American Experiment
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veto, 646, 647
“presidential” parties, Democratic and
Republican, 119, 126
and civil rights legislation, 321
press, 281, 283, 611
prior restraint, 426
see also media; newspapers
prices:
controls, 560; Nixon freeze, 556;
postwar, 230; World War II, 556
inflation: 1970s, 531, 554-5, 1980s, 638; postwar, 230; World War II, 187
New Deal manipulation of, 35, 36
Priestley, J. B., 603
primary system, 117, 647, 662
Princeton University, 290, 545
printing innovations, 281-2
prior restraint, 426
prisons, 519-20
Pritchett, Laurie, 364
“pro-choice” groups, 448
production, 271
agricultural, 268
industrial, 266; during Depression, 30-1; postwar, 264; wartime, 182-4, 186, 199
Profiles in Courage (Kennedy), 343, 677
Progressive Labor party, 421
Progressive party (T. Roosevelt’s), 46, 118-19, 236, 416, 656
Wisconsin, 1934, 68, 108, 117
Progressive party (Wallace’s), 235-7, 238
progressivism, 7, 13, 14, 16, 41, 68, 122, 236, 646-7
Prohibition, 5, 10, 16, 25
property rights, 43, 88, 90, 97, 667
Protestantism, 57, 279, 594-5
in Boston, anti-Irish, 307, 308
China missionaries, 470
peace movement, 536
Protestant magazine, 282
Proxmire, William, 577
public facilities and transport,
desegregation of, 315, 321, 348-52, 356-8, 361, 364, 370, 378
Public Interest, The (journal), 627, 628
Public Opinion (Lippmann), 289
public-opinion polling, 153, 291, 511
Public Philosophy, The (Lippmann), 289-90, 294
Public Utility Holding Company Act, 76, 214
public works, 130, 566
art programs, New Deal, 134, 135
Depression era, 34, 37, 81, 214
Public Works Administration (PWA), 34, 81
Pyle, Ernie, 194-5
Quakers, 391, 396, 536
Quebec meeting of FDR and Churchill (1943), 198, 206
Quemoy and Matsu islands, 255, 468
quota systems, 653
Rabi, Isador Isaac, 269
race riots, 189, 397-8, 400, 554, 574
racial discrimination:
against blacks, 313-16, 321-3, 348-58, 378-84, 439, 610; in education, 236, 314, 321-3, 365, 370, 278, 653; in employment, 188-9, 315; outlawed, 378; pay, 189; public facilities, 315, 321, 348-52, 356-8, 361, 364, 370; voting, 321-3, 355, 357, 366, 371, 378-84; wartime, 188-9, 371; women, 189, 452
against Japanese, wartime, 189-90
racism, 94, 111, 113, 319, 353-5, 358-9, 367, 444, 631
Radical Women (Feminists), 443-4, 449
radio, 59, 63, 285, 303, 612, 614
FDR’s use of, 31, 63, 82, 86
Radio Free Europe, Radio Liberty, 523
Rafferty, Max, 627
Railroad Pension Act, 72, 73
railroads, 16, 26-7, 555
Rainbow Coalition (FDR term), 199, 211, 217, 220
Rand, Ayn, 600
Randolph, A. Philip, 371
Random House, 139
rape, 449, 534
Raskob, John J., 10, 14, 42-3, 81
Rather, Dan, 614
Rauh, Joseph, 381
Rauschenberg, Robert, 621
Rauschenbusch, Walter, 292, 350, 352, 461
Rayburn, Sam, 26, 76, 203, 325, 376
Reader’s Digest, 202, 284, 311, 627, 628
Reagan, Nancy Davis, 607
Reagan, Ronald, 430, 474, 558, 624, 636, 638, 656
anticommunism of, 607, 642-4
background and career, 606-7, 636, 643
as ideologue, 636, 643-4
