 94, 95, 96, 119, 125
Genghis Khan, 55
Genius of China, The (Temple), 172, 197, 207–8
Genoa, 64, 65, 76, 85, 89, 155, 236
geometry, 159, 160, 236, 251
gifts, Chinese, 19–28
Giotto, 86
glass, 197
Globe Vert, 118
see also Green Globe, of 1506
gnomon, 23, 27, 36, 137, 140
Goff, J. R., 260, 261
gold
in the Andes, 274, 275, 280
in Australia, 252
Chinese trade in, 57, 120, 124–25
as currency, 57–58, 133, 134
in Egypt, 55, 57–58
in Florentine buildings, 90
in Japan, 96, 114, 120, 126
in Mali and Guinea, 58
silver and, 115
in Venetian buildings, 75, 76, 77
Gómez, Esteban, xi, 102
Gong Zhen, 17
Gonzagas family, 214
grain, 52
Grand Canal
in China, 206–9
in Lombardy, 210–11
Grayson, Cecil, 160
Greece, Greeks, xv–xvi, 176, 187, 253, 254
Green Globe, of 1506, 118, 121, 122, 125, 126–27, 128, 129–30, 131
Gregory X, pope, 123
Griffin, Admiral, 12, 14
Grotius, Hugo, 265
Guadeloupe, 106
Guicciardini, Francesco, 205
Guillemard, F. H. H., 98–99
guilt, Indian test for, 44
Gulf, Persian, 40, 41, 43, 47, 239
gunpowder, 16, 22, 41, 172, 187, 219–20, 221–23, 224–30, 253
Guo Shoujing, 18, 23–24, 25–26, 27, 30, 33, 35, 37, 125, 147, 150, 154, 163–64, 244, 245, 248
Gutenberg, Johannes, 150, 234
Gymnase Vosgien, 117
Hai Da Er, 18
Hall, Richard, 44
Han dynasty, 8–9, 16, 27, 167, 169, 197
Han Zhenghua, 48
Harrison, John, 152, 153
Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 188
Harvatye Mariakyr, 67, 70–71
Hayashida, Kenzo, 12
Heilbron, John, 91
helicopter rotor, 170, 175, 180–81
“Helicopters and Whirligigs” (Reti), 180–81
Heliopolis, 50, 51
Henry III, king of France, 71
Henry the Navigator, 287
Henry Tsai, 4
Henry V, king of England, 89
Herodotus, 50–51
Hibbert, Christopher, 205
Himalayan Mountains, 39
Historia Mongalorum (Pian del Carpine), 73
Histories (Herodotus), 50
History of Egypt in the Middle Ages, A (Poole), 51
History of the Inca Realm (Rostworowski), 273
Hobson, John, 199
Holdaway, R. N., 258
Hollingsworth, Mary, 89, 90
Hong Bao, 13, 42, 43, 44, 45, 131
Hong Wu, 4, 17, 18, 19, 132–33, 262
Hooke, Robert, 24, 27
Hormuz, 47, 48
Hormuz, Strait of, 41
House of Medici, The: Its Rise and Fall (Hibbert), 205
Hou Xian, 13
Hsuan Te, 266
see also Xuan De, emperor of China
Huarache, Claudio, 271–72
Hubson, R. L., 53–54
Hudson, Ian, 164
Hui Hsien, 167
Humboldt Current, 270–71
Huo Lung Chung, 226, 227
Hvar, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 71, 72
ibn Al-As Amir, 52
Ibn Battutah, 45
Ibn Khusrau, Nasir, 51
Ibn Tagri Birdi, 44
ibn Tulun, Ahmad, 52
Incas, 253, 271, 273–76, 278, 279, 280, 287
incense, 58
India
ambassadors from, 41
China known as, 99, 113, 121
Chinese trade with, 40, 46
civilization of, 271
Karim warehouses in, 54
on map in Venice, 77
monsoons in, 39
Nile Canal trade with, 52
ships from, 39–40
