Henry the Young King, 1155-1183

by Matthew Strickland

  Marie, countess of Champagne, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Marie de France, author the Lais, (i), (ii), (iii)

  Marmoutier, John of, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Marsan, viscount of, (i)

  Marshal, see John, William

  marshals, (i), (ii), (iii), of England, (iv), n. 27

  of whores, (i); William FitzAdelin (i), (ii)

  Martel, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii)

  Matilda, countess of Boulogne, (i)

  Matilda, Empress, mother of Henry II, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

  marriage to Geoffrey of Anjou, (i), (ii), (iii); acknowledged as Henry I’s heir, (i); tensions with Henry I over castles, 1135, (i); alienates Londoners, 1141, (i); takes crown from Winchester, (i), n. 72; but never anointed queen, (i), (ii); status impugned by Stephen’s supporters, (i); associates son Henry in charters, (i); opposes intervention in Ireland, (i); retirement at Notre-Dame-du-Pré, Rouen, (i); role as family peacemaker, (i); builds bridge at Rouen, (i); commissions history of Henry I, (i), n. 14; gifts imperial crown to Bec, (i), (ii), n. 87

  Matilda of Flanders, wife of William the Conqueror, (i), n. 128

  Matilda, daughter of Fulk V of Anjou, (i), n. 14

  Matilda, queen of Henry I, (i), (ii)

  Matilda d’Orval, wife of Adam de Port, (i), n. 152

  Matilda of Saxony, daughter of Henry II and Eleanor, (i)

  betrothal to Henry the Lion, (i), n. 129, (ii), n. 44; marriage arrangements and aid levied for, (i), (ii), n. 58, (iii), (iv); in exile at Argentan, (i), (ii); flattered by Bertran de Born, (i); at great Christmas court at Caen, 1182, (i); disseminates cult of Becket, (i); gifts to cathedral of Rouen, (i), n. 95

  Matilda, daughter of Earl Waltheof, (i), n. 29

  Matthew, count of Boulogne, support for Young King, (i)

  naval forces of, (i); besieges Drincourt, 1173, (i); leads assault despite feast of St James, (i); mortally wounded, (i), (ii); death seen as vengeance of saint, (i); impact of death on Count Philip, (i); Henry II’s bequest for soul of, (i); daughters of, (i)

  Matthew Paris, chronicler and monk of St Albans, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Matthew de Walincourt, (i)

  Maurice de Craon, (i)

  Maurienne, proposed marriage treaty of, 1173, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

  Melchizedek, (i)

  Melisinde, queen of Jerusalem, (i), (ii), n. 26, (iii), (iv), (v), n. 76, (vi), n. 55, (vii),

  mercenaries, see routiers, Flemings

  Meulan, counts of, (i); see also Robert II, count of

  Milan, (i)

  Monferrat, (i)

  Montdidier, (i)

  Montebourg, (i)

  Montfort, (i)

  Montmirail, peace settlement at, 1169, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii)

  Mont Saint-Michel, abbey of, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Montsoreau, (i)

  Mortagne, (i)

  Mountsorrel, (i)

  Nantes, (i)

  county of, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

  naval forces, (i), (ii)

  Néhou, (i)

  Neubourg, Robert of, dean of Rouen cathedral, (i)

  Neufchâtel-en-Bray, see Drincourt

  Neufmarché, (i), (ii)

  Newcastle-upon-Tyne, (i)

  Noblat, (i)

  Nogent-le-Roi, (i), (ii)

  Normandy,

  independent stance of dukes, (i); anti-French sentiment of Normans, (i), (ii), (iii); William Aetheling recognized as heir to, (i); conquest of by Geoffrey le Bel, (i), (ii); invests son Henry with, 1151, (i), (ii), (iii); performance of homage to the king of France for, by King Stephen’s son Eustace, 1137, (i), (ii); by Henry FitzEmpress, 1151, (i), (ii); by young Henry 1160, (i), (ii); bound together with Greater Anjou as inherited patrimony of young Henry (i); claims of dukes over Brittany recognized by Louis at Montmirail, 1169, (i); and by Geoffrey’s homage to young Henry, (i), (ii); Normandy confirmed as part of young Henry’s inheritance, 1170, (i); Young King’s administration in, 1171–2, (i); hosts nobles at great Christmas court, 1171, at Bur-le-Roi, (i); and Christmas court, 1172 at Bonneville-sur-Touques, (i); Henry II conducts inquest into resources of, 1172, (i), (ii), (iii); heavy handed rule in, (i); turbulence of nobles on borders of, (i), (ii), (iii); strong support among Norman aristocracy for Young King’s rebellion, (i), (ii); their grievances against Henry II, (i); Norman lords remaining loyal to Henry II, (i), (ii); strategic and administrative significance within Angevin empire, (i), (ii); attacks on by Louis VII on before 1173, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v); his attempts to separate rule of duchy from that of England, (i), (ii), (iii); conquest of the key to allies’ strategy in 1173–74, (i); attacks on in 1173, (i), (ii); in 1174, (i), (ii); Henry II prepared to offer battle in defence of, (i), (ii); in peace negotiations Young King offered revenues and castles in, (i), (ii); John given revenues and castles in, (i); estimated revenues from, (i); impact of the war on, (i); re-establishment of authority by Richard of Ilchester, (i); tournaments on borders of, (i), (ii), (iii), Young King’s regency of, (iv), (v); his renewed demands for rule of, (i), (ii); his close association with, (i), (ii); chamberlain of, see William de Tancarville; constable of, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); seneschal of, (i)

