American Experiment
Page 207
and Smith’s presidential candidacy, 502–3
Puerto Rico, 405
Pulitzer, Joseph, 152, 235–6
Pullman, George M., 114, 227
model town of, 142, 227
Pure Food and Drug Act (1906), 348
Quay, Matthew, 234
Quesnay, Francois, 154
Rader, Benjamin, 528
radio, 522–3
rags-to-riches myth (Algerism), 143, 144-5, 159–60
Carnegie and, 102, 161; and McKinley, 234
Dempsey and, 532
and economic concentration, 390
Frick and, 224
Irish immigrants and, 259–60
La Follette and, 360
and political machines (urban), 265
railroads:
Boston investors and, 87
in Civil War, 16–17
combinations in, 331–2
“Erie War,” 92–3
and farmers, 130
in fiction, 172
Lenin on, 410
1930s, 555
in Ohio, 196, 197
regulation of, 73, 214–15, 334–5, 336
Roosevelt (T.) and, 331–2, 334–5
strikes against, 95–6, 175–6, 182
transcontinental, 93–6
westward movement promoted by, 128–9
in World War I, 429
see also Central Pacific; Erie; Michigan Central; Pennsylvania; Southern Pacific; trains; Union Pacific
railroad terminals, urban, 249
Rainford, William S., 269
ranching vs. farming, in California, 98–9
Rankine, Mrs. A. K., 314
Raskob, John J., 541
Rasputin, 408, 409
Raymond, Henry J., 34
Reader’s Digest (periodical), 522
Reagan, John H., 214
Reconstruction:
Congress and, 48–50, 53–4
end of, 67
evaluation of, 68–70
failure of (blame for), 45–6
Grant and, 58–9
Johnson and, 45, 50–1, 55
Lincoln vs. other Republicans on, 32, 33
Republican leadership and, 44–5
revenge vs. reform in, 46–7
Reconstruction Act, 53–4
Reconstruction Finance Corporation, 551
“red hunts,” 469 Redlich, Fritz, 89
“red scare,” 178, 505 Reed, James, 428, 460, 464
Reed, John, 307, 308, 323, 324
Reed, Thomas B., 227–8, 331
reform movement, 266–75
leadership of, 345–8
and party bosses, 266, 267, 268
women in, 270, 275–8
Reid, Whitelaw, 198
Reinsch, Paul, 402
Reitman, Ben, 283
religion and religious life:
and election of 1928, 502–3
Jewish, 256–7
Protestant, 515–17
Republican party:
and black civil and political rights, 48–9, 52, 55, 59, 206
blacks in, 206, 490–1
and business, 484, 486–7, 491, 499, 503, 558
control of Congress by: in Civil War
period, 36–7; post-World War I, 474, 484, 487, 501; in Reconstruction period, 44, 48, 51, 59, 60
conventions of: 1864, 32–3; 1868, 58, 194–5; 1912, 363–3; 1920, 471–3; 1924, 501
Democrats, rivalry with, 205–6, 227–8; 1896, 233
differences and divisions within: 1865–66, 48–9; 1870s, 1880s, 206; ca. 1909, 356–8; 1920s, 470, 492
dominance of: 1896 on, 233; 20th century, 474, 484–5, 487–92, 503
and farmers, 490
and populists, 186–7
Radical wing of, 41–4, 51–2, 59–60; and Johnson, 52–3, 54–8; and Reconstruction, 44–5, 48–9, 53–4
see also elections and campaigns
residences, see housing
Ricardo, David, 155
rich, see wealthy
Richards, Ellen Swallow, 261
Richmond, Mary, 270
Richthofen, Baron Manfred von (the “Red Baron”), 436
Rickard, “Tex,” 530
Riis ,Jacob, 137–8, 141, 142, 143, 147, 148, 149
Rinehart, Mary Roberts, 439, 518
Riordon, William L., 264
riots:
anti-Chinese, 101
against draft (Civil War), 14
racial, 50
see also strikes
“Roaring Twenties,” 509
Rockefeller, John D., 105–7, 198
defends big business, 390
early life of, 105–6
income of, 140
and Lloyd (H. D.), 166
philanthropy of, 107
Roosevelt (T.) and, 349–50
Tarbell on, 347
Rockne, Knute, 528–9
Roebling, John A., 80, 110