Indian Ocean, 28, 36, 37, 39, 40, 42, 67, 104, 128, 145, 223, 240, 277
Indians, North American, 264–65, 267, 268, 269–70
see also Native Americans
Institute and Museum of the History of Science (Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza), 184, 225
Institute of Archaeological Studies, U.S., 268
“Invention of the Parachute, The” (White), 177
iron, 22, 216–19, 221, 222, 226, 227, 231, 232, 237, 252, 257, 258, 265, 267
Isabella, queen of Spain, 104–5, 285
Islam, 18–19, 23, 40, 55–56, 57, 139, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288
see also Muslims
Itinerarium (William of Rubruck), 73
Jacob of Ancona, 73
Jacob’s staff, 16, 137, 140
Jamal ad-Din, 18, 154
James, Saint, 284, 286
Jang Min, 15, 17
Japan, 4, 12, 68, 77, 97, 114, 221, 250, 267, 269
Jebel Khamish, 43
Jerusalem, 64, 115, 238
Jervis, Jane, 136
Jesuits, 157–58, 249, 251, 272
Jews, 14, 46, 57, 73
Jiegantou Kingdom, 48
Jiménez de Quesada, Gonzalo, 280
Jingdezhen Kilns, 19
Jing doe Xianzhi (Jingde County Annals), 232
John, king of England, 285
John, king of Portugal, 241
John XXIII, pope, 87
Julio Tello site museum, 272
junks, Chinese
construction of, 11–12
crew of, 14, 20
description of, 41, 45–46
female slaves on, 20, 45, 46, 68, 70, 81, 82, 86–87
monsoons and, 39–40
in Red Sea–Nile canal, 48
repairs to, 11–12, 41, 71
towing of, in canals, 207
weapons on, 41, 45–46, 220–21, 222, 224, 227
see also ships, shipbuilding; wrecks, of Chinese junks
Jupiter, 26, 27, 146, 149, 150, 151, 249, 250
Kai Yuan Zhan Jing, 250
Kao Yang, 171
Karim, Karimi merchants, 40, 46, 54
Keddie, Grant, 267
Kepler, Johannes, 27, 146, 248
Khufu, pharaoh, 48
Kinsai, 95–96, 97, 100, 113, 118, 120, 122, 125
kite, 168–69, 224
&
nbsp; Ko Hung, 170
Koshiya, Abu Hassan, 18
Kublai Khan, 10, 12, 23, 123, 207, 221
Laetentur Caeli (Brown), 90–91
lakes, clear-water, 32
Lambert, William, 153
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, 260, 261–62
Lao-tzu, 125
Laplace, Pierre-Simon, 26
Larger, Benoit, 116, 117, 127
latitude
Arab concept of, 18
Chinese calculation of, 24, 29–38, 42–43, 142, 145, 147, 154, 176
Columbus’s calculation of, 151
declination tables of the sun to determine, 139
description and illustration of, 29, 30
ephemeris tables to determine, 112, 139, 140, 144–45, 151, 152, 153, 237, 243
errors in calculation of, 114, 127
on Waldseemüller’s map and Green Globe, 111–12, 122, 127
of wrecked junks in New Zealand, 262
Laurenziana Codex, 179, 180, 211, 212, 213
Laurenzian Library, 179, 204, 211
Lazari, V., 82
Le Loi, 3
Leonardo da Vinci, xiii–xiv, 84, 155, 157, 158–60, 164, 165, 166–76, 177, 195–96, 204, 211, 212, 213, 253
Leon Battista Alberti and the Night Sky at San Lorenzo (Beck), 92–93
Li Anshan, 48
Library of Congress, 110, 128