  North Cove, Suffolk, chapel of, (i)

  Northallerton, (i), (ii)

  Northampton, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix)

  Notre-Dame-du-Pré, priory of, Rouen, (i)

  Novellino, (i)

  Noyon, (i)

  Nur al-Din, (i), (ii), (iii)

  nutricius, guardian of royal and comital children, (i), (ii), (iii) and n. 15, (iv)

  Odinel de Umfraville, (i), (ii)

  Odo, son of Hugh, duke of Burgundy, (i)

  Odo, prior of Canterbury, (i), (ii)

  Oedipus, (i)

  Offa, king of the Mercians, 787, (i)

  Olivier FitzErnis, (i)

  Orderic Vitalis, chronicler and monk of St Evroul, (i)

  Orford, (i) and notes (i), (ii)

  Orléans, (i)

  Osbert, son of William, (i)

  Otto IV, (i), (ii)

  Owain ap Gruffyd, ruler of Gwynedd, (i), (ii), (iii)

  Oxford, (i), (ii)

  Pacy. (i), (ii), (iii)

  Palearii, (i)

  Palermo, (i)

  Paris, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix)

  Parthenay, (i)

  Patrick, earl of Salisbury, (i), (ii)

  Pepin, king of the Franks, (i)

  Périgueux, (i), (ii)

  Peter of, Blois, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x)

  Peter de Courtenay, brother of Louis VII, (i)

  Peter de Montrabei, (i), (ii)

  Peter, archbishop of Tarentaise, (i), n. 21, (ii), (iii)

  Peter of Valognes, (i)

  Petronella, daughter of Ramiro, king of Aragon, (i)

  Petronilla, countess of Leicester, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Pevensey, (i), n. 97, (ii)

  Philip, of Alsace, count of Flanders, (i)

  co-rule with father Thierry, (i), (ii), (iii); renews Anglo-Flemish treaty, (i), (ii); resources of, (i), (ii), (iii); major source of knights and stipendiary troops, (i), (ii), (iii); see also Flemings; control of invasion ports, (i); Young King’s grants to for support, (i); sends troops to Scotland, (i); invades north-east Normandy, 1173, (i); takes Aumale, (i); besieges Drincourt, (i), (ii); forced to withdraw after fatal wounding of Matthew of Boulogne, (i); makes brother Philip elect of Cambrai heir, (i); assembles fleet and army for earl of Leicester at Wissant, (i); prepares for invasion of England, 1174, (i), (ii), (iii); sends elite advanced guard to Hugh Bigod, (i); main fleet detained by winds at Gravelines, (i); Kent as possible destination, (i); calls off invasion on news of William the Lion’s capture, (i); moves forces to siege of Rouen, (i); urges surprise assault during truce, (i
); promises to restore castles taken in war to Henry II, (i); plans crusade, (i); meets Henry II at Caen, 1175 and surrenders charters from Young King, (i); money-fief renewed, (i); hosts Young King and equips him for tourneys, 1176, (i); pilgrimage to Becket’s tomb with Henry II, 1177, (i); leaves for the East, (i); struggle with Adela of Blois and brothers over control of Philip Augustus, 1180, (i); deterioration of relations with Philip Augustus, (i), (ii); confronts army of King Philip and Young King at Crépy-en-Valois, (i); negotiations over inheritance of wife Elizabeth of Vermandois, (i); mentor in chivalry to young Henry, (i), (ii); knights Arnold of Ardres, (i); patron of tournaments, (i), (ii), (iii); competes to retain best knights, (i); jousts at the quintain with his knights, (i); use of ruse and guile, (i); reputation as a warrior, (i), (ii); Chretien de Troyes’ Conte du Graal dedicated to, (i)

  Philip I, king of France, (i), (ii), (iii)

