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France:
and Germany (after World War I), 450, 456, 496, 497
and World War I, 407–8, 427–8
Frank, Waldo, 314
Frankfurter, Felix, 419, 434, 506, 537–8
Franklin, Benjamin, 154
Fredericksburg (Va.), battle of, 8, 25
Freedmen’s Bureau, 49
freedom, see liberty
freed people:
abuse of, 50
attitudes of, 38–41
education of, 63–4
and land distribution, 64–5
life of, in South, 67–71
political and civil rights of, 46, 47, 48–9, 52; see also black Americans: suffrage of
free love, 126
Frémont, Gen. John C, 32
Freud, Sigmund, 124, 307
on Wilson, 365
Frick, Henry Clay, 78, 103, 275, 350
and Homestead (Pa.) violence, 224–6
home of (“Clayton”), 141
and League of Nations, 458
Frost, Robert, 556
furnishing merchants, 135–6, 181
Galbraith, John Kenneth, 542
Gardener, Helen, 446
Gardner, Isabella Stewart (Mrs. Jack), 115
Garfield, James A., 52, 198–9
Garland, Hamlin, 288
Garraty, John, 107, 176
Garrison, Lindley M., 385
Gary, Elbert H., 350
Gates, William B., 86
General Managers Association, 227
George, Alexander and Juliette, 365, 374
George, Henry, 101, 162–3
and Bellamy and Lloyd, compared, 167–8
Progress and Poverty, 163
George, Henry, Jr., 402
German Ideology, The (Marx and Engels), 75, 260
Germany, in World War I, 407, 423–4, 432–4
reparations, 496–7
U.S and, 424–6, 433–4, 435
Geronimo (Apache leader), 218, 219
Gettysburg (Pa.), battle of, 5, 11–12
Gettysburg Address (Lincoln), 3–6, 557
Gibbs, Josiah Willard, 81, 290
Gibson, Charles Dana, 287
Gies, Joseph and Frances, 110
Gillette, William, 69
Gilman, Charlotte Perkins, 123, 124, 442
Girard, Stephen, 88
Gitlow, Benjamin, 505
Glaab, Charles, 265
Glad, Paul, 229
Gladden, Washington, 167
Glass, Carter, 387
Glynn, Martin, 420
Godkin, Edwin Lawrence, 70, 159, 207, 269
Goldman, Emma, 275, 283–4
Goldman, Eric, 346
gold mining, 97
gold rush, 218, 259
golf, 529
Gompers, Samuel, 179–80, 280, 282
and Pullman boycott (1894), 227
on unemployment insurance, 551
Gooch, Frank Austin, 289
Goodwyn, Lawrence, 180, 187
Gore, Thomas, 417
Gould, Jay, 177, 182, 211, 214
and “Erie War,” 92, 93
Gould, Lewis, 287
government:
influence of, on daily lives, 19
laissez-faire policy of (economic), 91, 154–6, 159; and labor unions, 180; Spencer on, 157–8
role of, in Depression, 548–9; direct relief by, 549, 551
government, urban, 265
Graham, Otis, 553
“Grangers,” 209
Grant, Ulysses Simpson:
and black rights, 66
in Civil War, 8–10, 13–14
and Johnson, 51, 56
and Lee, 13–14, 28–9, 35
and Lincoln, 13
as President: election of, 58–9; foreign policy of, 220; nomination of, 194–5
and Reconstruction, 58–9
world tour by, 220
Gray, Harold, 519
Great Britain:
and Civil War (U.S.), 31–2, 220
and Washington Conference (1921), 493–5
and World War I, 408
Great Southwest Strike (1886), 182
“Great White Fleet,” 34
Greeley, Horace, 207, 210
Green, William, 534, 552
green areas, urban, 254
