Ostkrieg
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East Prussian operation, 430, 442, 444, 446–47
Edelweiss, Operation, xv, 272, 276
Edward, Duke of Windsor, 38
Egypt, 233
Eichmann, Adolf, 21, 65, 108, 171, 178, 255, 426, 512n56
Einsatzgruppen (SS), xv, 18–19, 66, 69–70, 76, 94–98, 100–102, 104, 108, 171, 177, 219–20, 332, 360, 480, 485
A, 94–95, 97, 110–11, 219
B, 95, 97, 219
C, 95, 98, 102
D, 219
Poland, 500n31
Soviet Union, 95, 104, 171, 219, 485
Einsatzkommando (SS), xv, 95, 110, 176, 219
Eisenhower, Dwight D. (General), 458
El Alamein, 281, 299, 307, 469
Elbe River, 461–62, 465–66
Elbrus, Mount, 279
Elista, 275, 277
Engel, Gerhard (Major), 48, 50, 189, 278, 284
English Channel, 127
Eremenko, A. I. (Marshal), 154, 287
Estonia, 32, 88, 146, 417, 433
ethnic Germans. See Volksdeutsche
eugenics, 138, 515n5
Eurasian continental bloc, 44–45
euthanasia, 137–40, 177–80, 483
ewige Jude, Der (The eternal Jew; film), 22, 64, 506n63
extermination camps, 177–78, 180, 219, 237, 260, 361–62, 451
Auschwitz, 177–78, 181, 220, 223, 226, 254, 257–58, 260, 317, 362
Belzec, 177–78, 181, 220, 226, 253, 361
Chelmno, 177–79, 220, 226, 253
Maidanek (Majdanek), 258, 450
Sobibor, 177, 181, 253, 361
Treblinka, 181, 226, 254, 257, 361
See also Auschwitz; Belzec; Chelmno; Maidanek; Sobibor; Treblinka
“factory operation” (February 1943), 531n31
Falaise, 420
Far East, 43, 183, 186, 193, 200, 384
Fastov, 379–80
Final Solution
centrality to war, xx–xxi, xxiv, 20, 23, 485
death marches, 454–55
decision for, 104–11, 173–82, 521n75
destruction through labor, 94–95, 180, 223, 260–61, 334, 481
Einsatzgruppen and (see Einsatzgruppen)
euthanasia and, 139–40
evolution of, 13–25, 63–71, 94–104
gas chambers, 139, 178, 181, 220, 226, 258, 362, 451
gas vans, 111, 219–20
Generalplan Ost and (see Generalplan Ost)
Heydrich and, 13, 18–19, 24, 65–67, 70, 94–96, 104, 108, 110, 174–81, 219, 225, 522n78
Himmler and, 19, 23–24, 65–66, 95, 101, 104–6, 111, 175–76, 178–80, 197, 217–19, 225, 254–55, 257, 335–36, 361, 364, 485, 512n54
in Hungary, 361–62
hunger Policy and (see Germany: hunger policy)
implementation of, 150, 173–82, 217–20, 225–26, 253–54, 257, 361–63, 485, 522n78
numbers killed, 226, 257, 361
public knowledge of, 334–35, 452–53
Speer and, 219, 260, 334–36
territorial solution, 16, 24, 65, 67, 479, 485
See also Auschwitz; extermination camps; racial policies; forced labor; SS; Wannsee Conference
Finland, 44, 49–50, 79, 399, 433
nickel, 431
Winter War, 36
First World War. See World War I
Five Year Plans (Soviet), 81
flak, 246, 298, 310, 328, 459, 466
Flanders, 3, 206
Fliegerkorps, 242, 529n4
forced labor, 93, 166, 180, 258–60, 327, 334, 372, 481, 486
in aircraft industry, 334–36, 426
deaths, 222, 336
destruction through labor, 94–95, 180, 223, 260–61, 334, 481
food, 224, 226
Jews, 95, 101, 171, 173, 180, 222–23, 226, 257–58, 362–64, 426, 481
labor camps, 93, 259–61, 334–35, 364, 451
numbers of, 222–23, 332, 425