  Philip II Augustus, king of France, (i)

  birth, 1165, (i); receives homage of young Henry, 1169, (i); lost while hunting, (i); falls dangerously ill, (i), (ii), (iii); coronation at Rheims, 1179, (i), (ii), (iii); served by young Henry at coronation banquet, (i); marriage to Isabella of Hainault, (i); breaks free from dominance of house of Blois, (i); persuaded to restore Adela and family by Henry II, 1180, (i); renews Treaty of Ivry, (i); is counselled by Henry II on government, (i); hostilities with Philip of Flanders, 1181, (i); campaigns with Young King against Burgundy and Champagne, (i); confronts Count Philip at Crépy-en-Valois, (i); claims Valois and Vermandois, (i); sends mercenaries to aid of the Young King in Aquitaine, (i); growing hostility to Henry II, (i), (ii); demands Gisors and Vexin on death of the Young King, (i); Henry II performs homage to, (i); cuts down the elm at Gisors, (i); eschews patronage of tournaments, (i)

  Philip, eldest son of Louis VI, (i)

  Philip, elect of Cambrai, brother of Philip of Flanders, (i)

  Philip of Montgardin, (i)

  Philippa, grandmother of Eleanor of Aquitaine, (i)

  Philippe of Novare, (i)

  Pierre-Buffière, (i), (ii)

  planh (lament) for the Young King, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Pleurs, (i), (ii)

  Ploërmel, (i)

  Policraticus, of John of Salisbury, (i)

  Pont Audemer, (i)

  Ponthieu, (i), (ii), n. 150, (iii), (iv), n. 11, (v), n. 92, (vi), n. 129

  Ponts-de-Cé, (i)

  Le Porhoët, (i)

  Peter de Préaux, (i)

  Preuilly, (i), (ii)

  Prophecies of Merlin, (i), (ii), (iii)

  Quercy, (i), (ii), (iii)

  Quevilly, (i)

  quintain, (i)

  Rainald of Dassel, (i), (ii)

  Rainald of St Valéry, (i)

  Ralph of Diss, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi). (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii)

  Ralph de Faye, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Ralph FitzGodfrey, chamberlain of Young King, (i)

  Ralph FitzStephen, (i), (ii), and brothers William and Stephen, (iii)

  Ralph of Fougères,

  supports Young King in 1173, (i), (ii), (iii); fortifies Fougères, (i); joins forces with Hugh of Chester, (i), (ii); ambushes force of Henry II’s Brabançons, (i); takes Dol and other castles, (i); defeated by Henry II’s forces in battle outside Dol, (i); besieged in Dol, (i); surrenders to Henry II, (i); his castles destroyed, (i); exempted from terms of peace of Montmirail, (i); sons of, Juhel and William, as supporters of Young King, (i), (ii), n. 155

  Ralph de Haye, (i) and n. 155

  Ralph Niger, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Ramón-Berenguer, count of Barcelona, (i), (ii)

  Ranulf de Broc. (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

  and brother Robert, (i)

  Raoul, count of Clermont-en-Beauvasis, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Raymond, prince of Antioch, (i), (ii), (iii)

  Raymond-Berenguer IV, count of Provence, (i)

  Raymond ‘Brennus’, mercenary captain, (i)

  Raymond V, count of Toulouse, (i)

  lands invaded by Henry II, 1159, (i); at summit at Montferrat, 1173, (i); homage to Henry II and Young King at Limoges, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v); peace with Aragon brokered by Henry II, (i); and celebrated at Beaucaire, (i); warns Henry II of plot against him, (i); condemned as employer of Brabançons, 1179, (i); renewed war with Aragon over Provence, 1181, (i); allies with Young King, 1182, (i), n. 111; brings reinforcements to Young King at Uzerche, 1183, (i); defeated by Richard at siege of Hautefort, (i); testifies to burial wishes of the Young King, (i), n. 150, (ii)

  Raymond II, viscount of Turenne, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  razos, (i), (ii)

  Reading, abbey of, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  rebellion,

  of younger brothers, (i); of queens against husbands, (i): of Eleanor of Aquitaine, (i); of sons against fathers, (i), (ii): examples from earlier history collected by Ralph of Diss, (i); within ruling families of Anjou and Normandy, (i); see also Robert Curthose; in Capetian dynasty, (i); in the German empire, (i); difficulties faced by fathers in punishing, (i); topos of ‘evil counsellors’, (i); fuelled by demands of young companions, (i); punished by God, (i); of 1173–74: Young King’s baronial supporters in, (i); their motives for rebellion, (i); young Henry’s justifications for, (i); and his grievances, (i); creates conflict of loyalties for his ministers appointed by Henry II, (i); allies’ aims and strategy, (i), (ii); course of, (i); settlement following, (i); restoration of order after, (i); impact of, (i); Henry II’s fears of renewal of, 1176, (i); contemporaries condemn as against nature, (i); as bestial madness, (i); as work of malice of the French, (i); sons’ rebellion as divine punishment of Henry II, (i); condemnations of, (i); of 1183, (i), (i): Young King’s death seen as punishment for, (i), (ii), (iii)

  regalia, (i), (ii), (iii)

  of Edward the Confessor, (i); of William the Conqueror, (i), n. 103; crown, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); imperial crown, (i); spurs, (i); swords, (i), (ii), (iii); ‘Curtana’, (i); of Charlemagne, (i); see also coronation