Greenback (or Greenback Labor) party, 208
Greene, Theodore, 160
Greenleaf, Halbert, 81
Greenwich Village, New York City, 306–8
Grey, Sir Edward, 409, 422
Griffith, D. W., 518, 524, 525
Grimké, Sarah and Angelina, 204
Guam, 240
Guest, Edgar, 482
Gutman, Herbert, 111, 143
Hague Conference (1907), 342
Haig, Gen. Sir Douglas, 426
Haiti, 403, 418
Hall, Asaph, 81
Hall-Mills murder trial, 518
Hallowell, Col. James, 185
Hamilton, Alice, 275, 276
Hammond, Bray, 18
Hammond, William A., 27
Hancock, Winfield, 210
Handlin, Oscar, 503
Hanna, Mark, 198, 229, 231–2, 234
and Roosevelt (T.), 330, 334
Harbaugh, William, 334
Harding, Warren Gamaliel, 363, 459
on America as “business country,” 486
character and personality of, 471, 484
death of, 491–2
as President, 484–5; and blacks, 490–1; economic policy of, 491; and farmers, 490; foreign policy of, 492–5; nomination of, 471–3; and Supreme Court, 488
Harriman, Edward H., 350, 401
Harrison, Benjamin, 216, 217, 226
harrow, 81
Harte, Bret, 96, 101
Hartt, Rollin, 195, 197
Haupt, Herman, 17
Havighurst, Walter, 196
Hawaii, 221, 240, 400
Hay, John, 170, 198, 337–8
Hayes, Rutherford B., 198, 199–200
election of, 67, 201–2
Haymarket Massacre (1886), 177
Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, 338
Hays, Will H., 527
Haywood, William D. (“Big Bill”), 282–3, 323–4, 397–8
Hearn, Lafcadio, 221
Hearst, William Randolph, 235–6, 369, 507
against League of Nations, 458
and Roosevelt’s nomination (1932), 554–5
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 76
Henri, Robert, 310, 311
Henry, Joseph, 83
Henry, O. (William Sidney Porter), 346
Hepburn Act (1906), 335–6
heroes, athletic, 528–30
Hicks, Granville, 536
Higginson, Henry Lee, 87, 385
high-rise buildings, 251–2
high schools, 511–12
Hillquit, Morris, 397
Hitchcock, Gilbert, 461
Hoar, George, 68, 240
hobos and vagabonds, 556–7, 558–9
Hobson, John Atkinson, 409
Hofstadter, Richard, 158, 245, 298, 390
Holli, Melvin, 273
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 168
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr., 295–6
as Supreme Court justice, 489, 504–5; appointment as, 331, 335
Homer, Winslow, 309
Homestead Act (1862), 19, 37, 128
Homestead (Pa.) steel works, 224–6
Hood, Gen. John Bell, 29, 35
Hooker, Isabella Beecher, 443
Hooker, Gen. Joseph, 10, 11
Hoover, Herbert, 485
and business, 487
in Food Administration, 428
as President, 485; and Depression, 549–51; economic policy of, 496, 498–9; election of (1928), 487; foreign policy of, 496, 497–8; and stock market crash, 541, 543, 544
Hopkins, Mark (of Big Four), 95
Hopkins, Mark (Williams College president), 159
House, Col. Edward Mandell, 386
and Wilson
, 386, 423, 456
and World War I, 410, 413, 416; diplomatic activities of, 422–3, 448
House-Grey Memorandum (World War I), 422–3
housekeeping manuals, 121
House of Mirth (Wharton), 321, 323
House of Morgan, see Morgan (J. P.) & Co.
