American Experiment
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treaty ratification power, 491, 495, 645-6, 648, 650; Panama Treaty, 525; SALT II abandoned, 529, 645
Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 291
Senate Judiciary Committee, 323
Senate Watergate Committee, 502, 503-5
Seventeenth Amendment, 646
sex discrimination, 433, 439-43, 454, 459, 618, 635, 646
against black women, 189, 452
civil rights bill of 1964, 376, 378, 437
in credit, 439
in education, 433, 439
in employment, 81, 188, 433, 437, 439, 446-7, 457
outlawed, 378, 437
in pay, 81, 82, 188
sexual customs and mores, 533-5, 569, 628
Sexual Politics (Millett), 456
Shanghai Communiqué (1972), 474
Shapley, Harlow, 269
sharecropping, 40, 49, 66, 81, 314
Share Our Wealth plan, 60, 62
Shaw, George Bernard, 301
Shays’s rebellion, 88, 673
Shcharansky, Anatoly, 523
Shepard, Alan B., Jr., 579-80
Sherrod, Charles, 364
Sherwood, Robert, 21
Shils, Edward, 278
Shimabukuro, Stanley, 189-90
shipbuilding, wartime, 183-4
Shirer, William, 150, 594
Short, Dewey, 132
Shouse, Jouett, 42-3
Shriver, Sargent, 390, 458, 461, 521, 566
Shultz, George, 617-18
Shuttlesworth, Fred, 356, 367-8
Sicily, Allied invasion of, 197-8
Sidey, Hugh, 560
Sihanouk, Prince Norodom, 424
Silent Spring (Carson), 389
Silk, Leonard, 555
Silone, Ignazio, 277
Simon, John, 621
Simon, William E., 627
Simon and Garfunkel, 430
Simonds, Benjamin, 675
Simpson, George Gaylord, 269
Sinai Peninsula, 486-7, 526
Sinclair, Upton, 69-70, 80, 117, 603, 604
Sirica, John J., 501, 503, 505, 512
sit-down strikes, 1930s, 96, 97-100, 107
sit-in demonstrations, 189, 356-7, 395-6
Sivachev, Nikolai, 131
Six-Day War (1967), 486
Skylab missions, 582
slavery, 121, 353, 357, 358, 646, 655, 666
FWP narratives on, 139
Sloan, Alfred P., Jr., 98-9, 572, 575, 578
Sly and the Family Stone (rock group), 427
Small War Plants Corporation, 186
Small War Plants Division, 186
Smeal, Eleanor, 635
Smith, Al, 4, 10-11, 42-3, 58, 79, 81-2, 119, 137, 656
Smith, Alice Kimball, 549
Smith, “Cotton Ed,” 110-11
Smith, Gaddis, 524, 528
Smith, Gerald L.K., 80, 84, 85, 169
Smith, Hedrick, 642
Smith, Howard W., 106, 112, 126, 375-6, 437
Smith, Jerome, 369
Smith, Margaret Chase, 245
Smith, Mike, 583
Smith, Miranda, 603
Smith Act (1940), 243
Smith-Connally bill, 191
Smucker, Tom, 431, 432
Snow, C. P., 547-8
social change:
avenues of, 124-5, 631
for Boston Irish, 308-9
for Southern blacks, 315-16
wartime, 184-5, 188-90
social criticism, 275-81
Social Darwinism, 42, 308
Social Democratic Federation party (1936), 84
socialism, socialists, 564-5
American, 42, 51, 53-4, 79, 122-3, 165, 631-2
New Deal misconceived as, 43, 45, 102, 123, 128
Niebuhr and, 292-3
public schools as experiment in, 596
Third World nations, 305; India, 339-40
Socialist party, 14, 49, 53, 84-5, 122-3, 128
social protest movements, 347-8, 460-2, 655-6, 659-61
group-oriented participatory leadership, 358, 384, 395-6, 443-4, 455-6
see also campus movement; civil rights movement; peace movement; women’s liberation movement
Social Security, 75, 77, 78, 86, 90, 112, 566
threats of cuts, 559, 640
Wagner-Murray-Dingell bill, 191
Sofaer, Abraham, 495
Solidarity movement, 644
“Solid South,” 251, 382, 460, 657
Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr I., 489, 532, 538
Sombart, Werner, 542
Somoza, Anastasio, 330
Sontag, Susan, 409, 623
Sorensen, Theodore, 324, 332, 334, 374, 412
South:
black migration, 315, 385
black voter registration, 356, 378-81, 382-4
