Ostkrieg

by Stephen G. Fritz

  as Chief of Staff (OKH), 417, 434, 437, 442–44, 448, 454–55, 460

  criticism of Hitler, 206, 443

  criticism of OKH, 399, 417

  dismissal, 208, 460

  doubts about Citadel (Kursk), 340, 342, 346

  and French campaign, 27–28

  as Inspector General for Armor, 340, 367, 379, 384

  “Guidelines of Economic Policy for the Economic Organization East,” 478

  Gulf of Finland, 146, 386

  Gumbinnen, 430–31, 446

  Gumrak, 289, 320

  Gzhatsk, 211

  Habsburg Empire, 474, 478

  Hagen position, 354–55

  Hague Convention, 167

  Halder, Franz (General)

  and anti-Bolshevism, 37

  and Barbarossa, 36–39, 42–44, 50–52, 55–59, 67, 78, 82, 84, 87, 89–90, 111–14, 121–23, 126, 131, 141–43, 146–48, 164, 171, 182

  and Blau, 232–34, 248–50, 253, 265–67, 269–71, 275–76, 281, 283

  concerns about arms production, 116–17

  concerns about manpower situation, 114–16, 142, 151–52, 234, 236, 522n85

  concerns about progress in the USSR, 125–26, 130, 133

  dismissal, 280

  and encirclement operations, 87, 89, 111–13, 121–22, 127, 141, 152–53, 155

  and French campaign, 27

  and German strategic confusion, 44–45, 233

  and Hitler, 18, 27, 52, 55–56, 67, 74, 84, 87, 112–13, 121, 126–28, 131–34, 142, 152–53, 189–90, 206, 263, 267, 270–71, 275, 280, 292

  and invasion of Britain, 33, 37

  and Soviet counteroffensive (December 1941), 201–11

  and Stalingrad, 269, 275, 283–85, 289, 292

  suggests demotorization of the army, 26, 57

  and Typhoon, 147–48, 152–53, 155–56, 182–87, 190–91

  Hamburg

  bombing of, 330, 363, 466

  deportation of Jews from, 174

  Hanke, Karl, 448

  Harpe, Joseph (General), 445

  Harvest Festival, Operation (Erntefest), 361–62

  Harz Mountains, 335

  Haushofer, Karl, 6

  Hausser, Paul (SS-General), 324, 349

  Heim, Ferdinand (General), 307–8

  Heinkel, 260

  Heinrici, Gotthard (General), 215, 414, 455

  Hendaye, 47

  Hess, Rudolf, 79, 254

  Hewel, Walther, 23

  Heydrich, Reinhard

  and deportation of Jews, 110, 174–78

  and Einsatzgruppen, 70, 94–96, 104, 219

  and ethnic cleansing in Poland, 18–19

  and Final Solution, 65–66, 108, 110, 174–81, 219, 225

  and forced laborers, 180, 522n78

  and Himmler, 74, 175–76, 178

  and Hitler, 104, 174–75, 178

  and Madagascar Plan, 13, 24

  and Reich Commissariat for the Strengthening of the German People (RKFDV), 93, 254, 256

  and RSHA (Reich Security Main Office), 24, 65, 480, 485

  and Security Service (SD), 13

  at Wannsee Conference, 181

  and Wehrmacht cooperation, 66–67, 70, 96

  Himmler, Heinrich (Reichsführer-SS)

  and Army Group Vistula, 446, 448–49

  and colonial thinking, 62, 93, 477, 528n64

  and deportation of Jews, 21, 65, 175, 176, 178, 219–20, 257, 362

  and Final Solution, 66, 95, 101, 104, 106–7, 111, 175–80, 197, 218–19, 225, 257, 335–36, 361–62, 364, 485, 512n54

  and forced labor, 260, 334–35, 364, 426

  and Generalplan Ost, 62, 65, 93, 253–61, 477, 528n64

  and Hitler, 19, 74, 104, 178–80, 197, 218, 361, 364, 397

  and Madagascar Plan, 23–25

  and partisan war, 104, 106, 108, 111, 180, 258–59, 332–34

  population transfer programs, 19–25, 65, 92, 257–59 (see also Generalplan Ost)

