American Experiment
Page 337
FDR, 35, 36, 37, 72
Nixon, 555-6
Goldwater, Barry, 378, 381, 382, 390, 404, 491, 508, 566, 625-6, 637, 638, 656
Gompers, Samuel, 45, 54
Gomulka, Wladyslaw, 258
Goodman, Paul, 394
Good Neighbor League, 83, 117
Good Neighbor Policy, 328, 524
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 633, 644
Gordimer, Nadine, 620
Gordon, Kermit, 561
Göring, Hermann, 150
Gorky, Arshile, 621
government:
American system: conditions of, 115, 120, 125-6, 129, 491, 632, 645-8, 655, 663; democratization of progressive era, 646-7; reform proposals, 648-50 (see also party system)
federal: centralization of, 16, 29-30, 42, 74, 646; centralization vs. decentralization debate, under FDR, 28-9, 66, 74, 77, 122; invigorated by FDR, 213; prolabor, divergence from Marxist model, 48; reorganization bill (1937), 105-6, 115, 131
Lippmann’s concept of, 289-90
press as fourth branch of, 283
government planning, see economic
planning; planning, comprehensive government regulation, 466, 560
New Deal, 42, 121, 122
Reagan reversal, 639
Graham, Billy, 465
Graham, Martha, 593
Graham, Otis, 122
Grahn, Judy, 451
grain deals, US-USSR, 476, 478, 644
Grange, 49, 65
Grant, Ulysses S., 178, 505
Grass, Günter, 618-19
Graubard, Stephen, 553
Great Britain, 125, 295, 296
appeasement of Hitler by, 157-8
colonialism, 208, 338-9
nuclear weapons of, 257
in Suez crisis, 257
in World War II, 159, 161-4, 175-6, 177-8, 180-1, 196-7, 199-200, 211, 222, 223-4; Battle of Britain, 164, 167; US aid, 161, 162, 164, 166-70
“Great Marianas Turkey Shoot,” 201
Great Society, 390, 401, 516, 629, 630, 639
Greece, 149, 169, 211, 229, 232-3, 239, 265
Green, Theodore, 48
Green, William, 33, 55-7, 105
Greenberg, Daniel, 549-50
Greenfield, Jeff, 428
Greenstein, Fred I., 255
Griffin, Susan, 449
Griffith, D. W., 602
Grissom, Gus, 580
Gromyko, Andrei, 206, 211, 477, 486, 491
Gross, Chaim, 135
gross national product (GNP): US, 1950s, 264
Western vs. communist bloc vs. Third World nations, 304
Group, the (experimental theater), 145-6
Grove Press, 447
Gruening, Ernest, 403, 407
Guadalcanal, battle of, 179
Guantánamo Naval Base, 330, 337
Guatemala, 331, 524
Guevara, Ché, 336
Guffey Bituminous Coal Act, 72, 90
Gumbleton, Bishop Thomas J., 537
Guthrie, Woody, 142-3, 428
Haber, Al, 392
Hagler, “Marvelous Marvin,” 609
Hague, Frank, 16
Haig, Alexander, 480, 482, 638, 645
Haight-Ashbury culture, 430
Haile Selassie, emperor of Ethiopia, 79, 137
Haiti, 329-30
Haldeman, H. R. “Bob,” 418, 473, 479, 503-4, 505, 513, 554, 557
Hall, Gus, 243
Hamer, Fannie Lou, 379-82
Hamilton, Alexander, 507, 646, 648
Hand, Learned, 667
Hansen, Alvin, 561
Harding, Warren G., 466, 505, 636
Hargrove, Erwin C, 531
Harlem, New York City, 385
Harriman, W. Averell, 103, 206, 285, 287-8, 343
Harris, David, 426
Hart, Gary, 658
Hartz, Louis, 122, 626
Harvard Educational Review, 596-7
Harvard University, 271, 519, 532, 538
Havens, Richie, 427
Hawaii, 176, 264
Hawks, Howard, 605
Hawley, Ellis, 214
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 299, 674
Hayden, Casey, 442
Hayden, Tom, 392
Hayek, Friedrich August von, 560, 627
Healey, Dorothy, 603
health programs, 112, 389, 466, 559, 639
Hearst, William Randolph, 10, 11, 31, 35, 82, 154, 282
Hearst newspapers, 10, 31, 41, 46, 82, 105, 123, 205, 243, 282, 606
Hechinger, Fred, 597
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 281, 461
Height, Dorothy, 371
Heisenberg, Werner, 269
Heller, Walter, 287, 561
Helsinki Accords, 488-9, 523
Hemingway, Ernest, 297, 298-9, 593, 605, 615, 620
Henderson, Leon, 102
Hendrix, Jimi, 427
Henry, Patrick, 634
Herblock cartoons, 465, 624
Hernandez, Aileen, 437, 440