as President, 513, 540, 618, 636, 638-45, 655, 672; budget deficits, 633, 640; defense buildup, 639, 640; domestic policy, 639-42; economic policy, 639-41; foreign policy, 537, 538, 642-5; and Iran-Contra affair, 644-5; personal popularity, 641; speeches, 600, 636, 642, 644; Star Wars, 585-6; Supreme Court appointments, 654, 667; tax policy, 639, 640, 641-2
as President-elect, 624-5
presidential candidacies: 1976, 524, 625, 637-8; 1980, 529, 530, 638; 1984, 641, 644
as unifier of conservatives, 628-9, 636-8
Reagan Administration, 535, 537, 585
loss of internal control, 633, 644-5, 651
Reagan Revolution, 630, 639, 645
Reagon, Bernice, 364
Realpolitik, 159, 216, 217, 223, 465, 488
recessions, economic:
1937-39, Roosevelt, 101-4, 114, 128, 130, 214
1950s, Eisenhower, 555
1980s, Reagan, 562, 640-1
Reconstruction, 88, 313, 355, 646
Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC), 28, 48, 318
Red Menace (Red Scare), 47, 50
see also anticommunism; communism, fears of
Redstockings, 444
Reed, James A., 122
Reedy, George F., 246, 510
Refregier, Anton, 135
Regents of University of California v. Bakke, 653
Rehnquist, William H., 652, 654
Reich, Robert B., 630
Reinhardt, Ad, 621
religion, 594-6, 601
degendering of, 457-8
freedom of, 178, 281, 666
see also churches
reorganization bill of 1937, 105-7, 115, 131
Republican party, 358, 462, 629-30, 636-8, 646, 655-6, 663
anti-New Deal, 43, 83, 132
“compact majorities” of, 87, 120
congressional gains: 1938, 111; 1942, 191
congressional majorities of: 1947-48, 230; 1953-4, 253, 285; 1981-82
in Senate, 629, 639
“congressional” vs. “presidential,” 119, 126, 236, 238, 247, 320, 558, 678; and civil rights legislation, 321, 376-8
conventions of: 1936, 83; 1940, 163-4; 1944, 203; 1948, 236; 1952, 247-8; 1960, 326; 1964, 381; 1968, 415
cracking of Solid South, 250-1, 382, 460
economic laissez-faire policies, 42, 560
influence in newspaper industry, 282, 284
liberalization of processes, 649
moderates, liberals, progressives in, 14, 70, 87, 109, 119, 320, 466, 636, 637, 641; overlap with Democratic party, 119, 126, 320, 466
Old Guard-moderate split in, 109, 119, 126, 236, 245, 246-8, 250, 253, 286
Reagan and, 636-8
reconstitution of, 657
right-wing conservatives of, 119, 120, 258, 320, 466, 558, 560, 636-8, 641, 657
Southern Democrats’ coalition with, 132, 191, 466, 638, 640
see also elections and campaigns Republic Steel Corporation, 100
research and development (R&D), 267-8, 269-70, 542-3
Reston, James, 262
Reuther, Victor, 573
Reuther, Walter, 187, 273, 287, 301, 381, 573, 661
Revenue Acts:
of 1935 (wealth tax), 76, 77, 78, 128
of 1942, 191-2
Review of Radical Political Economy, 564
revolution, 337-8, 348
civil rights struggle as, 361-6, 386-8
Kennedy’s inaugural words on, 326-7, 328, 335
Third World movements, 305, 335-6, 337-44, 419, 527
Revolutionary Youth Movement (RYM), 421-2
Revolution in the Revolution? (Debray), 336
Reynaud, Paul, 162
Reynolds, Quentin, 202
Reza Pahlevi, Shah of Iran, 255, 530
Rhee, Syngman, 240-1, 254