Democratic party in, 118, 354, 382, 460 (see also Democratic party, Southern wing) Democratic-Republican balance-shifting, 250-1, 382, 460, 640, 657
“Other South,” 353
poverty in, 313-18, 354, 567
racial tension, 315-16, 321-3, 348-58, 361-9, 378-85; white anti-black violence, 352, 357, 361-2, 365, 368-9, 372, 380, 382-4, 386
union organization lagging in, 48-9
state government, 354
white domination, 354-5
Southeast Asia, 265, 337-8, 339, 341 (see also Indochina; Vietnam)
Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty, 265
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization, 189
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), 356, 357-8, 366-9, 371, 379, 382-3, 399
Southern Tenant Farmers’ Union, 49
South Korea, 240-2, 265, 578
South of Freedom (Rowan), 314
South Vietnam, 401-3, 411, 417-20, 480-4, 489, 493-4
see also Vietnam War
Souvestre, Marie, 8
Soviet Union, 220, 265
American perceptions and misperceptions of, 220-2, 227-8, 229, 233-4, 241-2, 254, 262, 526-8
and Communist China, 260, 265, 405, 469, 472, 474-6, 485-6, 488, 526-9
dissidents, 489, 523, 526, 539
domination of Eastern Europe, 210-11, 221, 226, 229, 258, 469
encircled with US bases, 265, 286, 334-5, 337, 527
expansionism, 221, 228, 293
5-year plans, 131, 227
and India, 340
invasion of Afghanistan, 529, 531, 626
Jews in, 488
Korean War blunder of, 241-2, 260
and Middle East, 265, 486-7, 488, 526-7
misperceptions of America in, 220-1, 233-4, 241-2, 260, 262, 301-2, 491, 527
1939 pact with Nazi Germany, 151, 159, 197, 260
nuclear weapons of, 259, 264, 333-5, 527; A-bomb, 239-40; H-bomb, 256
postwar territorial gains, 206, 207-8
space program, 259, 578-80, 581, 582, 584, 586
Stalinism, 20, 202, 221; denounced, 260
US recognition of, 36, 153
US relations with, 202, 218, 220-2, 225-9, 232-4, 253-4, 476-9, 485-9, 523, 526-9, 643 (see also Allies, World War II; arms control; arms race; cold war; détente; human rights; summit meetings)
and Vietnam, 405, 418, 476, 478, 488
in World War II, 167, 175, 177-8, 180, 196-7, 206, 211, 223-4; as ally, 202; against Japan, 207-8, 225, 226
space exploration:
Soviet, 259, 278-80, 581, 582, 584, 586
US, 259, 268, 542, 579-87; Reagan militarization of, 585-6
space shuttle program, 582-4, 585
Spain, Spanish Civil War, 149, 156
Sparkman, John, 250
special interest politics, 80, 126, 552, 592, 646
Congress and, 107, 192, 642, 647-8
special prosecutor, 505
speech, freedom of, 281, 395-6, 654, 666
Spencer, Herbert, 42, 560, 562, 625
Spock, Benjamin, 409
sports, 307, 609-11
Springsteen, Bruce, 660
Sputnik, 259, 391, 553, 578-9
&nb
sp; Square Deal, 7, 152, 359
stagflation, 557-8, 559, 639
Stalin, Josef, 7, 52, 105, 123, 151, 159, 160, 202, 259
death of, 242, 253
denunciation of, 260
FDR and, 198, 207-8, 210-11, 217, 341
and Korean War, 241-2, 260
postwar stance toward West, 227, 229, 232, 233, 238
purges, 20, 202, 221, 267
and United Nations, 178, 208, 211, 223in World War II, 196-7, 207, 211, 222; at Potsdam, 224-5, 226; at Teheran, 195, 198-9; at Yalta, 159, 206-8
Stalingrad, battle of, 182, 199
Stanford University, 542
Stars and Stripes (services journal), 188
Stassen, Harold, 111, 191, 236
State Department, 471
charges of communism against, 231-2, 243-5, 252, 471
states’ rights, 10, 11, 13, 43, 236, 562
civil rights issues and, 352
States’ Rights (Dixiecrat) party, 237, 238
Steagall, Henry B., 24
steel industry:
Big Steel, 97, 99-100, 651
JFK price rollback, 651
labor unrest, 49, 97, 99-100
Little Steel, 100, 187-8
production, 101, 264; wartime, 183
wartime female labor, 188
Steel Workers Organizing Committee, 99-100
Stegner, Wallace, 58
