Ping-Pong Diplomacy
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US peace talks with, 165, 169, 170
US relations with, 167–72, 175–77, 200–202, 203–6, 232–33, 234–37
US table tennis team in, 210–16, 222–25, 229
Chinese Communist Party, 29, 53, 54–59
Central Committee, 64, 266
crackdowns (1920s) on, 57, 58, 79
and Cultural Revolution, 140–41
ideology of, 57
Lenin Clubs of, 57
and Sino-US relations, 85, 169
Soviet model of, 61, 62
and table tennis, 97, 117, 122, 190–91
top-down rule of, 61
Chinese Empire, collapse of (1911), 77
Chinese Table Tennis Association, 13
Chinese table tennis team:
and Beijing World Championships, 120–25, 129
and Cultural Revolution, 1, 139, 141–44, 145–47, 148, 150–52, 153–58, 159–61, 185, 186, 190, 254, 264
and diplomacy, 130, 264
and distrust, 264
at Dortmund, 83, 118
good times for, 129–33
and Japanese team, 110, 112–13, 115–16, 118, 136–37
at Nagoya, 176–77, 182–83, 185–87, 189–91
108 selected for, 97–98, 100, 106, 108
and political factions, 148–52, 265–72
political visitors to, 107–8
preparation for championships, 96–101, 106–11, 112–16, 118
stress placed on, 107–8, 110, 126
and three-ball attack, 112–13
tour of England, 274
as unit, 107, 131
visit to US, 227, 233, 237, 241–46, 247–50, 251–55
women’s team, 109–10, 125, 129
Cholmondeley, Lord [George], 39
Churchill, Winston, 40, 61
CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), 201, 227
Cirque du Soleil, 120
Claus, Adolf, 40
Cold War:
and balance of power, 83
and China, 95, 128, 134, 233, 272
and Cuba, 127, 128
domino theory in, 62
espionage in, 28–29, 31–32, 40–41, 48, 49–50, 93, 158
Iron Curtain in, 61, 72, 176
propaganda in, 63, 64, 90, 93, 101
and religion, 49
termite theory in, 62, 201
Third World in, 95, 101, 102, 130, 133, 161
US–Soviet relations in, 167
Venona, 48, 158
Colman, Ronald, 27
Colonial Williamsburg, Virginia, 247, 248
Comintern, 16–18, 27, 43, 59, 63, 157, 274
Communism:
and capitalism, 100
in China, see Chinese Communist Party
politics as all-encompassing in, 56, 157–58
rise of, 9, 12
Russian model of, 61, 62, 87, 95
split in, 22, 25, 28, 95
spread via sports, 13, 33–34
and Stalin-Hitler pact, 29
Confucianism, 189
Cooper, Gary, 105
Cowan, Glenn, 178–82, 187, 256–61
in China, 211, 212–15, 220–21, 222–26, 228, 229, 234, 271, 272
and Chinese team’s visit to US, 244–45
death of, 261, 271
downward spiral of, 245, 259–61, 275
and drugs, 224–25, 244, 259
and media attention, 191–92, 210–11, 214–15, 223, 251, 257
at Nagoya, 181, 182, 188–92
public image of, 180, 205, 209, 224, 257
and publicity, 208, 209, 210–11, 214, 218, 219, 223, 242, 256–58
in US–Chinese games, 217–18, 223–24
Cowan, Keith, 178, 179
Cuba:
Bay of Pigs in, 127, 128
Soviet missiles in, 128
table tennis team, 121
Cultural Revolution, 140–44, 165
and Chen Yi, 139, 146, 149, 150, 168
and Chinese team, 1, 139, 141–44, 145–47, 148, 150–52, 153–58, 159–61, 185, 186, 190, 254, 264
Clean Up the Class Ranks, 151
criticism from generation below in, 138, 141, 142–43, 146, 147, 151, 153
Down to the Countryside campaign, 151, 160
and Four Olds, 143, 147, 159
and Fu Qifang, 144, 145, 151, 155, 174
and He Long, 138, 139, 143, 146, 148–49, 150, 159, 160, 190, 219
and Jiang Qing, 140, 142, 148–51, 159, 160, 168, 225, 266, 267
and Mao, 138–39, 140–43, 145, 147, 148–52, 168
origins of, 138–39, 141
and Red Guards, 1, 142–43, 145–47, 148–50, 157, 160
