Ring of Steel
Page 103
and Bauer 369–70
on behaviour of troops 527, 528, 536
and Belgium 464
and Bethmann-Hollweg 457, 459, 461
character and personality 376–7, 507
and Congress Poland 407, 409
and death of stepson 532
dismissal 551
as First Quartermaster General 327–9
and fleet operation 552
and forced labour 386–7
and Groener 481
and Hindenburg Programme 379–84
and Lithuania 462
and Max of Baden 547–8, 550
memoirs 377, 393–5, 400, 465, 559
on military prisoners 388
and Ober Ost 271–2, 398–401, 400, 401, 403, 407, 408, 414, 457, 460–61, 465
and occupied territories 393, 394, 396, 401, 404, 465–6
and Patriotic Instruction programme 485–6
peace negotiations 547–51
and Poland 412
and Polish Legions 414
postwar life 559
and prospect of defeat 534–5
and prospects of victory 514
psychological breakdown 532–4
psychological tactics 517
public image 180, 206, 457
remobilization drive 374, 375
on Romania 393–5
and Russia 462
and spring offensive (1918) 515–19, 520–23, 524, 526, 527
and strikes and protests 481–2
and Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 493
and U-boat campaigns 422–3
and United States 423–4, 481–2
and war aims dispute 461–2, 467–8
on World War I 1, 5
Lueger, Karl 370
Lukachich, General Geza 543
Lüneburg 180
Lusitania 239–40
Lutsk 305, 319
Luxembourg 50, 121, 134, 392, 462
Luxemburg, Rosa 478
Lwów
arrests in 198
and assassination of Franz Ferdinand 57
and Austro-Hungarian army 198, 245
captured by Russians 156, 161, 189
Conrad’s plans for 140
ethnic groups in 546
fall of 190, 198
food shortages 356, 357
Jews in 546
paramilitary groups in 97
public protests in 60, 500
Russian atrocities in 184, 196
Tsar Nicholas in 188
Macedonia, Serbian 42
Mačva 466
Madeira 437, 558
Maffie (Mafia) 250, 477
The Magic Girdle 433
Magyarization 23
Magyars see Hungarians
malnutrition 338–9, 347, 358, 359, 409
Mametz 320
Mannheim 68
manpower shortages 335–6, 410, 412
Marburg 59
Marne, First Battle of the (1914) 134, 135–6, 157, 235, 261, 262, 278, 293, 522
Marne, Second Battle of the (1918) 522–3, 531, 532
Masaryk, Tomáš G. 250, 475, 476, 477, 537, 544
Masuria 69, 562
Masurians 171, 181
Materialschlacht 276, 556
Matscheko, Baron Franz 9
Mauberge 134
Maximilian (Max), Prince of Baden 547–8, 549, 554–5
announces Kaiser’s abdication 555
negotiations with Wilson 548, 550
Maximilian, Prince (son of Archduke Franz Ferdinand) 55
meatless days 366–7
Mediterranean 425, 427, 437
Memel 172
metalworkers 333, 404–5, 479
Metz 106, 107
Meuse, river 126, 294, 295, 296
Mexico, and Zimmermann Telegram 445–6
Michaelis, Georg 460, 484
Mickiewicz, Adam 500
Middle Class Association for Central Germany (Mittelstandsvereinigung für Mitteldeutschland) 362
Mikołajów bridgehead 185
mine-laying 440–41
mining 259, 260, 327, 363, 388, 404–5, 407, 461, 474
Mitrovica 142
Mitteleuropa project 259–65, 411
mobilization
by Austria-Hungary 41–2, 68–70, 73–4
by Britain 50–51
by Germany 48–9, 68–9, 73–4
by Russia 26, 42, 43, 44, 45–7
double 94–5, 213, 241, 472, 503, 545
new drive (1916) 374
triple 95
see also remobilization
Moltke, General Helmuth von
‘Assessment of the Political Situation’ 44–5, 47
and battle of the Marne 135–6, 261, 278
call for war 35–6, 37, 38, 51
and Conrad 105–6, 112, 242
death 558