Ostarbeiter (eastern workers), 174, 221–24, 259–60, 332, 486
round-ups, 221–22, 259–60, 317, 327–28, 332, 334, 364, 371–74, 481
and Sauckel, 220–23
Soviet prisoners of war, 166, 174
treatment of, 222, 332, 334–35, 364, 425, 428
Foreign Armies East, 238, 249, 253, 276, 337, 341, 384, 406, 408, 410, 442, 530n15, 547n75
foreign policy (German), 7, 10–13, 483
Forster, Albert, 19
“fortified places,” 382, 393, 411, 418
Four-Year Plan (German), 11, 166, 477, 505n60
France, xxiii, 184
armistice with Germany (1940), 1, 29, 36–37
blitzkrieg in, xxiii, 2, 23–24, 26–28, 44, 46, 53–54, 56–57, 78, 81–82, 87, 90, 111, 115–16, 127, 129, 135, 148, 151, 160, 186, 263, 406, 473, 476, 486
deportation of Jews from, 174, 178
economic importance of, 28, 221, 226, 426–27, 455
Hitler’s peace offer, 25
Hitler’s view of, 14, 33, 47–48, 133, 194, 337, 366, 399, 402, 420, 433
Madagascar Plan, 24
and Mussolini, 46
Franco, Francisco, 3, 46–48, 51
Frank, Hans, 19, 21, 65, 73, 180, 258–59
Frankfurt (Oder), 454, 460
Frederick II, “the Great” (king of Prussia), 206
Fredericus, Operation, xv, 248, 250–51, 253
Freikorps, xv, 460
Fricke, Kurt (Rear Admiral), 42
Friessner, Johannes (General), 432, 437
Fromm, Friedrich (General), 58, 189, 204, 233
Fronts (Soviet)
Belorussian: First, 442, 444, 448, 461, 463–65, 467
Second, 442, 444, 446, 448, 461, 465
Third, 442, 444, 446
Bryansk, 211, 346, 348
Central, 345
Don, 306, 319
Kalinin, 211, 214
Leningrad, 142
Southern, 269
Southwest, 141
Stalingrad, 269, 287, 307
Steppe, 348
Ukrainian: First, 378, 387, 393–95, 442–43, 464–65, 467–68
Second, 394–96, 435, 468–69
Third, 435, 461
Fourth, 468
Volkhov, 213
Voronezh, 347
West, 211, 214, 346
Frühlingserwachen, xv, 438. See also Spring Awakening, Operation
Führer’s bunker, 465–67
Führer Headquarters, 23, 104, 109, 132, 135, 193, 206, 230, 238, 262, 275, 279, 298, 368, 371, 379, 395, 411, 430
Führer Orders, 125, 156, 281, 310, 365–66, 393, 396, 402
Funk, Walter, 41
Galen, Clemens August Graf von (Bishop of Münster), 137–39
Galicia, 89, 96, 106, 180, 220, 255, 481
Garsden, 94
Gauleiter, xv, 137, 174, 196, 220, 225, 296, 327, 335, 360–61, 425, 456–57
Gavrilovka, 288
Gehlen, Reinhard (Colonel), 337, 341–42, 379, 384, 442
General Government (Poland), 21, 65, 73, 180, 218–19, 225–26, 256–57, 259, 476
Generalplan Ost (General Plan East), xv, 93, 236, 253–54, 256–57, 259–60, 317, 334, 477, 481, 485
General Staff (German), 33, 53, 59, 84, 113, 270, 280, 417
General Staff (Soviet), 339
Geneva Convention, 167
Georgian Military Road, 282
German army
ammunition shortages, 57–58, 120, 149–50, 169, 188, 190, 207–8, 216, 229, 236, 251, 262, 276–77, 283–85, 297, 299, 318–19, 329–30, 363, 440, 464
anti-Bolshevism in, 36–37, 42, 67–70, 97–98, 101–2, 320, 374–75, 440, 453, 483, 510n40
anti-Semitism in, 66–67, 69–70, 96–104, 374–75, 480–82, 511n44
atrocities in occupied territories, 96–104, 170–72, 333–34, 372–74, 510n36, 510n40, 511n44
breakdown in discipline, 69, 202–4, 373–74, 377, 434, 452–54