and Rong Guotuan, 145, 147, 151, 155, 157, 174
torture and violence in, 148–51, 153, 154–55, 157, 159–60, 190
and US team, 205, 214
and Xu Yinsheng, 138–39, 141, 142, 146, 269
and Zhou Enlai, 140, 146, 148, 149–50, 160, 161, 266
and Zhuang Zedong, 145, 146–47, 154, 157, 158, 159–60, 189–90, 263, 266–67, 269, 270
Cunningham, Bill, 199, 201–2, 203–6, 208, 209, 217, 226–27, 235
Czechoslovakia, Soviet invasion of, 165
Daily Mirror, 19
Daily Worker, 42, 48, 64, 87, 91, 127
Darwin, Charles, 89
Defence of Madrid (film), 29
Deng Xiaoping, 265, 266, 271
Deng Yingchao, 263–64
Dikötter, Frank, 103
Disneyland, Chinese team’s visit to, 253
Dixie Mission, 200, 213
Dunn, Murray, 120, 121–22
Ebony, 207
The Economist, 65
Edwards, Vee-ling, 244, 247, 248, 250, 253–55
Ehrlich, Alex, 34–35, 47–48
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 94
Eisenstein, Sergei, 27
Elizabeth II, queen of England, 74
Elizabeth, wife of George VI, 26
Evans, Roy, 61, 93, 176
Fabian Society, 10
Film Society, 14–15, 17, 26–27, 34
Fleming, Ian, 39
Fonda, Jane, 231
Ford, Gerald R., 262
Franco, Francisco, 29, 32
Friends of China, 93
Friends of the Soviet Union, 28
Fu Qifang, 98–100
and Chinese team, 98, 100, 109, 111, 130, 139
and Cultural Revolution, 144, 145, 151, 155, 174
death of, 155
and Ogimura, 144, 155, 174
Furukawa, Toshiaki, 174
Gagarin, Yuri, 122, 127
Games of the New Emerging Forces (GANEFO), 133
Gang of Four, 150, 196, 266, 267–68
genetics, 87–90
George VI, king of England, 26, 38
Germany:
and British intelligence, 41
Nazi Party in, 27, 28, 35
and Olympic Games, 61
and Operation Mincemeat, 39, 44–45
postwar, 73, 83
Stalin-Hitler pact, 29, 49
World Championships in, 83–85, 118
and World War II, 43, 44–45
Gladstone, Herbert, 7
Goldwyn, Samuel, 27
Goto, Koji, 174–76
Great Britain, see Britain
The Great Dictator (film), 200
Green, Marshall, 235
Guevara, Che, 209
Gusikoff, Bob, 179, 208, 244, 257, 258
Haig, Douglas, 31
Haldane, J. B. S., 15, 31–32
as NOBILITY, 40, 41
Han Suyin, 127
Han Zhicheng, 97–98, 107
Harrison, Ian, 126
Harrison, Rufford, 193–95, 196–98, 204–6, 207, 226–27, 254
He Long, 132, 133
and Beijing World Championships, 120
building the team, 80–81, 100, 101, 110–11, 155
and Cultural Revolution, 138, 139, 143, 146, 148–49, 150, 159, 160, 190, 219
death of, 149, 150,
160, 219
and Great Leap Forward, 139
and Japanese team, 113
and Long March, 110–11
and Ministry of Sports and Physical Culture, 60
and National Sports Commission, 79, 96, 98, 106
official rehabilitation of, 268
Hendrix, Jimi, 180
Herskovich, Adolf, 47
High Noon (film), 105
Hiroshima, Japan, 59, 67, 71
Hitchcock, Alfred, 16, 26–27, 29, 30, 92, 253–54
Hitler, Adolf, 27, 29, 39–40, 43, 44, 45, 49
Ho Chi Minh, 171
Holiday Inn, 252–53
Holocaust, 47, 49
Hong Kong:
Chinese in, 77, 80, 98, 151, 154
escape to, 269
information obtained via, 165
sports gambling in, 99
table tennis in, 78, 80, 99
US table tennis team in, 207–9, 225–27
visitors to China via, 117, 199
Hope, Bob, 171
Horthy, Miklós, 23
Howard, Jack, 182, 197, 208, 209, 212–13, 215–16, 220
Hoxha, Enver, 236
Huang Hua, 252, 267
Hungarian table tennis team, 118
Hurley, Patrick, 200–201
International Congress of Orientalists, 94–95
International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF):
behind the Iron Curtain, 48, 61
and China, 62, 66, 176, 193, 194