Steichen, Edward, 593
Stein, Herbert, 214, 554-5, 557
Steinbeck, John, 141-2, 298
Steinem, Gloria, 439
Stennis, John, 376
Stevenson, Adlai F., 249, 286-7, 289, 324, 325-6, 373, 494, 677
in Cuban missile crisis, 334, 337
presidential candidate: 1952, 249-51, 252; 1956, 257, 286, 287
Stieglitz, Alfred, 593
Stilwell, General Joseph W., 201, 470, 495
Stimson, Henry L., 17, 41, 163, 169, 170, 180, 186, 216, 224, 236, 328, 593
Stimson Doctrine, 170, 470
Stockman, David, 639-40, 645
stock market, 669
Black Monday of 1987, 661
Black Tuesday of 1937, 101
1937-38 recession, 104
1970s, 555, 556, 557
Stokowski, Leopold, 605
Stone, Harlan, F., 71, 82, 95, 130, 667
Stone, I. F., 407
Strategic Defense Initiative, 586
strikes, 273
air controllers (1981), 638-9
farm labor, 49-50, 452
1930s, 46-50, 97-100
postwar, 230, 236; 1970 UAW, 573
sit-down, 96, 97-100, 107
wartime, 187-8
Structuralism, 624
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), 358, 361-3, 364, 366, 379-80, 383, 384, 392
and Black Power, 386-8, 399
Women’s Liberation Workshop, 442
students:
in civil rights work in South, 380; lunch-counter sit-ins, 356-7: SNCC, 358, 361-3, 364
1960s to early 1970s unrest, 394-7, 413-14, 421-3, 425, 460, 532, 548
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), 392-3, 407, 409-10, 417, 421-2, 442
Studs Lonigan (Farrell), 143-4
Styron, William, 620
suburbia, 278-9, 280, 285, 436, 453, 573-4
Suckley, Margaret, 212
Suez crisis of 1956, 257, 286, 288
Sullivan, Ed, 430
Sullivan, John L., 307
summit meetings, postwar, 488
1955, Geneva, 257
1959, Washington, 260-1
1960, Paris, aborted, 261-2, 476
1961, Vienna, 332-3, 335
1972, Moscow, 476-9, 485, 488
1973, Washington, 485-6, 488
1974, Moscow and Vladivostok, 488, 523
1979, Vienna, 529
Sumner, William Graham, 42, 560, 625
Sumners, Hatton, 93
Sundquist, James, 321
Sun Yat-sen, 337
supply-side economics, 639-40, 641
Supreme Court, US, 87-96, 116, 321, 646, 651-5, 667
Bakke quota system case, 653
Burger Court, 505-6, 652-4
court-packing plan of FDR, 93-6, 105, 118; alternatives to, 89-92
Curtiss-Wright case, 156
Dred Scott decision, 652
free speech cases, 535, 654
Gold Clause cases, 72, 89
invalidation of New Deal legislation, 72-3, 74, 82, 89-90, 91, 652
makeup of, 652-4; in 1935, 71-2, 87; in 1954, 321
Miranda doctrine, 654
Nixon tapes case, 505-6, 507-8
“preferred position” doctrine of, 667
prior restraint overturned by, 426
Rehnquist Court, 654, 667
Roe v. Wade, 448, 653, 654
Roosevelt Court, 652
and search of vehicles, 653-4
segregation and civil rights cases, 352, 365, 596, 651, 652, 653; Brown v. Board of Education, 321-2, 347, 651; Plessy v. Ferguson, 314, 322
Warren Court, 322, 652, 654
women’s rights cases, 653, 654
Sweden, 571-2
Sweezy, Paul, 564
Symington, Stuart, 325
Syria, 486-7, 574
Szilard, Leo, 545-6
Taft, Robert A., 111, 163, 169, 190, 203, 233, 234, 236, 243, 245, 253, 625
in 1952 campaign, 246-8, 249-50
Taft, William Howard, 236, 247, 466
Taft-Hartley Act, 320
Taiwan, 240, 254, 265, 472, 474, 578
US break with, 529, 644
Talmadge, Eugene, 65
Talmadge, Herman, 503
Tamiris, Helen, 138
Tammany Hall, 8, 10
Taney, Roger, 652
Tarbell, Ida, 122
tariffs, foreign trade, 17, 36, 490
Tawney, R. H., 461
taxation, 559
1960s, 554-5
Nixon/Ford policies, 556, 558
Reagan policies, 639, 641-2
redistributionist, 76, 215
Revenue Acts: 1935 “wealth tax,” 76, 77, 78, 128; of 1942, 191-2
Taylor, Frederick W., 271
Taylor, Myron C, 19, 71, 100
teachers, 597-8, 663-4
Teamsters Union, 46, 188, 573
Technics and Civilization (Mumford), 274