casualties, 90, 116, 151–52, 162, 185, 192–93, 214–15,
236, 247, 321, 333, 352, 355–57, 367, 369, 380, 384, 387, 392, 395, 399, 416, 420–21, 426, 433, 436, 468–70, 539n30
combat effectiveness, 56, 115–18, 121, 123, 125, 146, 150–52, 162, 182, 187–88, 192–93, 236, 271–72, 293, 295, 297, 301, 369–70, 375–76, 378, 380, 429, 432, 454, 459
and Commissar Order, xv, 68–69, 94, 480–81, 519n57
courts-martial, 377, 398, 447, 454, 467
defeatism, 27–28, 230, 331, 334, 368, 417
demotorization of, 26, 57, 383, 394, 409
French campaign, xxiii, 2, 23–24, 26–28, 44, 46, 53–54, 56–57, 78, 81–82, 87, 90, 111, 115–16, 127, 129, 135, 148, 151, 160, 186, 263, 406, 473, 476, 486
fuel shortages, 32, 38, 41, 56–58, 83–84, 119–20, 141–42, 145–46, 149–50, 154, 158, 162, 163–64, 169–70, 185–89, 190, 201–2, 205, 207, 209, 216, 233, 237, 251, 253, 262, 266–69, 271–72, 275–76, 278, 281–85, 288, 297, 308–13, 315, 318–20, 390–91, 395, 398, 401–2, 410, 427, 434, 436, 438, 440, 456, 459, 461
horses in, 26, 54, 57, 78, 83, 119, 158–59, 161–62, 164, 216, 237, 277, 297, 317–18, 343, 369, 383, 391, 394, 410, 421
and influence of Nazi ideology, 67–70, 96–98, 374–76, 480–82
and killing of Jews, 96–104, 510n36, 511n44
logistic problems, 26, 52–57, 59, 60–61, 83–84, 88–89, 117–20, 122–29, 133, 140–42, 145–46, 149–52, 154–55, 157–64, 169–70, 172, 174, 176, 182–83, 185–86, 188–90, 191–93, 199, 202–3, 205, 209–13, 216, 226, 231–32, 237, 239, 252–53, 261–62, 270, 272, 277–78, 282–84, 290–91, 297, 309–13, 317–18, 333, 339–40, 354, 366, 369, 393, 395, 427, 440, 514n81
and Mediterranean strategy, 39, 43–51, 233
morale, 89, 109, 111–12, 121, 130, 151–52, 155, 159, 162–64, 182, 188–90, 192–93, 201–3, 262, 283, 293, 295, 297, 299, 319–20, 359, 370–71, 376–77, 399, 452, 546–47n70
motivation of soldiers, 374–77, 480–83
motor vehicles in, 26, 149, 169, 216, 272, 383
and Operation Barbarossa (see Barbarossa)
and Operation Blau (see Blau)
and opposition to Hitler by senior officers, 27, 422, 428
and opposition to war by senior officers, 26–27, 39, 58–59, 82
and partisan war, 81, 86, 94, 98, 101–2, 104, 106, 108, 111, 149, 160, 174, 180, 193, 198, 212, 259, 282, 297, 317, 332–34, 340, 353–54, 374, 378, 381, 383, 385, 400, 409, 412, 415–16, 447, 479–82
plunder, 61–62, 94, 120, 172, 224–25, 310, 317, 333, 373–74, 467, 480–81
Polish campaign, 18–20
rearmament, xxiii, 10–13, 473, 475
replacements, 116–17, 126, 151–52, 160, 185, 190, 193, 202, 205, 208–9, 215, 276, 352, 367, 375, 384, 394, 426, 522n85
scorched earth policy (Russia), 369, 372–74
tanks, 27, 53, 114–16, 199, 201, 205
fear of German models, 345, 346–47, 352
losses of, 117, 141–42, 147, 149–51, 155, 160, 187, 190, 215, 237, 346, 350, 352, 356–57, 392, 408, 433, 440, 543n94
numbers of, 77, 116–18, 125, 141–42, 147, 150–52, 160, 169, 187, 190, 202, 215–16, 230, 237, 272, 283, 285–86, 289, 304, 306–8, 314–15, 319, 329–30, 340, 343, 345, 346, 348, 350, 353, 355–57, 370, 378, 380–82, 389–90, 394, 409, 413, 416, 419, 426, 435, 437, 441, 461, 542n80, 542n86