Rhodes, Cecil, 277
Rhodes, John J., 508
rhythm and blues (R&B), 427
Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 159, 176
Ribicoff, Ab
raham, 415
Rice, Elmer, 136, 137
Rich, Adrienne, 451
Richardson, Elliot L., 505, 512
Riesman, David, 279-81, 599
“right-to-lifers,” 448
right wing, 123, 132, 466, 625-9, 656
Christian, 628
credo and values of, 42
economic laissez-faire, 42, 560, 627-9
FDR denounced by, 41-5, 71-3
intellectualism, 625-8
Reagan and, 636-8, 642-4
resurgence, 462, 558, 624-6
and women’s issues: abortion, 448; ERA, 458
see also conservatism; New Right
Ritchie, Albert, 11
Road to Serfdom, The (Hayek), 560
Roberts, Owen J., 95
Robeson, Paul, 231, 594
Robinson, Joe, 20, 24, 94-5
Robinson, Ruby Doris Smith, 386
Roche, John P., 408, 409
Rockefeller, John D., 140
Rockefeller, Nelson A., 326, 415, 468, 520, 558, 625, 637, 657
rock ’n’ roll, 427-8, 429-32
Rodino, Peter, 506-7
Roe v. Wade, 448, 653, 654
Rogers, Will, 31, 78
Rogers, William P., 467, 471, 473, 476-7
Rohatyn, Felix, 633
Rolling Stones (rock group), 430
Roman Catholicism, 57, 123, 205, 536-8, 594
and abortion, 448
bishops’ “Pastoral Letter,” 537-8, 668-9
Boston Irish, 306-9
as 1960 election issue, 324, 325
peace stance of, 484, 536-7
Rommel, Gen. Erwin, 180, 181, 200
Roosevelt, Anna, 4, 205, 212
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 3-4, 7-10, 11-12, 13, 23, 83, 113, 210, 214, 219, 234-5, 333, 433-4, 593, 676, 677, 678
and FDR’s death, 212, 222
influence in FDR’s presidency, 29, 34, 36, 338, 546; as spokesperson, 64, 164
postwar role of, 235, 236, 238, 277, 286; as leader and conscience of Democrats, 287-8, 325-6; at UN, 235, 339; in women’s issues, 433-4, 438
social conscience of, 8, 10, 28, 113
support for the arts, 133, 135, 136, 13, 139
trip to Asia, 339
Roosevelt, Elliott, 3-4
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 21, 593, 606, 656
background and education.6-8, 44, 152
brain trust of, 13-14, 28
charges of communism and fascism against, 43, 44-5, 81-2, 85, 112, 204-5
charges of dictatorship against, 43, 105-6
and Churchill, 38, 161, 171, 177-8, 195, 217, 338-9, 341-2
death of, 212
early political career of, 8-10, 152, 271
Governor of New York, 10, 19-20, 662
Huey Long and, 15-16, 60, 61-2, 78, 80
humanitarianism of, 29, 215
ill health of, 204-5, 208-9, 210
inaugurations of: 1933, 22-3; 1937, 92
an internationalist, 152, 155
leadership of, 12, 27-8, 55, 70-1, 73-5, 115-16, 120, 216, 222, 648, 661; intellectual failings in, 28, 29-30, 35, 63-4, 129-30, 216; lacking in foreign policy of 1930s, 154-7
as party leader, 116-19, 656; fails in pro-New Deal realignment in 1938 elections, 108-11, 117; goal of truly progressive party, 118-19
personality of, 3, 215-16, 217-18
political touch and timing of, 28, 30-2, 63, 86, 126, 165, 215-16, 217