  Reginald, bishop of Bath, (i), (ii), (iii)

  Reginald, earl of Cornwall, (i), (ii), (iii)

  Reginald FitzUrse, (i)

  Reginald de Nevers, (i), (ii)

  Ressons-sur-Matz, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

  Rheims, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix)

  Minstrel of, (i), (ii)

  Rhys, prince of Deheubarth, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Richard Barre, (i), (ii), (iii)

  Richard de Belmeis, bishop of London, (i)

  Richard, prior of Dover and archbishop of Canterbury, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

  Richard, bishop of Chester, (i)

  Richard de Clare, ‘Strongbow’, (i)

  Richard of Devizes, chronicler, (i), (ii)

  Richard FitzCount, (i)

  Richard du Hommet, (i), (ii), (iii)

  Richard de Lucy, justiciar, (i)

  presides at Becket’s election and consecration, (i); rumoured to have taken the cross, (i), n. 158; supervises episcopal elections, 1173, (i); effective control of government, 1171–2, (i), (ii); besieges Leicester, 1173, (i); razes town defences and expels burgesses, (i); forces Scots to retreat from Carlisle, (i); ravages Lothian, (i), (ii);informed of Leicester’s landing, (i); agrees truce with King William, (i); besieges Huntingdon, (i); protests against Henry II’s forest amercements, 1175, (i); retires from office, (i)

  Richard, son of Henry II, count of Poitou and king of England, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  birth, (i); betrothal to daughter of count of Barcelona, (i); proposal he be brought up in Louis’ court, (i); performs homage to Louis for Aquitaine at Montmirail, 1169, (i); betrothed to Alice, without dowry, (i); grant of Aquitaine confirmed, 1170, (i); attends father’s Christmas court, 1170, at Bur-le-Roi, (i); invested as duke of Aqu
itaine, 1172, (i); receives homage of Raymond of Toulouse at peace summit at Limoges, 1173, (i); joins Young King at Louis’ court, (i); rebels against father, (i), (ii); at siege of Drincourt, (i); at Verneuil, (i); offered castles and half revenues of Aquitaine by father in peace talks, 1173, (i); knighted by Louis VII, (i); fails to take La Rochelle, (i); abandons Saintes on arrival of Henry II, (i); left isolated y allies, 1174; submits to father and is forgiven, (i), (ii); granted half the revenues of Poitou in the settlement of Montlouis, (i); performs homage to his father, (i), (ii); sent by Henry II to subdue Poitevin lords, (i); attends great Easter court, 1176, at Winchester, (i); successfully campaigns against rebellion in Aquitaine, (i); escorts sister Joanna to St Gilles, (i); campaigns in southern Gascony, 1177, (i); dispute between Henry II and Louis over his proposed marriage to Alice, (i); suppresses rebellion in Poitou, (i); attends Henry II’s great Christmas court at Angers, 1177, (i); successes against rebels in Aquitaine, 1179, (i); joins brothers to aid King Philip, 1181, (i); enforces rights of overlordship in duchy, (i); hated by nobles of Aquitaine for harsh and oppressive rule, (i), (ii); faces repeated rebellion, (i); campaigns against major rebel coalition, 1182; (i); compels their submission at Périgueux, (i); quarrels with Young King over castle of Clairvaux, (i); initially refuses to perform homage to Young King, (i); fears young Henry’s actions on death of father, (i); provoked by Young King’s support for rebels in Aquitaine and leaves court, (i); defeats routier force at Gorre, (i); aided by Henry II, (i), (ii); joins father in besieging Limoges, (i); Geoffrey as a major enemy, (i); recovers the Angoumois and Saintonge, and counter-attacks against Brittany, (i); presses the siege of Aixe, (i); yields castles of Aquitaine to his father, (i); confirms benefactions for the soul of young Henry, (i); refuses to yield Aquitaine, 1184, (i); rebels against Henry II, (i); death at Chaluz, 1199, (i); has heart buried opposite tomb of Young King, (i); and royal arms of England, (i); Latinity of, (i); skill as general, (i); renown in arms, (i); ruthless treatment of prisoners, 1183, (i); qualities praised by Gerald of Wales, (i), (ii)