Rogers, John Jacob, 454
Rogers, Will, 149, 521
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano:
as Assistant Secretary of the Navy, 411
as Democratic party leader (1920s), 502, 553
and election of 1932, 554–5
nominated as Vice-President, 474
Roosevelt, Theodore, 325–54
and blacks, 375
career of, 325
character and personality of, 325–8, 352–3
early life of, 325–8
and election of 1912, 359–60, 361–3, 371–7 passim
and power, 327–8, 329, 330, 341, 351, 360
as President, 329–54; antitrust campaign of, 332–3, 349–52; assumes office (1901), 242; and domestic powers and issues, 329–36, 348–51; and election of 1904, 333–4; and environmental issues, 349; executive power and control by, 329, 352–4; foreign policy of, 336–45; increasing liberalism of, 348–9; and reform movement, 345–6; and Supreme Court, 331, 335
and Progressive party, 371, 373, 377, 419, 420
and Spanish-American War, 236, 338
and Taft (W. H.), 353, 355–6, 358–9, 362–3, 371
third term contemplated by, 359–60, 361–3
as Vice-President, 241, 325
and Wilson, 372–3
and World War I, 412, 416
Roosevelt, Theodore, Jr., 494
Root, Elihu, 333, 344, 355, 360, 363, 372
Rosenwald, Julius, 278
Ross, John, 3
Rossiter, Clinton, 156
Rostow, Eugene, 296
Rothafel, Samuel L., 525
Rouge works (Ford Motor Co.), Mich., 479–80, 556
Rough Riders, 238
Russell, Francis, 472
Russell, Lillian, 101
Russia:
American expeditionary force in, 453
Bolshevik regime: publishes secret treaties, 434; recognition of (international), 453, 456
civil war in, 432
and World War I, 408–9
Russian Revolution (1917), 426
Russo-Japanese War, 341–2
Ruth, George Herman (“Babe”), 529–30
Rutherford, Lord Ernest, 290
Sabine, Wallace, 290
Sacco, Nicola, 537–8
Sacramento, Calif., 97
St. Mihiel (France), battle for, 436–7
saloons, opposition to, 279
Salvation Army, 270
Samoa, 221
Sandburg, Carl, 547
San Francisco, 99–102, 250
Chinese in, 100–1
Irish in, 99, 259–60
Sanger, Margaret, 123, 275, 179–80
Sanitary Commission (U.S.), 26–7
San Juan Hill, battle of (1898), 239
Sargent, Fred W., 548
Sargent, James, 81
Sargent, John Singer, 115
Sarnoff, David, 522–3
Sawyer, John E., 82
Say, Jean Baptiste, 155
“scalawags,” 62, 63
Schenk, Charles T., 504
&nb
sp; Schenk, Robert, 200
Schlieffen Plan (World War I), 407
Schneidermann, Rose, 281
schools, see education
Schorer, Mark, 535
Schumpeter, Joseph, 90
Schurz, Carl, 47, 161, 162, 207
Schwab, Charles M., 103
scientific innovation, see technology: innovation in
Scopes trial (1925), 517
Scott, Thomas, 215
seapower, 222–3
Sedgwick, Susan and Theodore, 86
seismograph, 108
Selective Service Administration, 427–8
self-made man, see rags-to-riches myth
Seligman, E. R. A., 302
Sellers, William, 79
separation of powers, 51, 54
and impeachment, 55
see also checks and balances
servants, domestic, 121, 139–40
settlement-house movement, 270, 275–6, 278, 280
settlers, in Plains states, 128–9, 219
Seven Arts, The (periodical), 314
sewage treatment and disposal, 108, 253
Sewall, Arthur, 231
Seward, William Henry, 4, 31, 51
and Alaska purchase, 220
sewing machine, 108, 120
sexuality:
liberation in: in Greenwich Village, 307; in 1920s, 509
of women, 121–4;
Woodhull on, 125–6
Seymour, Horatio, 59, 205, 210
Shafter, Gen. William, 238–9
Shakers, 167
Shannon, Fred, 134–5
sharecroppers, 131–3
Shaw, Anna H., 442, 444–5
Sheppard-Towner Act (1921), 534