as President, 293, 314, 318-19, 329, 347, 466, 641, 651; administrative style, 114-16, 120; and atom bomb, 223, 224, 545-6; and blacks, 113, 117, 321, 359, 371; cabinet of, 23-4, 112, 163, 223, 234, 318; and Congress (after 1936), 93-6, 104-7, 108-11, 112-13, 116, 126, 132, 135, 155-6, 158-9, 162, 191-2, 210; decision-making style, 27-30, 34-5, 75; domestic policy, see New Deal; economic and fiscal planning, 130-1, 214-15, 561; “economic bill of rights,” 16, 202-3, 276-7, 344, 666; evaluation and criticism, 126-31, 212-19; federal spending vs. budget balancing dilemma, 35, 64, 79, 102-3, 112, 130, 215, 374; fireside chats, 31, 104, 109, 176, 216; “First Hundred Days,” 23-7, 30, 32, 62; first term, 23-45, 47, 48, 63-79, 86, 214; foreign policy, 35-7, 149-57, 158-74, 205-12, 234, 290, 328, 338-9, 341-2, 490, 524; Four Freedoms, 203, 266, 276, 281, 666; fourth term, 205-9, 210-12; and independence for India and Indochina, 178, 208, 338-9, 341-2; moral failure in Nisei relocation and Holocaust, 218-19; 1938 spending bill, 104, 128, 214; and the press, 31-2, 82, 283; press conferences, 31-2, 43, 73, 93; quoted on “dole,” 568; Realpolitik, 159, 216, 217, 223; reorganization bill, 105-6, 115, 131; right-wing business community critics of, 41-5, 71-3, 101-3; and “Roosevelt recession” of 1937-39, 101-4, 114, 128, 130, 214; “Second Hundred Days,” 70, 75-8; second term, 87-96, 99-120, 130-1, 132, 149-65, 214, 632; support for the arts, 132-3, 135, 139; and Supreme Court, 71-4, 87-96, 321; Supreme Court packing plan, 93-6, 105, 118; third term, 165-78, 180-2, 185-6, 190-3, 195-200, 202-5, 215; “turn to the left,” 70, 77, 118, 218; and union strikes, 47, 48-9, 99-100, 107; views of Asian leaders on, 337-8; wages-and-hours bill, 106, 107; war leader, 216-17, 495 (see also subentry below: and World War II)
as President-elect, 19-21, 26
presidential candidacies, 661; 1932, 3-6, 10-18, 662, 676; 1936, 79-86, 87, 91, 117-18; 1940, 161, 163, 164-5; 1944, 203-5
public opinion of, 37, 58-9, 63, 81, 108
and Stalin, 198, 207-8, 210-11, 217
and Truman, 204, 223
and World War II, 174-8, 180-2, 185-6, 190, 195-200, 216-17, 222, 402-3; aid to Britain, 161, 162, 164, 166-70; at Casablanca, 195, 196; pledge to stay out, 160, 161, 162, 166-7, 170 prewar policy in Pacific, 170-1, 172-4; at Teheran, 195, 198-9; at Yalta, 205-9, 252-3
Roosevelt, Franklin D., Jr., 4, 24
Roosevelt, James, 4, 22, 165
Roosevelt, John, 3-4, 24
Roosevelt, Sara Delano, 6, 7, 9, 18, 166
Roosevelt, Theodore, 7-8, 9, 40, 72, 87, 88, 127, 217, 218, 219, 330, 600
and foreign affairs, 330, 490, 642-3
progressivism of, 14, 41, 646; and
desertion of his party (1912), 73, 118-19, 236, 247
Square Deal, 7, 152, 359
Roosevelt, Theodore, Jr., 20
Roper, Daniel C, 82, 101, 112
Rosenberg, Nathan, 267
Rosenblatt, Roger, 636
Rosenman, Samuel, 3-4, 11, 157, 192
Rosie the Riveter myth, 188
Rossiter, Clinton, 123, 626
Rostow, Walt W., 343, 403, 426
Rothko, Mark, 621
Rovere, Richard, 244
Rowan, Carl, 314-15
rubber industry, 1930s, 49, 97, 98, 188
Ruckelshaus, William D., 505
Rudolph, Frederick, 397
Rural Electrification Administration, 191
Rusk, Dean, 343, 403
Russell, Bertrand, 546
Russell, John, 621
Russell, Richard, 250, 319-20, 325, 376-7