on French 111
and Galician campaign 149–50
invasion of Belgium 50, 51, 106–9, 121, 123, 125, 131
and Ludendorff 272, 376
nervous breakdown 157
and prospects of war 43–4, 46–50, 52, 89, 120, 137, 158, 208
on public opinion 227
and Schlieffen plan 106–7
Mons 518
Monte San Michele 327
Montenegro 12, 25, 26, 42, 104, 113, 241, 392, 393, 462, 466, 514, 518
Moravia 18, 60, 91, 92, 100, 201, 251
agriculture 339–40
district officers 544–5
farms 358
refugees in 202
Moravians 565
in Cracow 545
Móricz, Zsigmond 244
Mormons 482
Morocco 31, 33
crisis (1911) 67
Mościska 196
Moscow 42
Mülhausen 123–4
Müller, Admiral Georg von 422
Müller, Richard 479, 494
multi-ethnic society
Austria-Hungary as 8, 14, 15, 27, 90, 93, 99, 102, 199, 203, 206, 286 (Table 5), 287, 512, 545
East Prussia as 181
Galicia as 148, 181, 505
Slavonia as 505
multi-ethnicity 6, 398, 502, 512, 545, 565
in Austro-Hungarian army 287
in Cracow 502–4
Munich 338, 554
Murmansk railway 511
Muslims 16 (Table 1), 26, 31, 274
Bosnians as 248
mutinies 495–6, 511–2, 525, 552, 553, 555
Nadwórna 184, 194
nail figures 221–5
see also ‘Column of the Legions’; ‘Iron Hindenburg’ statue
Napoleon I, Emperor 14, 85, 98, 132, 163, 228
Narodna Odbrana (Serbian National Defence) 13, 21
Národní Listy 54–5
Narotch, Lake 302
National Council of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes 542
National Democrats (Poland) 97, 98, 148, 190
National Foundation for the Surviving Dependants of Fallen Soldiers 222
National Liberals (Germany) 239, 456, 458–9, 459
National Socialists (Czech) 250, 474–5
National Women’s Service (Germany) 88
nationalism
in Austria-Hungary 18, 22, 96, 256, 285, 287, 368–9
and economic association project 259
German 460, 505
Polish 97–8, 545
Ruthenian 97
Slovenian 101
nationality disputes 23–4
Naumann, Friedrich, Mitteleuropa 263, 264
navicert system 232
Nazi regime 132, 162, 205, 233, 272–3, 385, 398, 400, 465–6
genocide of Jews 564
Neidenburg 174
Neue Freie Presse 53, 56, 246
neutral countries 49, 121, 269, 277, 347, 424
Neuve Chapelle, Battle of 311
Nicolai, Major Walter 44, 227
Nicosian 236
Niemöller, Martin 428
Nikolai II, Tsar o
f Russia
German anger at 226
German mockery of 83
Hindenburg and 375
Kaiser Wilhelm and 71
and Lwów 190
overthrow 417
and pan-Slavism 470
refuses peace deals 275, 279
visit to Lwów 188–9
visit to Romania 27
Nikolai Nikolaevich, Grand Duke 174, 182, 196
Nivelle, General Robert 477
North Sea 230, 231, 232, 240, 435
Northern Barrage 440
Norway 230
Noske, Gustav 554
Novoe Vremya 27
Novogeorgievsk 407
Nowa Reforma 246
Ober Ost 398–405
agriculture in 399
created as military state 270–72, 391–2
forced labour in 400–403, 404, 409, 414–15, 559–60
Hindenburg and 414, 457, 460–61
Land Assembly 403
Ludendorff and 271–2, 398–401, 400, 401, 403, 407, 408, 414, 457, 460–61, 465
‘Order of Rule’ (1916) 399–401
population 392
restrictions on local population 399–400
taxation 400
occupied territories 392–415
agriculture and animal-rearing in 395
freedom of movement, restrictions on 399–400, 403
inflation and hunger in 397
resources extracted from 393–5, 394 (Table 13)
Odessa 42
offensive, cult of 119
Offer, Avner 339
‘Officer Hate’ (German army) 284, 291
Okna 305
Oktroi decree 454
Oldenburg 554