  Posen speech (October 1943), 335–36

  and racial policy, 19, 21, 62, 65, 225, 254–61, 506n64

  “Reflections on the Treatment of Peoples of Alien Races in the East,” (May 1940), 23–24, 254–55

  and Reich Commissariat for the Strengthening of the German People (RKFDV), 93, 254, 256

  and Speer, 333–36, 424

  and SS economic empire, 65, 259–61, 334–35, 364, 426

  and Volkssturm, 428–29

  and Zamosc, 258–59

  Hitler, Adolf

  and Antonescu, 109, 435–36

  armistice with France, 1–3

  assassination attempt, 422, 428, 454

  and Anti-Comintern Pact, 45

  anti-communism of (see Bolshevism)

  and Atlantic Charter, 109–10, 131

  and Bagration (see Bagration)

  and Balkans (see Balkans)

  and Barbarossa (see Barbarossa)

  and Blau (see Blau)

  and Britain, 3, 6, 8–10, 12–14, 16, 32–33, 36–38, 40, 43, 63–64, 71, 75, 91, 156, 194, 217, 268, 296, 400, 402, 433, 475

  and the British blockades: 1914–1918, xxiii, 6, 8, 12, 28, 35, 41, 60, 62, 69, 91, 473, 475, 478; 1939–1945, 60, 71, 83

  and the Cherkassy pocket (see Cherkassy)

  and Churchill, 32–34, 37–38, 46, 110, 131, 174, 328

  and Citadel (see Citadel)

  colonial thinking of, xxii, 6–8, 17–18, 33, 45–48, 62, 92–93, 105–6, 173, 241, 254–59, 476–81

  and Caucasus operations (see Caucasus)

  and the Crimea (see Crimea)

  declares war on the U.S., 193–98

  and defense of Berlin (see Berlin)

  determination to invade the USSR (see Barbarossa)

  directives (see Führer Directives; Operational Orders)

  economic ideas, 6–8

  and eugenics, 138

  and euthanasia, 137–40, 177–78, 180, 483

  and Final Solution (see Final Solution)

  and Finland (see Finland)

  and food supply (see Germany: food supply)

  and forced labor (see forced labor)

  and fortified places, 382, 393, 411, 418

  and Four-Year Plan (see Four-Year Plan)

  and France (see France)

  and Franco, 46–48, 51

  and German Navy (see German navy)

  and Germany’s “India,” xxii, 91, 105, 175, 196

  and Greece (see Greece)

  and Halder, 18, 27, 52, 55–56, 67, 74, 84, 87, 112–13, 121, 126–28, 131–34, 142, 152–53, 189–90, 206, 263, 267, 270–71, 275, 280, 292

  hopes for split in Allied coalition, 360, 424, 434, 441, 486

  and Horthy, 362, 437

  and Hungary (see Hungary)

  and the hunger policy (see hunger policy)

  ideology (worldview) (see Bolshevism; Lebensraum)

  and invasion of Britain, 33–35, 38–39, 43

  and Italy, 38, 45–49, 58, 234, 337, 341, 350–51, 354

  and Japan, 34, 42–43, 45, 51, 71–72, 91, 179, 193–97, 217, 235

  and Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, 179, 193–97, 484

  and Jews: anti-Semitism, xxi, 4–6, 13–17, 21–22, 105, 108, 155, 178–80, 181, 196–97, 217–18, 220, 231, 254, 257, 360, 362, 476–77, 479, 485, 488

  belief in Jewish conspiracy, xxiii, 2, 5–7, 11–12, 15, 20–21, 26, 31–32, 35, 40, 42, 64–66, 74–75, 78, 94, 105, 107, 110, 136, 155, 179–80, 181, 194, 196–97, 217–18, 254, 300, 328, 360–63, 439–40, 449, 453, 455, 473–76, 480, 486–87, 512n56, 528n63

  prophesies against, 15–17, 64, 73, 104, 109, 173, 179, 181, 218, 281, 296, 300, 360, 475

  sanctions deportation of from Germany, 109–10, 150, 173–76

  leadership style, 22, 25, 107, 329, 422

  and Lebensraum (see Lebensraum)

  and Leningrad operations (see Leningrad)

  and Madagascar Plan (see Madagascar Plan)

  and Mediterranean strategy (see Mediterranean strategy)