superiority of Panthers and Tigers, 345–47, 352–53, 400 (see also Germany: tank production)
troop strength, xxiii, 37–38, 53, 77–78, 87, 114, 116–17, 121, 125–26, 151–52, 182, 187, 190–93, 209, 215–16, 236, 262, 272, 292, 295, 299, 301, 309, 340, 355, 365, 367, 370, 378, 384, 387, 394, 399–400, 404, 409, 461, 470, 524n2, 547n75
trucks, 56–57, 59, 119, 114, 149, 158–60, 185, 209, 216, 237, 271–72, 297, 310, 339, 393–94, 440
use of forced labor, 364, 369, 372–73
and Vistula-Oder campaign (1945), 440–49
and winter campaign (1941–1942) (see Barbarossa)
and winter campaign (1942–1943), 322–25
and winter campaign (1943–1944), 368–99
See also Armies; Army Groups; Corps; Divisions; Ostheer; Wehrmacht
German navy, 34, 37–38, 57, 90, 226, 229, 330, 399, 431, 440, 470
German-Soviet peace feelers, 300, 363
Germany
agricultural policy, 40–41, 59–62, 170–72, 221, 224, 255, 258, 427, 477–78, 483, 506n64
Allied bombing of, 50, 83, 136–38, 174, 197, 330–32, 335, 339, 361–63, 366, 402, 422–23, 426–28, 436, 440, 453, 457, 466, 470, 483
anti-American propaganda, 15, 40, 64, 107–8, 110, 474
anti-Bolshevik propaganda (see Bolshevism)
anti-Jewish actions in, 13–15, 21–22, 64, 110, 174, 218
armaments industry: aircraft production, 238, 329–31, 363–64, 402, 426–27
ammunition production, 58, 229, 236, 329–30, 440
armaments production, 37, 57–58, 90, 169, 215–17, 229–31, 260–61, 289–90, 329–31, 335, 338, 363–64, 402, 424, 426, 440, 448, 456
collapse of, 426–27, 455–58
effect of Allied bombing, 330–31
productivity, 227–30, 332
propaganda about, 230
raw materials shortages, xxii–xxiii, 11–13, 26, 28, 39–42, 49, 55, 58, 60–63, 71, 83, 133, 166, 169, 223, 226–30, 234, 338, 427, 475, 481, 484, 487
tank production, 91, 117, 151, 190, 215, 229, 236, 238, 305, 322, 328–30, 340, 367, 401, 440, 542n86
total war mobilization, 227–30, 326–30, 423–27, 456–57 (see also Speer, Albert; tank production [German])
black market activities, 136, 171, 224, 427–28
deportation of Jews, 14, 21, 64–65, 108, 110, 173–78, 180, 219–20, 257, 259, 362, 522n78
food: rationing, 72, 135–36, 149, 220, 223, 226, 427–28
supply, xxii–xxiii, 12–13, 28, 32, 40–41, 49, 55, 58–62, 64, 69, 71–73, 92, 135–36, 149, 167, 170–71, 217, 221, 223–26, 257, 316, 366, 427–28, 475, 477–84
foreign labor in (see forced labor)
Four-Year Plan (see Goering)
hunger policy (see hunger policy)
labor: compulsory, 328, 424–25
foreign (see forced labor)
Ostarbeiter (see forced labor)
roundups (see forced labor)
shortages, xxiii, 58, 166, 174, 204, 215, 217, 220–24, 227–29, 257, 328, 331, 334, 363–64, 424, 426
slave (see forced labor)
use of concentration camp prisoners (see forced labor)
women, 166, 221–22, 328, 331–32, 424–25
Labor Service (Reichsarbeitsdienst; RAD), 376
morale, xxiii, 72, 109, 121, 135–37, 155, 167, 224, 230, 296–97, 325, 328–31, 359, 363, 427–29
occupation policy of, 18–25, 28, 40–42, 60–68, 91–94, 105–6, 170–74, 221–26, 332–34, 372–74, 426–27, 483, 485