founding of, 2, 20
and Japan, 68, 69
Montagu as president of, 20, 125, 158, 272, 273, 274
Steenhoven as president of, 194–95
and US connection, 193–94
Jagger, Mick, 180
Japan:
All-Japan Championships, 71
atom bombs dropped on, 59, 67, 71
and China, 9, 36, 53, 58, 59, 173–75
and Chinese team, 65, 76, 110, 112, 115–16, 123–24, 136, 156, 174, 176–77, 185, 186–87
Fifth National Industrial Exhibition, 68
and Hong Kong, 77
Nagoya World Championships (1971), 1, 173, 176–77, 181–83, 184–87, 263, 264, 269
postwar, 67, 70–71, 73, 75, 83
and Rape of Nanking, 123
and Russia, 9, 55
and table tennis, 63, 65, 68–71, 72–76, 83, 99, 110, 118, 123–24, 161, 173–77; see also Ogimura, Ichiro
and three-ball attack, 112–13
Tokyo Olympics, 134
Tokyo World Championships (1956), 61, 75–76
and World War II, 73, 200
Japanese Table Tennis (film), 75, 136, 137
Japanese Table Tennis Association, 72
Jaques & Son, 8, 13
Jiang Qing, 120, 132, 169, 265–68
and Cultural Revolution, 140, 142, 148–51, 159, 160, 168, 225, 266, 267
death of, 267
and Gang of Four, 150, 266, 267–68
and Mao’s death, 267
and The Red Detachment of Women, 225
and Zhuang Zedong, 150, 160, 265–66, 267, 269
Jiang Yongning, 80, 151, 155
John, Elton, 260–61
Johnson, Lyndon B., 168
Karnow, Stanley, 245
Katz, Otto, 157–58
Kennedy, John F., 128, 165
Kennedy, Robert F., 165
Kent State massacre, 169
Khan, Yahya, 169–70, 228
Khrushchev, Nikita, 92, 94, 167
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 165
Kissinger, Henry A.:
and back-channel contact, 169–70, 229
and Chinese connection, 167–71, 192, 201–2, 225, 228–33, 234–37
and Mao, 237
and Sino-Soviet split, 166–67
and Taiwan, 63, 66, 234–35
and Team USA, 226
and Vietnam, 211, 249
Korean War, 64, 65, 94, 101, 198, 219
Kremer, Simon Davidovich, 40–41
Kurdyukov, Ivan, 230
Kurosawa, Akira, 175
Lattimore, Owen, 58
Lechtick, Sandy, 259–61
Lee, D. J., 198
Lenin, V. I., 15, 28, 33, 105
State and Revolution, 12
Lenin Peace Prize, 92–94
Lennon, John, 191
Levin, Herbert, 205
Liang Geliang, 146–47, 187, 188, 246, 270
Liang Youneng, 100, 112, 184, 271
Life, 207, 213, 223
Li Furong, 116, 125, 129, 131, 137, 145, 268, 269, 271
Li Min, 272
Lin Biao, 169, 237
Link, Perry, 243–44, 250
Liu Shaoqi, 139, 149–50, 218–19
Lloyd George, David, 39
Lord, Winston, 170, 171, 228, 231, 237
Lysenko, Trofim, 87–90
Macau, escape to, 269
Mailer, Norman, 209
Mao Zedong:
ambition of, 56
and civil war, 53–54, 59, 78, 94, 135, 200, 272
The Complete Works of Chairman Mao, 152
criticism of, 105
and Cultural Revolution, 138–39, 140–43, 145, 147, 148–52, 168
death of, 267
family killed, 58
and famine, 103–5, 272
and Great Leap Forward, 91, 105, 139, 150, 219
health problems of, 195–96, 237
and Hundred Flowers Movement, 79–80, 137
idolatry of, 98, 138, 140, 151, 157, 215, 217, 263
and Japan, 9
legacy of, 274
Little Red Book, 161, 184
and Long March, 53, 78, 87, 139, 272
and Lysenko, 88, 89–90
and Montagu, 64
myth of, 58, 128
and Nixon, 235, 237
and nuclear tests, 169, 172
On the Correct Handling of Contradictions among the People, 211
The Problems of Strategy in China’s Revolutionary War, 147
quotations from, 2, 131, 137, 147, 152, 161, 171, 184, 223, 248
and recreation, 132–33
and Russia, 94, 134, 166–67, 169, 172, 235
and Snow, 53–56, 170, 189, 252
and sports, 55, 85, 101, 108, 125, 135–36, 138, 177, 195
succession to, 150, 265, 266, 267