Operation Alberich 328
Ortelsburg 169
Österreichische Militärveteranen-Reichsbund (Austrian veterans’ association) 23
Oświęcim (Auschwitz) 200–201
Otranto, Straits of 440
Ottoman Empire 2, 14, 24, 25, 207, 395, 492, 497, 560
Ovillers 313, 322
Paču, Lazar 39
Pale of Settlement 245
Pan German Association 260
pan-Europeanism 259
pan-Slavism 197, 251, 470
Panther, SMS 33
Paris 106, 107, 135, 515, 522, 537
Declaration of 231
peace conference (1919) 464, 557, 560
Pašić, Nikola 39
Patriotic Instruction programme 485–6
Patriotic Women’s Association 88
patriotism 83–4, 87, 215–6, 288, 444
peace
calls for 451, 461, 462, 490; see also Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of
demonstrations 67–8, 82, 474–5
separate: Emperor Karl and 467, 490, 512; with France 261, 467; proposals for 262, 275, 467, 496, 537; with Russia 261, 266, 275, 279, 412, 461, 462, 467
Peace Resolution 447, 459–60
People’s Kitchens 354–6
Persia 24
Pétain, General Philippe 278, 296, 299
Petar Karadjordjević, King of Serbia 24, 58, 144
Petition of the Six Economic Associations 260
Petrograd 462, 463, 469
Petrograd Soviet, peace formula 451, 460, 469
petroleum disease 428
Pflanzer-Baltin, General Karl von 305, 307
Piave, river 538
Piffl, Friedrich Gustav, Cardinal of Vienna 243
pig war (between Austria-Hungary and Serbia) 24
Piłsudski, Józef 97–9, 216, 414, 498, 499, 500
Piotrków 392
Písek 249, 252
Pleß 387
Plzeň (Pilsen) 476
Podgórze 224
pogroms 60, 183–5, 245, 273, 504, 505
Pohl, Admiral Hugo von 239
Poincaré, Raymond 12, 14, 466, 467
Pola 425
Poland
in Austro-Hungarian army 95
and Brest-Litovsk Treaty 494–5, 496
and East Prussia 266
ethnic minorities in 560
farming 408
food rationing in 409
and Franz Ferdinand 57
future of 411–12, 462, 467
German national council in 493
Hitler and 560
independence 412, 559
intellectuals in 244
and Italy 246
Jews in 95–6, 153, 409
Kingdom of 412–13, 499
Ludendorff and 493
manifesto of 5 November 1916 412–13
and Mitteleuropa project 263
occupied area 393, 397, 398, 405, 512
Provisional Council of State 413
Regency Council 413–14, 496, 498, 542
as source of labour 410
Supreme National Committee 96
and Ukrainians 155, 197
uprising (1863) 182
see also Congress Poland; Poles; Polish Legions
Poles 16 (Table 1), 68, 154, 241
alienation from Habsburg regime 539
in Austro-Hungarian Army 115 (Table 4), 248, 308
and Chelm 512
and Galicia 19–20, 60, 148–9, 184, 190, 193, 497, 498–502
in Germany 76, 80, 87, 270, 450
loyalty to Empire 286, 498
as prisoners of war 510
as refugees 200, 201, 202, 203, 206
Russian 98, 385–6, 391
Wilson and 499
wish for independence 471
Polish (language) 190
Polish Auxiliary Corps 498
Polish Corridor 562
Polish Legions 97–9, 99 (Table 3), 148, 225, 412, 414, 498, 499, 500, 501
Jews in 503
Polish Socialist Party-Revolutionary Fraction 97
‘political crimes’, prosecution of 99–103
political prisoners 472–3
political reform 81, 85, 514, 540
calls for 345, 450–51, 455, 472
Polskie Druzyny Strzeleckie 97
Pomerania 37, 180
population exchange plans 267, 273–74, 465–6
Portugal 37, 521
Posen 76, 121, 161, 265, 266, 338, 389
Potiorek, General Oskar 20–21, 137, 139, 140–41, 147
Potocki, Count Alfred 19
Potsdam 37, 41, 180
Pour le Mérite (German decoration) 433, 442