Li Qi, 15, 17
Lisbon, 78, 94, 95, 97, 100, 117, 118, 119, 120, 125
Liu Gang, 8, 9, 47, 129, 272, 273
Liu Hui, 163
Liu Manchum, 239
Livorno, 84
Li Xing, 13
Loaisa, Friar Jerónimo de, 280
locks, 196, 202, 204, 207–9, 211–14, 253
Lombardy, 210–13, 214
Lombe, John, 199–200
Long Fei, 266
longitude
Arab concept of, 18
Chinese calculation of, 24, 27, 29–38, 42–43, 129, 130, 142, 145, 147, 154, 176
Columbus’s calculation of, 130, 151–52, 243
description and illustration of, 29, 30
eclipses and, 27, 34, 151–52
ephemeris tables to determine, 112, 140, 144, 146, 150, 151–53, 237, 243
errors in calculation of, 37, 127, 130, 152
Jacob’s staff to determine, 137
on Waldseemüller’s map and Green Globe, 111–12, 122, 124, 127, 129
of wrecked junks in New Zealand, 262
Lorenzetti, Ambrogio, 86
Lorenzetti, Giulio, 73
Lovric, A. Z., 67–68, 69, 70
Lu Ban, 168–69
Lucien, 51
Lud, Nicholas, 117
Lud, Vautrin, 117
Ludi matematici (Alberti), 161, 162–63, 165
Lumi, 45, 132, 134
see also Papal States; Rome
Lunde, Paul, 40
Macedo, Justo Cáceres, 274
machines and mechanisms, 20–21, 166–96, 197–98, 199–204, 213–14, 217, 218, 253, 266
Machinis, De (Taccola), 182, 183, 184
Magellan, Ferdinand, xi–xii, xiv, 98, 101–4, 108, 110, 111, 112, 126, 129, 130, 238, 242
Magellan, Strait of, 78, 99, 101, 102–3, 112, 122, 126, 129, 130, 131
Ma Ha, 18
Mahdi, Al-, 52
Ma Huan, 43–44, 79
maize, 252, 275, 276
Makah, 266, 267
Madkrizi, al-, 52–53, 57
Malacca, 11, 40, 41, 239, 240
Malacca Strait, 39
Malik an-Nasir, al-, Sultan, 52
Mamluks, 45, 46, 53, 54, 58, 59, 72
mandarins, 3–5, 6
Mansur, Abu Ja’far al-, 52
Mantegna, Andrea, 214
Mantua, 76, 85
Manuel I, king of Portugal, 117
Maoris, 258–59, 260
map (s), 252, 286
Alberti’s, 164–65
Chinese, 45, 47, 48, 70–71, 129, 130, 238–41, 272, 275
colored symbols on, 68
Columbus, 106–7
Conti’s acquisition of, 44, 79
copies of, 235–36
di Virga’s, 66
at Doges’ Palace, 73–74, 77, 103, 128, 129, 130
Dom Pedro’s, 78
German, with Dalmatian names, 68
Harris, 128, 272
Leonardo’s, 165
Liu Gang’s 1418, 273
Mamluk authorities on, 59
Marco Polo’s, 128, 129, 130
Martellus’s, 127–28
Medici family’s patronage of, 87, 89, 157, 205
Piri Reis, xii, 130–31
Pizzigano’s 1424, 73, 151
Portuguese, 101, 102
Regiomontanus’s, 97–98, 108, 149, 153–54, 158
René II’s, 116
Schöner’s, 98, 99–100, 103–4, 107, 110, 112–14, 130, 131
Shanhai Yudi Quantu, 130
Toscanelli’s, 94–96, 97–98, 104, 119–26, 147, 158
Waldseemüller’s 1507, xi, xii, 99, 103, 106–7, 110–28, 129, 238, 265
world, 9, 29, 89, 116, 238–41
Zatta’s, 265
Zhu Siben’s, 128
see also Green Globe, of 1506
Mariano di Jacopo, 178
see also Taccola, Mariano di Jacopo “the Jackdaw”
Martellus, Henricus, 127–28
Martinez de Roriz, Canon, 104
see also Martins, Canon Fernan
Martin of Bohemia, 102