and Taiwan, 63, 237
and US connection, 1, 170, 191, 193, 195–96, 201, 202, 211, 215, 232, 235, 237, 258
and Vietnam, 168, 211
and Zhou’s health, 266
Martin, William (fict.), 39–40, 43, 44–45
Marx, Groucho, 62
Marx, Karl, 105
Mary, wife of George V, 11, 21, 26
Masterman, John Cecil, 39, 43
May, Princess of Wales, 5
McArthur, Douglas, 68
McCarran Act (1950), 208
McCarthy, Joe, 201
McCartney, Paul, 191
McIntire, Carl, 242, 246, 255
McKay, Jim, 245
Mechlovits, Zoltan, 32–33, 47
Miles, Dick, 84, 181, 219, 224, 225
Molotov, Vyacheslav, 17
Montagu, Lady Eileen Hellstern (Hell), 21–22, 74, 275
Montagu, Ewen, 7, 37–40, 43, 48
and Operation Mincemeat, 39–40, 44–45
Montagu, Ivor:
awards and honors to, 92–94
birth of, 9
at Cambridge, 11–12, 14
childhood of, 5–6
as Communist Party member, 2, 16, 25, 30, 37, 42–43, 48, 49, 87, 120, 157–58
death of, 275
East West Sports Relations, 63–64
and espionage, 17–18, 27–28, 34, 40–41, 48, 93, 158, 273, 275
and film, 14–15, 16, 17–18, 26–27, 28, 29–30, 33–34, 200, 254
as INTELLIGENTSIA, 40–41, 48, 93
as journalist, 87
marriage of, 21–22
overtures to China from, 59–60, 61–66, 85, 90, 93, 235, 236, 273, 274
Ping-Pong codified by, 2, 13, 99–100, 118
publications by, 58, 63–64
public speaking by, 64–65
retirement of, 176, 272, 274
and Spanish civil war, 29–30
and table tennis, 8, 12–13, 20, 32, 34, 46, 49, 60, 61, 85, 92, 120, 124, 125, 128, 132, 160, 180, 182, 185, 192, 193, 270, 273–75
teen years of, 10–13
travel to Russia, 15–18, 28, 30, 87, 272
and World War II, 38–39
and X Group, 40–41
The Youngest Son, 274
Montagu, Jennifer, 48
Montagu, Jeremy, 48
Montagu, Nicole, 274–75
Montagu, Samuel, see Swaythling
Montagu, Stuart, 7
Montgomery, Sir Bernard Law, 1st Viscount, 128
Mr. X (spy), 113–15
Munzenberg, Willi, 28
Mussolini, Benito, 44
Nagasaki, Japan, 59
Narahara, Shizuka, 71
National Committee on United States–China Relations, 208, 241
National Union of Railwaymen, 19
NBC, 213
Newsweek, 207
New York Times, 181, 207, 234
Nixon, Pat, 236, 237
Nixon, Richard M.:
back-channel contacts of, 169–70
and Cambodia, 169
and Chinese connection, 1–2, 167, 168, 192, 201–2, 215, 228–33, 234–37, 251
and Mao, 235, 237
and reelection, 168, 230, 234
and table tennis teams, 249–50
and Taiwan, 63, 66, 234, 237
and Vietnam, 168, 169, 211, 248, 249
visit to China, 235–37, 264
Nixon, Tricia, 248
Nuremberg Trials, 48–49
Ogimura, Ichiro, 67–70, 180, 182
in Britain, 73–75
and Chinese team, 112, 115, 131, 135, 136–37, 143–44, 185
and Cultural Revolution, 143–44
51 percent doctrine of, 74, 112
and Fu Qifang, 144, 155, 174
in Hong Kong, 78
Japanese Table Tennis, 75, 136, 137
and three-ball attack, 112–13
training regimen of, 69–70, 72–73, 183
and World Championships, 70, 72–73, 76, 115, 126, 131
and Zhou Enlai, 67, 135–36, 173–74
Olympic Games, 61, 98, 133, 134
On How to Play Table Tennis, 138
Operation Mincemeat, 39–40, 44–45
Opium Wars, 9, 136
OSS (Office of Strategic Services), 201
Oxnam, Robert, 100–101
Pakistan, back channel via, 169–70, 228, 231
Paneth, Arnon, 34
Peking Radio, 186
Peng Dehuai, 58–59, 104–5, 139, 148, 219
Pentagon Papers, 234
People’s Daily, 138, 199
Perry, Fred, 23–24
Philby, H. A. R. “Kim,” 50
Ping-Pong:
history of, 2, 8–9
as living fossil, 275
names for, 8, 70
name trademarked, 8, 13
as ping pang, 100–101
rules codified for, 2, 13, 68, 70, 99–100, 118