technology, 266, 267-9, 394, 541, 542-3, 550-3, 572
automation, 272-3, 274-5, 543, 550
socio-psychological impacts of, 274-6
space, 584-7
Teheran Conference (1943), 195, 198-9, 206
telecommunications satellites, 582, 585, 611
television, 284-5, 605-6, 607, 610, 611, 612-14, 615, 620
Nixon and, 472-3, 495, 511
presidential campaign coverage by, 324, 613; debates, 326
presidential use of, 495
Teller, Edward, 549, 578
Temporary National Economic Committee, 104
tenant farmers, 49, 66, 81, 314
Tenant Farmers’ Union, 49, 65
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), 26, 34, 40, 77, 131, 213, 316-17
as socialist experiment, 123, 128
Test Ban Treaty (1963), 390, 392
Tet offensive, 411, 412
textile industry, 1934 general strike, 48-9
Thatcher, Margaret, 633
theater, 615, 620, 624
charges of communism against, 132, 138, 231
Depression era, 138-9, 145-6
New Deal programs, 135-8
Theatre Guild, 136
Thieu, Nguyen Van, 419, 480-4
third parties, 108, 118, 655-7
bias of American system against, 238
1912, Progressive party, 118-19, 236
1924, Progressive party, 46, 416
1936, Union party, 84, 85
1948, Progressive party, 235-7, 238; States Rights’ Dixiecrats, 237, 238
1968, American Independent party, 415
; 1970s conservative debate on, 637-8
Third World, 296, 306, 328-32, 325-44, 451-2, 539
GNP statistics, 304
liberation movements and revolutions, 338, 341-4
poverty, 303-5, 669
This Is War! (radio program), 193
Tho, Le Duc, 481-2, 484
Thomas, Norman, 14, 18, 53-4, 84, 122, 154, 293, 631
Thomas Aquinas, 57, 537
Thompson, Dorothy, 93, 165
Thompson, Kathleen, 449
Thompson, Kenneth, 536
Thomson, Virgil, 593
Thoreau, Henry David, 338, 352, 368, 595, 673
Thurmond, Strom, 376, 644, 657
Dixiecrat candidate in 1948, 237, 238
Till, Emmett, 352, 378
Time magazine, 68, 202, 276, 284, 456, 560, 612, 622, 640
Titov, Gherman, 580
Tobin, Dan, 55
Tobin, James, 461
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 125, 294, 519, 548, 593, 595, 599, 600, 665, 667, 671, 679
Tocquevillian void, 125, 214, 294, 518-19, 548, 593, 595, 665, 667-8, 671
Toffler, Alvin, 597
Tojo, Hideki, 175, 201
Tokyo, bombing of, 179, 225
Toledano, Ralph de, 627
Tong, Rosemarie, 535
Tonkin Gulf incident and Resolution, 403
Townsend, Francis, 66-8, 79, 80, 84, 85, 604, 661
trade deficit, 557
Trento, Joseph, 584
triangular diplomacy, 469, 474-6, 488, 496, 527-9
Trilling, Lionel, 629
Trudeau, Garry, 624, 636
Trujillo, Rafael, 329
Truman, Harry S, 219, 222-3, 287-8, 293, 319, 448, 593
and Kennedy, 324, 325, 333
as President, 212, 230, 246, 248-9, 253, 277, 466, 561, 656; and A-bomb, 224-6, 288; cabinet of, 223; and civil rights, 236, 249, 321, 359, 657; Fair Deal of, 236, 239, 359; foreign policy, 229-30, 232-5, 239-43, 285-6, 289, 290, 340, 342, 347, 402, 468, 490; Korean War, 241-3, 651; loyalty program, 230, 232, 239, 245; at Potsdam, 224-5, 226
presidential candidacy in 1948, 236-8
quoted, on Nazis vs. Soviets, 221
as Senator, 185-6
as Vice President, 223; candidacy, 203-4
Truman Doctrine, 232-3, 234, 235, 239, 289, 347
Tubman, Harriet, 451
Tugwell, Rexford, 13, 14-15, 17, 24, 28, 30, 33-35, 64, 74, 118-19
Tully, Grace, 3, 212
Tunney, Gene, 609
Turkey, 229, 232-3, 239, 265
US missile bases, 334-5, 337
Turner, Nat, 355
Twain, Mark, 299
two-party system, see party system
Tydings, Millard, 110-11, 119, 164, 245-6
Udall, Morris, 521
Ulam, Adam, 242
“ultra-conservatives,” 123
unemployment:
of blacks, 571
counter-measures, 561-2
of Depression years, 5, 18-19, 31, 39, 40, 47, 58, 81, 215, 648; 1937-39 recession, 101, 104, 113, 214