Herring, George, 406
Hersey, John, 195, 311
Hersh, Seymour M., 498, 500
Hicks, Granville, 300
High, Stanley, 68
High Culture, 622, 623-4
Hillman, Sidney, 46, 55-6, 84, 107, 204, 287
hippie culture of 1960s, 394, 426-32
Hiroshima, 225, 234, 391, 408
Hiss, Alger, 231-2, 244, 252, 426, 468, 625
Hitler, Adolf, 7, 20, 63, 105, 149-52, 221, 222, 260, 545
acts of aggression, 149, 157-8, 159
perversion of meaning of freedom, 202, 666
Roosevelt and, 149-52, 173, 176, 202, 210
and war declaration on US, 172, 175-6
in World War II, 161-2, 164, 166-7, 169-72, 175-6, 180-1, 200
Hobbes, Thomas, 600
Ho Chi Minh, 341, 402, 406, 418
Hoffman, Abbie, 432
Hofstadter, Richard, 44, 288, 626
Hollywood, 194, 601-3, 604-8, 620
alleged communism in, 231
Khrushchev’s visit to, 260, 301
Hollywood Production Code, 606
Hollywood Ten, 231
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr., 112, 216, 231
Holocaust, 218-19, 267, 525
home foreclosures, Depression years, 26, 41
homelessness, Reagan years, 540
homosexuality, 450, 533
Hook, Sidney, 276, 277, 278
Hoover, Herbert, 22, 58, 62, 123, 600, 625
as enlightened conservative, 668
1932 presidential candidate, 3, 14, 15, 16, 17-18, 55, 521
in 1936 campaign, 83, 85
as President, 20-1, 35, 101, 170, 253; and Latin America, 328, 329; and Supreme Court, 71, 93
Hoover, J. Edgar, 462, 499
Hoover Administration, 25, 40, 45-6
Hopkins, Harry, 34, 102, 112, 114, 163, 168, 174-5, 196, 206, 223, 566, 570
as WPA director, 76; cultural projects, 133, 134, 136, 140
Hopkins, Jerry, 430
Home, Lena, 369
Horner, Henry, 249
hostage crisis of 1979-80, 530, 531, 638
Houghton Mifflin, 139, 140
House Committee on Un-American Activities, 112, 132, 230-2, 395, 546
Houseman, John, 136
House of Representatives, US, 647-8, 655
arts bills of 1938-39, killed by, 132
and civil rights measures, 321, 375-6
Democratic majorities in, 37, 87, 111, 238, 245, 390, 479, 555, 558, 639
four-year term proposal, 650
1937 reorganization bill killed, 106, 107
Reagan coalition majorities in, 639-40
Republican gains in, 1938, 111; 1942, 191
Republican majorities in: 1947-48, 230; 1953-54; 253, 285
House Judiciary Committee, 498, 506-7
House Rules Committee, 106, 111, 321, 375-6
House Un-American Activities Committee, see House Committee on Un-American Activities
House Ways and Mea
ns Committee, 192
housing problems, 540, 570, 633
housing programs:
Eisenhower Administration, 285, 320
Fair Deal, 236
Great Society (LBJ), 389
New Deal, 26, 214, 648
Reagan cuts, 639
Howe, Irving, 409, 616, 631
Howe, Louis, 3-4, 11, 13, 14, 15, 18, 64
Howells, William Dean, 299
HUAC, see House Committee on Un-American Activities
Hubble Space Telescope, 587
Hudson, Marion, 434, 441
Hughes, Charles Evans, 22, 71, 72, 88, 89, 90, 92, 119, 593
and Court-packing plan, 93, 94-5
Hughes, Howard, 504
Hughes, Robert, 622
Hull, Cordell, 13, 17, 23, 35-6, 151, 154, 158-9, 163, 164, 166, 203, 219, 328
human rights, 496, 522-3
Helsinki Accords, 488-9, 523
UN Declaration of, 523, 538-40
US policy, 538-40; Carter, 522-4, 526, 528, 539; Reagan, 540, 638
Humphrey, Hubert, 237, 259, 325, 381, 412
as presidential candidate: in 1960, 324; in 1968, 415-16, 417, 461, 555
as Senator, 319-20, 376-7
as Vice President, 389
Hungary, 158
1956 revolt in, 258, 286, 288, 527
Hunt-Perry, Patricia, 537
Hurd, Peter, 135
Huston Plan, 499
Hutcheson, William “Big Bill,” 55, 56
Hutchins, Robert, 594
hydrogen bomb, 240, 256-7, 287, 391, 546, 549
Soviets in possession of, 256
Iacocca, Lee, 573, 577
Ickes, Harold, 23, 29, 34, 37, 71, 73, 93, 102, 113, 114, 118, 133, 165, 216, 593
opposes internment of Japanese, 190
“soft on communism” charges against, 112
as unilateralist, 154