  Mein Kampf, 4–
5, 7, 15, 105, 179, 473, 478

  as military commander, 422

  and Moscow offensive (Typhoon) (see Typhoon)

  and Mussolini, 36, 46–49, 72, 232

  and Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact, 9, 19, 32, 36, 45

  “Nero Order” (March 1945), 457–58

  and Normandy invasion (see Normandy)

  and North Africa (see North Africa)

  obsession with November 1918, xxiv, 1–2, 4–5, 16, 28, 40–41, 60, 64, 68–69, 135–36, 179, 197, 223, 230, 325, 331, 336, 359–60, 363, 399, 403, 418, 439, 454–55, 471–72, 480, 486, 527n45

  occupation policy (see Germany: occupation policy)

  and partisan war (see German army)

  peace offer to Britain, 25, 33–35, 37, 40, 45, 326, 363, 484

  peace offer to Stalin, 131, 195, 300, 363, 550n51

  and Petain, 47–48

  physical deterioration of, 131, 217, 230–31

  and Poland, 9–10, 18–26, 60, 65–66, 73, 139

  political testament, 105, 486

  and possible Anglo-American landings (see second front)

  and Reichel incident, 263–64

  and relations with his generals, 18, 27, 31, 39, 55–56, 59–60, 67, 74, 84, 87, 113, 121, 126–28, 131–34, 141, 152, 189, 206, 208–9, 263–67, 270–71, 280, 292, 312, 320–21, 323, 340, 350–51, 367–68, 376, 384, 388, 395–97, 399, 417, 422, 443, 445, 541n64

  and Roosevelt, 15, 32, 40, 45, 107, 110, 174, 194, 196–97, 458, 474–75, 512n56

  scorched earth policy (see German army)

  Second Book, 4, 194, 474–75

  and second front (see second front)

  social Darwinism of, 4, 7–8, 12, 17, 19, 70, 91, 138, 455, 457, 475, 479, 486

  and Spain (see Spain)

  speeches, 6, 16, 32–34, 63–65, 155–56, 179, 181, 193, 196–97, 218, 296–98, 300, 307, 360, 439, 476, 521n75

  and “stab-in-the-back” myth, 69, 474, 480

  and Stalin, 32, 38, 66, 75, 78, 90–91, 110, 131, 155, 231, 300, 475–76, 484

  and Stalingrad (see Stalingrad)

  suicide, 467

  and summer campaign, 1943 (see Citadel)

  and tank production (see Germany: tank production)

  and United States (see United States: Hitler’s calculations)

  and total war economy (see Germany: total war)

  tours World War I battlefields, 2–3

  and Treaty of Versailles, 2, 4, 10, 12, 18, 57, 194, 439, 473, 476, 482, 484

  view of Soviet Union, xxi–xxii, 3, 11, 35, 40–44, 49–50, 55–56, 59–60, 62, 65, 69–70, 72, 82–83, 170, 181–82, 235, 268, 473, 475–76, 478, 484, 487 (see also Bolshevism; Lebensraum)

  Volksgemeinschaft conception, xvii, 13, 17, 92, 136, 224, 328, 363, 376, 424–25, 428, 439, 449, 453, 483, 486–87

  war as essence of human activity, 91

  and winter campaign, 1941–1942 (see German army)

  and winter campaign, 1942–1943 (see German army)

  and winter campaign, 1943–1944 (see German army)

  and women in workforce (see Germany: labor)

  and World War I (see World War I)

  Hitler Youth, 376, 461, 467

  Hiwis (Hilfswillige; Russian auxiliaries), xv, 321

  Hoepner, Erich (General), 69, 88, 97, 128, 154, 209

  Hoeppner, Rolf-Heinz, 255

  Hofmann, Otto, 522n78

  Holland, 86

  horses, 26, 54, 57, 78, 83, 119, 158–59, 161–62, 164, 172, 216, 224, 237, 249, 252, 277, 297, 317–19, 343, 369, 383, 391, 394, 410, 421