Sheridan, Gen. Philip, 29, 35
Sherman, John, 52, 198, 199
Sherman, Lawrence, 460
Sherman, Gen. William Tecumseh, 9, 29, 34–5, 70
Sherman Antitrust Act (1890), 216–17, 332, 374, 389
Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1890), 213
repeal of, 226, 228
Shipping Board (World War 1), 428
ships, naval, 222–3
“Great White Fleet” world tour (1907–08), 344
limitation of numbers of (1921), 493–5
see also battleships; submarines
Shotwell, James, 449–50, 453, 495
Shufeldt, Comm. Robert, 221
silverites, against gold standard, 213, 230–1
Simpson, “Sockless” Jerry, 185, 188, 224, 228
Sinclair, Upton, 348, 520
Sioux Indians, 150
Sister Carrie (Dreiser), 317–19
skyscrapers, 251–2
slaveholders, and freeing of slaves, 39–40 slavery: outlawed by 13th Amendment (1865), 37, 48;
wage slavery, 132
see also Emancipation Proclamation
slaves, arming of (proposed, in Civil War), 29
Sloan, John, 310, 311, 313, 314
Smart Set, The (periodical), 314–15
Smith, Adam, 154–5, 258
Smith, Alfred Emanuel (“Al”), 500, 553
in elections: 1928, 502–3; 1932, 554
Smith, J. Allen, 299
Smoot-Hawley Act (1930), 499, 550
Smuts, Robert, 139
Social Darwinism:
businessmen and, 162
Gompers and, 180
popularity of, 159
pragmatism and, 297
Republican party and, 503
Roosevelt (T.) and, 326, 340–1
Spencerism, 157–8
and workers, 173
socialism, 173–4
divisions within, 398, 399
political parties of, 396–9
suppression of, 509–10
see also Marxist theory
Socialist-Labor Party (SLP), 174, 396
Socialist Party, 396–7
and Depression, 552
1912, 368
1916, 421
1924, 501
Socialist Trade and Labor Alliance, 283
Sorensen, Charles E , 483
Sorge, Friedrich, 174
South, the:
black education in, 63–4
Democratic party in: dominance of, 67, 366–7; and Hayes election (1876), 201–2; 1920s, 553; and populists, 187–8
farmers in, 131–6
land distribution in, 64–5
and Reconstruction, 46–8, 53
state governments in, 62–3
see also black Americans: in South; Confederate States of America
Southern Pacific Railroad, 97, 99
Spain:
and Cuba, 219, 220, 235–40
war with (1898), 238–40
Spanish landowners, in California, 98–9
“speakeasies,” 531
speculation, financial, 540–1
Spencer, Herbert, 157–8, 161–2, 207
sports, 527–31
corruption in, 531
Sprague, Frank, 250–1
Sproat, John, 207
Stampp, Kenneth, 47, 58, 62, 63, 69
standardization, social:
of suburbs, 252–3
of workers, 258–9, 480
standardization, technological:
of alternating current, 108
of gauges, 79
metric system, 81
of nuts, bolts, screws, 79
Standard Oil Company (Ohio), 106–7, 33
foreign sales by, 222
Lenin on, 410
as monopoly, 166
Roosevelt (T.) and, 349–50
Tarbell on, 347–8
Stanford, Leland, 95–6, 100, 215, 216, 330
Stanley, Henry M., 221
Stanton, Edwin M., 3, 35, 53, 56
Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 122, 123, 208, 442, 443, 444
Slarr, Ellen Gates, 270, 275, 277
states’ rights, and Reconstruction, 48, 49, 51, 53
Statue of Liberty, 117, 146, 152–4
dedication of, 152–3
Stedman, Seymour, 469
Steel, H. Wickham, 452
Steel, Ronald, 395
steel industry:
Carnegie and, 103–4
innovations in, 79–80, 381
working conditions in, 140–1
Steffens, Lincoln, 265, 268, 345, 347, 419, 453
Steichcn, Edward, 310
Steinmetz, Charles, 290
Stevens, Thaddeus, 42, 52, 54, 57
Stieglitz, Alfred, 310–11, 312
stock market, 540–3
crash of (Oct. 1929), 542–3
Stokes, Rose Pastor, 398