illiteracy, 566, 594
immigration laws, 389
impeachment, 506-7, 511, 648, 650
imperialism, 208, 218, 338, 419, 444, 470
American, 264-5, 397, 524;
economic and cultural, 295-6
“imperial presidency,” 510, 511, 646
income:
family: black vs. white, 314, 571; 1950-60s vs. 1970-80s increase, 660; rich vs. poor, 669; wartime increase, 184
per capita, 266
see also wages
income tax, 76, 191, 554-5, 639
India, 176, 208, 218, 338-9, 348, 472
Eleanor Roosevelt’s visit to, 339
Jacqueline Kennedy’s visit to, 340-1
Kennedy policy toward, 339-41
living conditions, 303, 305, 339
question of independence for, 178, 208, 338, 341
individualism, individual rights, 16, 42, 121, 123, 124, 213, 267, 275, 280-1, 296, 338, 539, 598-601, 672
equality as competing value, 631
of libertarians, 534, 627
of New Left, 393
vs. other-directedness and conformity, 279-80
and self-indulgence, 600-1
see also liberty, individual
Individualism Reconsidered (Riesman), 280
Indochina, 338, 341, 424
French colonialism in, 178, 208, 255, 341-2
Geneva Accords of 1954, 342, 405
Japanese designs on, 171, 172
“loss” of, 342, 401-2, 404
US involvement: Eisenhower and, 255, 342; under Johnson, 401-2; Kennedy
and, 342-4 (see also Vietnam War)
industrial revolution, 57, 273, 274, 279
industry, 31, 268-9
automation in, 272-3, 274, 279, 543
“human engineering” and “human relations” in, 271
New Deal revival of, 30-1
production, 266; mid-1930s, 101;
postwar, 264; wartime, 182-4, 186, 199
inflation:
1970s, 531, 554-62 passim, 591
postwar, 230,
World War II, 187
information revolution, 550-1, 552
Ingersoll, Ralph, 283, 593
initiative, referendum, recall, 647
Institute for Advanced Study, 296, 545
intellectualism, intellectuals, 15, 276-81, 298, 546-8
critique of cold war policies by, 288-94
left wing, 394, 409, 462, 565, 625, 629-32
of 1960s movements, 394, 401, 409, 459-60, 461-2
right wing, 625-8
“New York,” 616-17
intellectual leadership, 671-2
gap, 35, 129-30, 214-16, 344, 667, 671
Tocquevillian void in, 125, 214, 294, 518-19, 548, 593, 595, 665, 667-8, 671
Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (1947), 265
interest rates, 1970-80s, 531, 555, 562, 638
Interim Agreement, US-USSR, 478
internationalism, 36, 152-5, 165, 208
postwar, 236, 247, 253
of Roosevelt, 152, 155
Wilsonian, 11, 35, 152
International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union (ILGWU), 46, 55, 138
International Longshoremen’s Association (ILA), 46-7
International Monetary and Economic Conference (London, 1933), 35-6
International Union of Electrical Workers, 273
International Women’s Year Commission, 452
interstate highway system, 285, 573-4
interventionism, interventionists, 497
1930s and World War II, 154, 155, 157, 165, 167, 169
in Latin America, 328, 330-2, 490, 524
investment tax credit, 556
Iowa, U.S.S., 198
Iran, 229, 266
US relations with, 255, 643; hostage crisis, 530, 531, 638; secret dealings of Reagan White House, 495, 633
Iran-Contra affair, 633, 644, 645, 647, 651, 655
Irish immigrants, 305, 306-9, 313, 387
“iron curtain,” 228
IRS (Internal Revenue Service), 499
isolationism, isolationists, 219
postwar, 234, 236, 247, 286
prewar, 36, 151, 153-7, 158, 160, 161, 163, 165, 167; and Lend-Lease, 169
Israel, 546
Camp David accord, 525-6
Six-Day War, 486
in Suez crisis, 257
Yom Kippur War, 487, 574
Italian-Americans, 387
Italy, 295, 337
fascist, 20, 149; as Axis member, 157, 159, 176; invasion of Albania, 149, 158; invasion of Ethiopia, 79, 156; in World War II, 163, 177, 196, 197-8, 211, 217
Iwo Jima, 206, 211, 224, 675
Jackson, Andrew, 88, 90, 218, 648, 679
Jackson, George, 520
Jackson, Henry M., 521