  Horthy, Admiral Miklos, 362, 437

  Hossbach, Friedrich (General), 446–47

  Hoth, Herman (General), 98

  and Blau, 284, 286, 288

  commander, Fourth Panzer Army, 264–65, 276, 292, 323–24, 339, 346, 355

  commander, Seventeenth Army, 161

  and Stalingrad, 288–89, 291–92, 294, 314–16

  and Third Panzer Group, 86, 122–23, 125–26, 154

  Hube, Hans (General), 286–87, 319, 394–96, 398

  Hungarian army, 236, 250, 266, 289, 436–37

  Hungary, 234, 392, 405, 436, 440–42, 460

  deportation of Jews, 223, 362

  fighting in, 392, 405, 436–38, 440–42, 444, 448, 456, 460, 550n51

  forces fighting in the Soviet Union, 539n30

  German occupation, 362, 437–38, 456, 550n51

  Jewish labor sent to Germany, 364, 426

  hunger policy, 61–63, 76, 113, 166–67, 170–72, 224–25, 317, 477–78, 485, 505n60

  Iassy, 434–35

  I. G. Farben, 260

  Ilmen, Lake, 128

  India, 48–49, 81, 91, 233

  Indian Ocean, 46

  inflation, 12, 427

  Ingermanland, 255

  intelligence (German), 54, 131, 200, 207, 211, 340, 348, 362, 396, 406, 410, 421, 442, 480

  intelligence (Soviet), 80, 154, 201, 341, 343, 349, 419, 447

  Iran. See Persia

  Iraq, 271

  Italian army, 39, 43, 46, 71, 236, 284, 289, 292, 315–16, 341

  Italy, xxii, 38, 45–49, 58, 234, 337, 341, 350–51, 354, 368, 399, 469–70

  Ivanov, 182

  Izyum, 164, 244, 247–53, 267, 370

  Jägerstab (fighter staff), 426–27. See also aircraft industry (German); Reich Air Ministry

  Jakovlevo, 347

  Japan, xxii

  Anti-Comintern Pact, 45

  attack on Pearl Harbor, 179, 193, 194–96, 197, 484

  Hitler places hopes in, 42–43, 51, 71, 91, 193, 194–96, 197, 217, 233, 235

  Hitler’s attitude toward, 34, 217

  Hitler seeks an anti-Soviet alliance with, 72

  jeeps, 286, 421

  Jeschonnek, Hans (General), 311, 331, 340

  “Jewish conspiracy,” xxiii, 5, 7, 10, 13, 15–17, 20, 32, 40, 105, 107, 110, 328, 335, 403, 439, 453, 455, 475–76, 486

  “Jewish question,” xxi, 5, 15–16, 20, 22–23, 35, 60, 64–66, 92, 94, 98, 108, 111, 173, 174, 178, 180–81, 220, 360, 362, 487

  Jews

  and Aktion Reinhard, 361

  atrocities against, in the Baltic states, 94–96, 98, 176, 178, 220

  blamed for world wars (see Bolshevism; Hitler; World War I)

  confiscation of property (“Aryanization”), 175, 483

  death camps (see extermination camps; Final Solution)

  deportation of (see Final Solution; Germany)

  destruction of synagogues, 15, 94–95

  and Einsatzgruppen killings (see Einsatzgruppen; Final Solution)

  emigration, 13–14, 20, 23–24, 93, 108, 178, 181, 479

  evolution of Final Solution (see Final Solution)

  expulsion, 13, 20, 64, 93, 108, 178, 181

  extermination of (see Final Solution)

  food rations, 171–72

  forced labor (see forced labor)

  ghettos, 21–22, 64–65, 94, 100, 174–77, 218, 220, 223 257, 318, 361–62, 477

  Hitler’s prophesies against (see Hitler)

  in Hungary, 362, 364, 426

  Madagascar Plan, 13, 24, 65, 92, 108, 479

  Nazi demonization of (see Bolshevism; ewige Jude, Der; Germany; Goebbels; Hitler)