housing:
construction methods for, 253
mass-produced, 253
Pullman’s model city, 142
Riis on, 141
urban, 255–6: tenements, 137–8, 141
of the wealthy, 114, 118–19, 141
Houston, David, 386–7
Howe, Irving, 146, 257
Howe, Julia Ward, 169, 209
“Battle Hymn of the Republic,” 28
Howells, William Dean, 118, 170
Howland, Eliza, 27
Huber, Richard, 160
Huckleberry Finn (Twain), 170–1, 172
Hudson, Winthrop, 515
Huerta, Gen. Victoriano, 404
Hughes, Charles Evans, 419–20, 492, 493–4, 495
as Supreme Court justice, 498
Hull-House, Chicago, 270, 275–6
Huntington, Collis P., 95, 203, 215–16
Imagism, 316
immigrants, 246–9
arrival rate of, 147
in Civil War period, 19
competition and suspicion among, 260
as domestic servants, 121
Ford and, 481–2
holidays and festivals of, 259
labor unions and, 101, 176, 179, 283
as steel workers, 141, 144
as stockyard workers, 111
suffragists and, 443
urban life of, 138, 146–7, 247, 256–8
see also aliens, deportation and repression of; Chinese immigrants; Irish immigrants; Italian immigrants; Japanese immigrants; Jews in New York; workers
Immigration Act (1924), 495
impeachment (of Pres. Johnson), 54–8
imperialism, American, 239–41, 341
incandescent lamp, 84–5
income:
disparities in, 140, 142–3, 192
wages: in Civil War period, 19; in Depression, 556; in manufacturing (1860s–1890s), 140; Ricardo’s “iron law” of, 155; of women, 19, 140, 429, 431, 489; of wealthy, 140
income tax:
1861, 18
Knights of Labor on, 176
1920s, 491
under Wilson, 387
during World War I, 439
Indians, 149–51, 217–19
Cheyennes, 149–50
civil rights of, 49, 443
newspapers of, 522
Sioux, 150
stereotyping of, 151
individualism:
economic, 154–9, 162, 207, 390
as “liberty,” 153
see also Algerism
industrialism:
protest against, 172–3; socialist, 173–5
urban, 247–9; implacability of, 271–2, 274, 289; specialized, 248
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW, “Wobblies”), 283, 397–8
and silk workers’ strike, 323
suppression of (in World War I), 440
industry:
in Civil War period, 15–16, 19
machinery for, 74, 77–85, 108, 289, 290–1, 381–2; for automobile manufacture, 479–80; for shoe manufacture, 15
in Ohio, 196–7
workers in, see workers
in World War I, 428–9
see also production; and specific industries
inflation, in Civil War period, 20
Ingham, John, 143
Innocents Abroad, The (Twain), 221
“Inquiry, The” (on peace terms, World
War I), 434, 448–9, 453
intellectual leadership:
in Boston, 169–70
with moral leadership, 274
and Reconstruction, failure of, 69–70
International Workingmen’s Association, 174
Interstate Commerce Act (1887), 214, 216
Interstate Commerce Commission, 214–15, 335, 336, 358
inventors and inventions, see agriculture: machinery and tools for; industry: machinery for; technology: innovation in
investors:
from Boston, 85–8
and innovation, 90–1
personal bankers, 88–90
Irish immigrants, 259–60
as railroad workers, 94, 96, 97
iron industry, 74, 78, 79–80
Italian immigrants, 257–8
IWW, see Industrial Workers of the World
Jackson, Helen Hunt, 217
Jackson, Gen. Thomas Jonathan (“Stonewall’), 10
Jacoby, Robin Miller, 281
Jaher, Frederic C, 87, 115
James, Alice, 123–4
James, Henry, 169–70, 221, 306
Bostonians, The, 170
Roosevelt (T.) and, 326, 327
James, William, 158, 170, 291–4, 394
Japan:
and U.S., 344, 495; on Russo-Japanese War, 341–2; trade relations, 497–8
and Washington Conference (1921), 493–5
Japanese immigrants:
and Immigration Act (1924), 495
segregation of, in California, 343–4
jazz, 509, 523
Jefferson, Thomas, 82, 156
Jenney, William Le Baron, 252
Jews in New York, 255–7
immigrant/poor, on Lower East Side, 146–7, 256–7
national origins of, 255
religious life of, 256–7
upward mobility of, 259
wealthy, 145–6
Jim Crow system, 149
jobs, see children: in labor force; unemployment; women: in labor force