Jackson, Jesse, 658, 661, 662
Jackson, Jimmie Lee, 382-3
Jackson State College, 425
Jagger, Mick, 430
James, Henry, 620
James, William, 125, 217, 292, 671
Janowitz, Morris, 612
Japan, 341
as Axis member, 157, 159, 167-8, 173, 176
invasion of China, 157-8, 170-1, 173, 470
postwar, 472, 548;
economic competition, 556, 578, 633; US defense partner, 265
prewar US relations with, 170-1, 172-4
views of the US in, 337-8
in World War II, 173-80, 201-2, 207-8, 210, 211, 224; capitulation, 225, 226
Japanese-Americans, wartime “relocation” of, 189-90, 218
Jaworski, Leon, 505
Jefferson, Thomas, 88, 137, 142, 213, 218, 337, 341, 549, 634, 648
Jefferson Airplane (rock group), 427, 430, 431
Jeffersonians, 11, 13, 23, 42, 116, 679
Jenner, William, 230, 249
Jennings, Peter, 613
Jews, 353, 387, 525, 595, 601
Nazi persecution of, 218-19
New York intellectuals, 616-17
in Soviet Union, 488
Jim Crow laws, 313, 355
job discrimination, see employment: discrimination in
job programs, 556
New Deal, 25, 27, 34, 76, 81, 104
training, 370, 566
War on Poverty, 566
John XXIII, Pope, 536
Johnson, Andrew, 506
Johnson, Hiram, 14, 16, 24, 36, 73, 94, 151
Johnson, Gen. Hugh, 13, 32-3, 55, 77, 114
Johnson, Lyndon B., 306, 317-20, 584
background and education of, 317-18, 323
and civil rights issue, 322-3, 324, 375, 377-8, 381-2, 383-4, 657
as Congressman, 110-11, 318-19, 323
exposure to poverty, 317-18, 323
as a politician, 318-20
populist compassion of, 319
as President, 375-8, 382, 409, 496, 499, 549, 561, 651, 656-7; domestic program of, 375, 377-8, 383-4, 389-90, 439, 461; foreign policy, 467, 524; tax policy, 554-5; and Vietnam War, 391, 401-7, 410-13, 417-19, 491, 593; War on Poverty, 516, 566-7, 568, 570-1
as presidential candidate: in 1960, 323-5; in 1964, 381-2, 637
and Robert Kennedy, 325, 402, 413
as Senator, 319-20; Majority Leader, 313, 320, 322-3, 578-9
vice-presidential candidacy of, 325, 360, 373
Johnson, Rebekah Baines, 317
Johnson, Sam Ealy, 317
Johnston, Eric, 267
Jones, Jesse, 28, 48, 318-19
Jong, Erica, 618
Joplin, Janis, 430, 431
Jordan, 486, 526
Jordan, Barbara, 507
Jordan, Hamilton, 530
journalism, 282-3, 612
see also newspapers
Journal of Philosophy, The, 121
Judaism, 57, 536
judiciary, 116, 646, 651-2, 667
see also Supreme Court, US Justice Department, and Watergate, 500, 505
juvenile delinquency, 569
Kalmbach, Herbert, 501
Kant, Immanuel, 276, 600
Katzenbach, Nicholas, 370
Kazin, Alfred, 131, 139, 141, 409, 615-16
Kearns, Doris, 319, 401, 403, 413
Kefauver, Estes, 248, 286, 287, 319
Kehler, Randy, 425-6
Keller, Kent, 107
Kemp, Jack, 641
Kempton, Murray, 99
Kennan, George, 288, 290, 293, 294, 538
“long telegram” of, and X article, 227-8, 229, 234, 290
Kennedy, Edward, 412, 499, 623
1980 presidential candidacy, 530, 531, 559
Kennedy, Jacqueline, 332, 340-1, 677-8
Kennedy, John F., 306, 309-13, 377, 378, 382, 414, 521, 656-7, 677-8
ancestry and background of, 309-10, 323
assassination of, 373-4, 382, 460
and civil rights issue, 323-4, 326, 359-60, 362, 365-6, 367-72, 374-5, 376
as Congressman, 311-12, 323, 339
King and, 326, 360
personality of, 310-11, 323
as President, 326-44, 359-60, 362, 365-6, 367-75, 461, 466, 504, 549, 561, 581, 584, 632, 651; Bay of Pigs fiasco, 331-2, 334-5, 336-7, 343, 524; and civil rights legislation, 360, 369, 370-1; in Cuban Missile Crisis, 334-5, 337, 495-6; domestic program, 360, 369, 370-1, 390, 554, 566-7; evaluation of, 342-4, 374-5, 677, 681; foreign policy, 328-9, 331-7, 339-44, 390-1, 491; “hawk” vs. “dove” advisers, 334-5, 343; inaugural address, 326-8, 335, 342, 566; steel price rollback, 651; and Vietnam, 342-4, 390-1, 402; women’s issues and, 433, 434, 437, 438