Prague
Castle 475
Charles University 250; Law Faculty 338
Czech National Theatre 57, 473
fear of pro-Russian demonstrations 66
gendarmerie 76
Jewish refugees in 370
Military Command 92, 476
People’s Kitchens 355
Revolution (1848) 144
revolution (1918) 543–4
strikes in 474
VIII Corps 113, 139
volunteers from 93
Prerau (Prerov) 201
Princip, Gavrilo 21, 54
Prinzregent Luitpold (battleship) 483
mutiny 484
prisoners of war 506
returning 509–12, 513, 526
use for labour 384–5, 388–92, 511
profiteering 363–4
Progressive People’s Party (Germany) 82, 260, 383, 447, 456, 458–9, 547
propaganda 3, 4, 5, 13, 128, 226
Allied 530
Austro-Hungarian 251, 506–7
Bolshevist 509–10
British 127, 216–17, 530
Central Powers 346, 360, 463
dissident Czech 474
French 127
German 32, 220, 228, 233, 361, 376, 377, 400, 414, 445, 448, 462, 482, 485–90, 491, 563
Italian 538
revolutionary 492
Serb 142, 466
Socialist 482–3
US 530, 561
use of film in 487, 488, 489
prostitution 290–91
Protestantism 88, 89
&
nbsp; Prussia
Agriculture, Ministry of 385
and German Fatherland Party 484–5
House of Lords 456
Interior Ministry 88, 379, 385, 481
Kaiser Wilhelm and 555
Landtag 490
Law on the State of Siege 79
three-class franchise 455, 456, 459
and War Food Office 349
War Ministry 208, 386, 390, 395, 406
War Raw Materials Department (Kriegsrohstoffabteilung) 208, 378
Przemyśl 60, 113, 149, 161, 186–8, 189, 194, 196, 243, 500
Punch 237
Pure Party of the Right (Croatia) 96–7
Putnik, Voivoda Radomir 147
racism 128
Radić, Stjepan 544
Radicals (Hungary) 542
Radnice 251–2
Radom 392
Ragusa (later Dubrovnik) 58
rape 133, 143, 163, 176, 183, 197
Rappaport-Ansky, Shloyme 183, 193, 196–7, 198
Rathenau, Walter 259
Ratibor 77
Rawlinson, General Sir Henry 311–12, 313, 314, 516
Raynal, Major Sylvain-Eugène 297–8
Realist Party (Czech) 250, 475
rearmament drive 363, 387, 414, 415, 416, 477
Recklinghausen, 222
Red Cross 88, 213, 214, 391
Redl, Colonel Alfred 139–40
Redlich, Josef 154, 443
refugees 186–8, 196–7, 199–206
Reichpietsch, Max 483
Reichspost 53, 55, 64, 92
Reinsurance Treaty 30
Reiss, Archibald 142–3
religion 20, 90, 191, 192, 287–8, 325, 565
see also Catholic Church
remobilization 375–415
Rennenkampf, General Paul 171–2, 173, 182
Renner, Karl 350
Reserve Jäger Bataillon Nr.7 129
revolution 535, 556
Austro-Hungarian 537–41
Czech 544–5
German 547–56
Hungarian 542–3
Polish 545
‘revolution from above’ 535, 540, 547
see also Russia: revolutions
Rheims, Cathedral 127
Rhine, river 121, 556, 563
Rhineland, Rhinelanders 326, 368, 465
Richthofen, Manfred von 433
Riezler, Kurt 257, 259
Riga 493
rights
restrictions on 446
women’s 88
rioting 57–8, 60, 331, 364, 372–3, 455, 474
Risorgimento 246
Roja, Bolesław 545
Romania
in Balkan Wars 25–6
confiscation of grain 344, 539
consumption of resources by Central Powers military 396–7
defeat of 423, 514, 518
enters war on Allied side 138, 147, 311, 328, 347, 422
ethnic minorities in 560
exports from by Central Powers 346, 347, 395, 396 (Table 14)
food parcels sent from 397
German Economic Staff 393
and Habsburg regime 14–15
occupied area of 393, 395, 397
and Russia 30, 42, 280
as secret ally of Central Powers 9, 12, 28, 30
treaty with 512
Tsar’s visit to 27
and war aims 462, 467