popular support for Hitler, 2, 10, 31–32, 72, 135–37, 325, 428, 483–84
and total war, 326–30, 423–27, 440, 456–57
war economy, 41–42, 55, 58–61, 83, 166, 216, 220, 226–27, 232, 258–59, 261, 327, 330, 332, 423, 425, 427–29, 459, 471, 485, 488
women, rape of by Soviet soldiers, 431, 449–52
Germany Must Perish (Theodore Kaufman), 107
Gestapo, xv, 94, 137, 178, 330, 454
Geyr von Schweppenburg, Leo (General), 142, 154
ghettos, 21–22, 64–65, 94, 100, 174–76, 218, 220, 223 257, 318, 361–62, 477
Gibraltar, 45, 48, 51
Globocnik, Odilo, 257–59
Gniloy Tikich River, 391
Goebbels, Joseph, 31–33, 63
and anti-Bolshevism, 44, 99, 217, 322, 376, 431, 453
anti-Semitism of, 2, 14–15, 20–24, 36, 40, 64, 73, 99, 107–9, 174, 179, 218, 220, 360–61, 376
on Atlantic Charter, 110
and Battle of Stalingrad, 322
and bombing raids on German cities, 137, 363
and Churches, 137–38
and declarati
on of war on U.S., 194–95
and Der ewige Jude, 22–23, 64
and Final Solution, 109–10, 172, 174–75, 179, 218, 220, 360–62, 528n63
and food supply, 136, 170, 224, 428
and Hitler, 2, 22, 31, 33, 35–36, 44, 64, 73–74, 131, 155, 172, 175, 179, 190, 217–18, 220, 230–31, 238, 279, 296, 300, 329, 341–42, 360–62
and Madagascar Plan, 24
and peace offers to Stalin, 363, 550n51
and popular mood in Germany, 63, 72, 108–9, 135–37, 155, 230, 363, 401, 428–29, 514n79
as Propaganda Minister, 21–24, 40, 63–64, 99, 107–8, 135, 184, 230, 234, 247, 322, 327, 360, 363, 376, 401, 423–24, 428–29, 431, 440, 453, 472, 510n40
as Reich Plenipotentiary for Total War, 425–26
“total war” initiatives, 230, 232, 326–29, 423–26, 456, 458
Total War speech, February 1943, 326–27
urges Hitler to address nation, 155, 296, 300
and war against the Soviet Union, 63, 72–73, 77, 79, 85, 88, 99, 105, 111, 121, 131, 155, 170, 184, 190, 217, 238, 247, 279, 296, 300, 322, 338, 341–42, 351–52, 367, 376, 397
Goering, Hermann (Reichsmarschall)
and anti-Bolshevism, 66
and anti-Jewish policy, 15, 18, 24, 66, 105, 108
colonial thinking of, 18, 105, 169, 477
declining influence of, 227–28, 397
doubts about war, 9, 31, 34, 56, 72
economic exploitation of the Soviet Union, 166, 169–72, 225–26
and Final Solution, 66, 108
and food supplies, 136, 170, 172, 223–6
Four-Year Plan, 11–12, 166, 477
and Hitler, 34, 72, 105
and hunger policy, 62, 505n60
and Luftwaffe, 132, 243–44, 312, 318
and Stalingrad, 312, 318, 320
and total war, 227–28, 328–29
Golubinsky, 309
Gomel, 123, 381–82
Gonchara, 289
Gorky, 182, 186
Görlitz, 465, 469
Gorodnitsa, 388
Gothengau, 255
GPU (Soviet Secret Police), 67, 69
Great Britain. See Britain
Greece, 47, 49, 71
Greiser, Arthur, 19, 175
Grimm, Hans, 6
Groscurth, Helmuth (Lieutenant-Colonel), 18–19, 298
Grossdeutschland. See Divisions (German)
Großraumwirtschaft (greater German economic sphere), 41, 62
Großwaltersdorf, 430
Grozny, 83, 235, 271–72, 275, 277, 279, 281–82
Grynszpan, Herschel, 14
Guderian, Heinz (General)
and Barbarossa, 86, 117, 122–23, 125–26, 132–33, 141–45, 149, 153–55, 187–88, 190, 200, 202–8