Johnson, Andrew:
death of, 58
early life of, 43
impeachment of, 54–8
later career of, 58
nomination of, as Vice-President, 32
as President, 43–8, 50–8
and Reconstruction, 45, 50–1, 55
and Republican party, 43–4, 45, 52–3, 55
and Southern leaders, 46–7, 52
Johnson, Hiram, 372, 419, 460, 495, 501
Johnson, Tom L., 273–4, 345
Johnston, Gen. Joseph, 9–10, 29
Joint Committee on Reconstruction, 48, 49, 50
Jones, Capt. “Bill,” 103
Jones, Bobby, 529
Jones, Edith, see Wharton, Edith
Jones, Lucy S., 100, 101, 102
Jones, Mary Harris (“Mother”), 285–6
Jones, Samuel Milton (“Golden Rule”), 273, 274, 345
Joseph (Nez Percé chief), 218, 219
Josephson, Matthew, 203
journalism and journalists:
broadcast (radio), 522–3
and Cuban revolution, 235–6, 237
magazines: avant-garde, 313–16; laissez-faire theme in, 159: movie, 526; and reform, 345, 346–7; of success stories, 160; women’s, 120
newspapers, 518–20; black, 522; foreign-language, 522; Indian, 522; mergers and consolidation of, 519–20
1920s, 518–23
Juárez, Benito, 219–20
Judah, Theodore, 95
Julian, George W., 42–3
Jungle, The (Sinclair), 348
Kansas, 128, 149
People’s Party in, 184–7
Kazin, Alfred, 320
Kearney, Denis, 101
Keller, Morton, 45, 215
Kelley, Florence, 275, 276, 278, 281, 489
Kelley, William D., 43
Kellogg, Frank, 459, 461
Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928), 495–6
Kelvin, William, 305
Kennan, George F., 453
Kennedy, Joseph P., 554–5
Kimball, W. W., 114
Kleppner, Paul, 233
Knights of Labor, 176–8, 551–2
Knox, Philander, 332, 401, 403
Knudsen, William S., 483
Kohlsaat, Herman, 461
Korea, 221
Kraditor, Aileen, 397
Kreisler, Fritz, 440
Krug, Edward, 511–12
Ku Klux Klan, 66, 203, 206, 469, 500, 509, 514
labor, see children: in labor force; women: in labor force; workers
labor disputes, 233–4, 469 see also strikes
labor unions, 175, 282–4
and blacks, 176, 179
in Civil War period, 19
and Depression, 551–2
and immigrants, 101, 176, 179, 283
and industrial democracy, 392
Marxists on, 173, 175
membership decline in (1920s), 534
and socialists, 396
Wilson and, 418
and women, 176, 179, 280, 431
and “yellow-dog” contracts, 488–9
see also Amalgamated Iron, Steel and Tin Workers; American Federation of Labor; American Railway Union; Cigarmakers’ International Union; Industrial Workers of the World; International Workingmen’s Association; National Labor Union; Socialist Trade and Labor Alliance; strikes; United Mine Workers; Western Federation of Miners
Ladd, Everett Carll, 367
La Follette, Robert, 230, 335–6
and elections: 1912, 360–1, 372; 1924, 500–1
and World War I, 425
La Guardia, Fiorello, 553
laissez-faire economics, 91, 154–6, 159
and labor unions, 180
Spencer on, 157–8
Lake, Simon, 290
Lamb, William, 182, 189
lamp, incandescent, 84–5
land, nationalizing of, 163, 167
land distribution:
in South, 64–5, 70
for western settlers, 129
Langley, Samuel, 290
Lansing, Robert, 413, 415, 421, 448, 469
Larkin, Oliver, 311, 312
lathe, automatic, 79
Lathrop, Julia, 275, 276, 277
Latin America:
U.S. investment in, 497
U.S. policy on, 221–2; under Hoover, 498; (T.) Roosevelt’s, 340 (see also Panama Canal); Wilson’s, 402–6
Lawrence. Mass., 283
Lazarus, Emma, 146, 152, 154
leadership, see intellectual leadership; moral leadership; Wilson, Woodrow: on leadership
League of Nations:
American ratification process for, 453–5 457–75; opposition to, 453, 454–5, 458–68 passim; popular referendum on (proposed), 468–9; public opinion on, 457–8, 462–3, 464; Senate and, 454–5, 458–63, 465–6; support for, 455, 457; Wilson and, 453–75
committee draws up Covenant for, 452, 453
Cox and Roosevelt (F. D.) campaign for, 474
Wilson’s plan for, 414, 449, 452, 457
Lease, Mary, 185–6
Leaves of Grass (Whitman), 192, 193
Lee, Gen. Robert E., 10–12, 35
and Grant, 13–14, 28–9, 35
surrender of, 35