Stokes, Thomas L., 558
Stone, Lucy, 209
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 125, 126, 217
Strasser, Adolph, 174, 178–9, 180
streetcars, electrified, 250–1
strikes:
in Civil War period, 19
by coal miners, 333, 490
in Depression, 545, 556
Great Southwest (1886), 182
Haymarket Massacre (1886), 177
at Homestead steel works (1892), 224–6
Pullman (1894), 227
of railroad workers, 95–6, 175–6, 490
of silk workers (1913), 323–4
by women, 280–1
Strong, Josiah, 340–1
Strum, Philippa, 391, 506
submarines, 290
German, in World War I, 415, 416, 424, 428
subtreasury plan for credit and currency, 187, 188, 189
suburbs, 252–3
subways, 251
suffrage:
of blacks: black leaders and, 65; in District of Columbia, 53; election of 1868 and, 59; 15th Amendment and, 60–2; Johnson and, 46, 55; Northerners and, 59, 60; Reconstruction Act and, 53; Republicans and, 48, 55, 59: thwarting of, 65–6
restriction of, by class (proposed), 269
of women, 442–7; and black suffrage, 204, 208–9; and 15th Amendment, 61; and 19th Amendment, 444–7; People’s Pa
rty and, 190; political priorities and tactics on, 209, 444; Roosevelt (T.) and, 444, 445; state-by-state movement, 445; support for, among women, 262, 280, 445, 534; Wilson and, 376, 418, 444, 445, 446–7; Woodhull and, 125
suicide (in Depression), 546
Sullivan, Louis, 252
Sullivan, Mark, 509, 521
Sumner, Charles, 41–2, 52, 60, 203, 220
and 14th Amendment, 49–50
and Hooker (I.), 443
and Johnson, 44, 46, 47–8
and Reconstruction, 46, 70
Sumner, William Graham, 158–9, 207
Sunday, Billy, 505, 517, 518
Sundquist. James, 205, 233
Sun Yat-sen, 401
Supreme Court:
Abrams case, 504–5
appointment of justices to: Chase (S. P.), 54; by Harding, 488; by Roosevelt (T.), 331, 335; by Taft, 488; Waite (M. R.), 200; by Wilson, 418–19
under Chase’s leadership, 54
and Civil Rights Act (1875), 49, 66, 203
controversy about (20th century), 488–9
Debs case, 504
and 1st Amendment, 504
and 14th Amendment, 203–4
Gitlow case, 505
and Interstate Commerce Commission, 215
and motion-picture industry, 526
1920s, 488–90, 504–6
Schenk case, 504
and segregation (racial), 234
under Taft’s leadership, 489–90
Surratt, Mary E., 56–7
Sutherland, George, 488, 489
sweater’s shop, 138–9
Swift, Gustavus, 114
Taft, Alphonso B., 198
Taft, William Howard, 198, 206, 300, 344
character and personality of, 357
as Chief Justice, 488, 489–90
and election of 1912: campaign, 371–7 passim; defeat of, 377; nomination of, 362–3; and Republican party, 356, 371
and League of Nations, 455
as President, 353, 355–8; foreign policy of, 401, 403; and Republican party, 356–8, 371
and Roosevelt (T.), 353, 355–6, 358–9, 362–3, 371
Tammany Hall political organization, 263–4, 266–7
Tarbell, Ida, 345, 347–8
tariff:
Cleveland and, 213, 226
contending interests and, 212
Hoover and, 498–9, 550, 551
investors protected by, 91
McKinley and, 234
Roosevelt (T.) and, 335
Smoot-Hawley Act, 499, 550
Taft and, 356, 358, 367–8
Wilson and, 385, 386–7
taxes and taxation:
in Depression, 544
income: 1861, 18; Knights of Labor on, 176; 1920s, 491; under Wilson, 387; during World War I, 439
Republicans and (20th century), 491
Taylor, Frederick W., 79
teachers:
of black children, 63, 64
influential, at colleges, 155
in middle America, 511
Teapot Dome scandal, 492
technology:
automation, 479–80, 482