Russian Revolution, 221
Rustin, Bayard, 352, 381
Rutherford, Lucy Mercer, 9, 212
Ryan, Paddy, 307
Sabin, Albert, 543
Sacco-Vanzetti case, 140
Sadat, Anwar el-, 525-6
Safire, William, 470
Sakharov, Andrei D., 523
Sale, Kirkpatrick, 421
Salinger, J. D., 297, 300
Salk, Jonas F., 543
SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks), 477-9
SALT II, 523, 528-9, 645
Saltonstall, Leverett, 111
Samuelson, Paul, 561
Sandino, Augusto, 328
SANE (National Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy), 392
San Francisco, 430
Coit Tower mural, 134
general strike of 1934, 46-7
UN organizing conference, 209, 211, 223
Santana (rock group), 427
Sargent, James, 35
Saroyan, William, 605
Sartre, Jean-Paul, 298, 394
Saturday Evening Post, The, 284, 614
“Saturday Night Massacre,” 505, 507
Saturday Review of Literature, 21
Saudi Arabia, 574
Savio, Mario, 395-6, 397
Schaar, John, 396
Scherman, Harry, 594
Schine, David, 251
Schlafly, Phyllis, 458, 627
Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr., 278, 287, 328, 340, 366, 369-70, 495, 658
cited: on FDR, 11, 114; on John Kennedy, 360, 370; on Norman Thomas, 53 Schlesinger, James R., 489
Schneider, William, 658
Schoenberg, Arnold, 605
school busing, 653
school prayer, 628
schools, 596-7, 663-5
curriculum, 597, 628, 663
desegregation of, 236, 321-3, 370, 378; Brown v. Board of Ed., 321-2, 347, 596, 651; Little Rock, 322, 352; 1970s Supreme Court decisions, 653; Plessy v. Ferguson (separate but equal), 314, 322
Schulberg, Budd, 605
Schuman, Frederick L., 513
Schumpeter, Joseph, 267, 347-8
Schurz, Carl, 625
Schuster, Jack H., 664
science, 267-8, 541-7, 551, 572
education and literacy, 553
political fragmentation of, 546, 547-50
pure vs. applied, 269-70, 542
Science: Servant or Master? (Morgenthau), 547-8
scientific management, 271, 280, 550
Scientific Man vs. Power Politics (Morgenthau), 291
Scott, Hugh, 508-9
Screen Actors Guild (SAG), 605, 607
Seale, Bobby George, 399
Securities and Exchange Commission, 77, 89
securities regulation, 25-6, 40, 122
Seeger, Pete, 428
Seeman, Melvin, 275
segregation and desegregation, 348, 370-1
Kennedy measures, 370-1
public facilities and transportation, 315, 321, 348-52, 356-8, 361, 364, 370
rural South, 313-16
Southern post-Brown racist laws, 354-5 see also schools
Selective Service Act, 165
Sellers, Cleveland, 384
Selma, Ala., civil rights march, 382-4
Selznick, Lewis J., 601
semiconductor electronics, 542-3
Senate, US, 647, 654, 655
Army-McCarthy hearings, 251-2, 258
and court-packing plan of FDR, 93-6
Democratic majorities in: 1935-36, 37; 1937-38, 87; 1939-40, 111; 1949-50, 238; 1951-52, 245; 1955-56, 320; 1965-66, 389; Nixon/Ford years, 479, 555, 558
direct election amendment, 646-7
8-year term proposal, 650
filibuster rule, 321, 322, 323, 360, 376-7, 647
investigation of munitions industry, 155
isolationism in, 154, 155-6, 158-9
Republican gains in: 1938, 111; 1942, 191
Republican majorities in: 1947-48, 230; 1953-54, 253, 285; 1981-82,629, 639, 641