  “Night of Broken Glass” (see Kristallnacht)

  and Operation Harvest Festival, 361–62

  Ostjuden (eastern Jews), 20, 22, 176

  reservations in Poland, 21, 139, 477, 479

  territorial solution, 16, 24, 65, 67, 479, 485

  See also Einsatzgruppen; extermination camps; Final Solution; ghettos; Hitler

  Jodl, Alfred (General), 33, 39, 42, 45, 48, 51, 66, 128, 133, 156, 193, 199, 216, 275–76, 279–80, 312, 342, 375, 399–400, 402, 524n105

  Ju-52 transport planes, 284, 311, 390, 538n25

  Jupiter, Operation, 304

  Kalach, 285–86, 288, 306–10, 314

  Kalinin, 156, 161, 204, 211

  Kalmyk Steppe, 275, 277

  Kaluga, 156

  Kamenets-Po
dolsky, 395, 411

  Kammler, Hans, 335, 426

  Kampfgruppe (battle group), xvi, 191, 378, 393

  Kamyshin, 282

  Karelia, 146, 407, 412

  Karpovka, 306, 314

  Katyn Forest, 360

  Katyusha rocket launchers, 293, 309

  Kaufman, Theodore, 107–8, 512n56

  Kaufmann, Karl, 174

  Kaunas, 94–95, 98, 176, 418

  Kazakhstan, 115

  Keitel, Wilhelm (Field Marshal), 27, 31, 39, 42, 48, 59, 68, 101, 105, 235, 268, 280, 329, 376, 397

  Kempf, Werner (General), 356

  Kerch, 242, 244–45, 247

  Kerch peninsula, 241–42, 244–45

  Kerch strait, 244, 268, 272, 278

  Kesselring, Albert (Field Marshal), 280

  Kharkov, 126, 145, 163–64, 172, 244–45, 247–53, 261–62, 317, 323–24, 338–39, 353, 355–56, 379, 388, 478

  Khersones, 247

  Kholm, 154, 213

  Khrushchev, Nikita S., 145, 251, 348

  Kiev, 52, 89, 102, 104, 122, 126, 128–29, 140–41, 143–46, 148, 153, 154, 155, 172, 174, 317, 369, 371–72, 378–80, 389, 478

  Kiev pocket, 145–46, 148, 163, 174, 516n16

  Kishinev, 434–35

  Kleist, Ewald von (General), 164–65, 248, 250–53, 266–67, 275–76, 278, 282, 397

  Klemperer, Victor, 218, 455

  Kletskaya (bridgehead), 307–8

  Klin, 186, 191, 201, 204

  Kluge, Günther von (Field Marshal), 86, 161, 162, 184, 187, 192

  and Citadel, 342, 344, 346

  and Guderian, 207–8

  and Hitler, 208–9, 340, 350–51, 367–68, 381, 384

  and retreat to Dnieper, 368–69, 381

  and Soviet counteroffensive, December 1941, 207–9

  Koch, Erich, 225

  Koch, Robert, 105

  Konev, Ivan (Marshal), 214, 348, 391, 394, 418, 442–45, 447–49, 461–65, 469

  Königsberg, 385, 430, 444, 446

  Konstantinovka, 267, 370

  Korosten, 378, 380, 387

  Korsun, 389, 391, 393–95, 398

  Kotelnikovo, 314

  Kovel, 382, 392–93, 405–6, 408, 410–12, 418, 422

  Kozlov, D. T. (General), 243

  Krakow, 445

  Krassnaya Polyana, 191

  Krasnodar, 275, 277–78

  Krasnoe Selo, 385

  Krasnograd, 249

  Krasny Oktyabr (Red October) metallurgical works, 290, 295

  Krebs, Hans (General), 460, 465–66

  Kremenchug, 141, 143

  Kremenskaya, 285

  Kremlin, 191

  Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass, November 1938), 15, 21

  Krivaya River, 307

  Kronstadt, 79

  Krosigk, Graf Lutz Schwerin von, 59

  Krueger, Friedrich (Higher SS and Police Leader), 257

  Kuban, 272, 274–75, 277–78