Martins, Canon Fernan, 94–97, 98, 118–19, 121, 126, 136, 140
Martin V, king of Aragon, 285
Martyrdom of the Franciscan Friars, The (Lorenzetti), 86
Masaccio, 156–57
Ma Sa Yi Hei, 18
Maskelyne, Nevil, 152–53
Mästlin, Michael, 248
mathematics, 16, 125, 142, 145, 147–49, 176, 250, 251, 253, 254
Matzen, Andrew, 261
Mauro, Fra, 73, 89
Maya, the, 260, 279, 287
Mayer, Simon, 250
Mayor of Zalamea, The (Calderón de la Barca), 282
Ma Zheng, 19
McGee, Timothy J., 88
McMillan, Hamilton, 242
Mecca, 23, 44, 45, 46, 47, 52, 56
Mechanical Problems, The, 187
Medici, Cosimo de’, 89, 90, 205
Medici, Giovanni de’, 87, 88, 93
Medici, Lorenzo de’, 90, 117
Medici family, 87–88, 89–90, 93, 157, 158, 200, 204–5, 219, 224
medicine, Arab and Chinese, 237
Medina-Sidonia, duchess of, 240, 242
Mediterranean, xv, 41, 43, 48, 53, 58, 59, 63, 70, 71, 77, 86, 201
Mengxi Bitan (Shen), 231
mensa, 88–89, 158
Menzies, Marcella, xiii, 50, 65, 66, 75, 106, 115, 166, 177, 181, 206, 214, 273
Merchant of Predo, The (Origo), 58
Mesta, the, 282–83
Milan, 89, 166, 201, 210–11, 212, 214–15, 236, 253
Ming dynasty, 4, 5, 8, 9, 18, 19, 24, 37, 45, 54, 64, 132–33, 134, 137, 188, 227, 232–33, 239, 266
Ming Shi-lu, 5, 10, 45, 47, 48, 266
Ming Shi Waigua Zhuan, 47
Mirabilia (Sévérac), 73
mirrors, 183
Misr, 50, 51–52, 53–54
see also Cairo
Mithridates II, 197
Mocenigo, Tommaso, 76, 198
Mongols, 5, 6, 54–55, 69, 70, 80, 80, 81–82, 86–87, 135, 221, 269
see also Avars
monsoons, 39, 42
moon, 26, 27, 29–38, 43, 90–91, 92, 135, 137, 140, 142, 143, 144, 145, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 243, 250
Morocco, 45
Morrison, Tony, 130
mortars, 16, 174, 221, 222, 223, 253
Mosili, 47
see also Cairo
Muhammad, 55
Mui, Rosa, 26, 250
Muiz, Caliph, 51–52
Müller, Johann, 143
&
nbsp; see also Regiomontanus
München Codex 197, 223
Munoz, Inez, 280
Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera, 271–72
music, 236, 251
muskets, 219
Muslims, 18–19, 23–24, 44, 45, 124
see also Islam
Nanjing
astronomers in, 35
language school in, 124
navigation from, 6, 33, 36, 37, 39
shipbuilding in, 11
Zheng He 2002 conference at, 239
Zhu Di’s victory at, 4
Narwhal, HMS, 30, 32, 65
Native Americans, 71
see also Indians, North American
Natural History (Pliny), 51
Nautical Almanac, 152–53
navigation
Arab, 17–19, 40, 154
author’s experience in, 144
Chinese, 17, 18, 27–39, 40–43, 128, 129, 139–40, 149–51, 238, 241, 272
ephemeris tables for, 43, 98, 112, 140, 144–48, 149–53, 164, 187, 237, 243, 244, 245
importance of improved techniques for, 17, 19, 29, 252
inscriptions on charts, vii from Nanjing, 6, 33, 36, 37, 39
Peruvian, 274
printing valuable for, 235–36
“Starry Night” software for, 90, 150–51
sun declination tables for, 72, 138–39, 140, 146–47, 156, 158, 160, 243