The Oxford History of the Biblical World
Page 80
Egyptian history and, 59
geography of, 64–65, 66–69
historicity of, 59
route of, 66–69
theological meaning of, 59
word, meaning of, 58
Exodus, book of, 28
15:lb-18, 158–60
contents of, 59–64
poetry in, 159
Ezekiel (prophet), 262
Ezekiel, book of, 300–01
and Babylonian exile, 271
and Judean monarchy, 243
themes of, 271, 298
Ezra, 277, 290, 304–09
historicity of, 306
and Israelite ethnicity, 308, 311
Ezra, book of
Aramaic language and, 279
history of composition of, 281
restoration and, 286
Ezra-Nehemiah, 289, 292, 294, 297, 301, 307, 311
chronology of, 281
Cyrus and, 284
restoration and, 281
return and, 290 See also Nehemiah
Ezra school, 307
Fadus (Cuspius Fadus), 377–78
Feldman, Louis H., 350
Felix (Antonius Felix), 378
Fertile Crescent, 4, 5, 9, 165
Festus (Porcius Festus), 378–79
final form interpretation. See synchronic interpretation
Finkelstein, Israel, 89, 103, 127, 129, 130, 163, 203
Finkelstein, Louis H., 315, 350
firstborn, 27
death of, as Egyptian plague, 59
and origin of Passover, 59
First Clement, 413, 433
First Corinthians, 405
First Enoch, 368
First Esdras, 281, 311
First Jewish Revolt, 358, 363, 372, 374, 376–86, 452
Pharisees and, 366
First Maccabees, 338, 340–41
First Peter, 403, 414–15
First Timothy, 415, 430
First Triumvirate, 354
Fiscus Judaicus, 385
Flanagan, James W., 203
Flavius Clemens, 413
Flavius Silva, 384
flies, as Egyptian plague, 59
flood, 21–22
ancient Near East stories of, 3, 21
Florus (Gessius Florus), 380–87
form criticism, Exodus narrative and, 61–62
Former Prophets, 133, 302
Forum of Rome, 408
Fourth Ezra, 384
fourth philosophy. See Zealots
Fox, Robin Lane, 444
frankincense, 109
Freedman, David Noel, 130, 163, 205
Frerichs, Ernest S., 88
Frick, Frank S., 163, 204
Fried, Morton H., 203
Friedman, Richard Elliot, 88
Fritz, Volkmar, 204
frogs, plague of, 59
Fronto, 417
Frye, Northrop, 58
Gager, John G., 444
Gaius Julius Caesar (Caligula, or Gaius Caligula), 396–98
Galatians, letter to the, 374
Galba (Servius Sulpicius Galba), 439
Galerius, 424
Galilee, 167, 287, 291
and First Jewish Revolt, 380–87
Lower, 6
in Persian period, 291
Upper, 6
Galilee, Lake of, 5, 6, 208, 354
Galilee, Sea of. See Galilee, Lake of
Gamaliel II, 386
Gamaliel V, 441
Gamble, Harry, 433, 445
Garden of Eden, 21
Gates, Marie-Henriette, 56
Gath, 114, 121, 153
Gaza, 37, 68, 97, 114, 121–22, 138, 152, 153, 167, 208, 224, 263, 280, 325, 332, 400
Gedaliah, 268
Geder (Khirbet Jedur), 98
Geller, Barbara, 420–46
Genesis, book of
chapters 1–11, 20, 21, 22
chapters 12–50, 26–29
patriarchal history in, 25–26
sources of, 27–28
Genesis Rabbah, 438
genres in biblical literature, 3
and Exodus narrative, 61–62
Jewish novels, 322–23
geography
of the biblical world, 4–9
Georgi, Dieter, 418
Gerizim, Mount, 208, 312, 332, 346
Samaritan temple at, 315
Germanicus, 394, 396–97
Gershevitch, Ilya, 315
Geshem, 289, 310
Gessius Florus, 380–81
Gezer, 37, 43, 68, 91–92, 114, 121, 138, 167, 189
archaeology and, 98, 187
architecture at, 187
Gibeah, 167
as Saul’s capital, 190, 193
Gideon (judge), 135–36, 150
Gihon Spring, 245, 250
Gilat
figurine from, 15
Gilead, 100, 136, 138, 167, 208, 287, 332
archaeology and, 100, 101
Gilgamesh epic, 20–21
Giza, 18
Glass, Jonathan, 56
gnats, as Egyptian plague, 59
Gnosticism, 428, 433
Gnostic literature, 428
God-fearers, 375
Goiim, 99
golden calf, 60
Goldstein, Jonathan A., 350
Gonen, Rivka, 23
Goodman, Martin, 386
Goshen, land of, 65, 73
Gospel of Peter, 371
Gospel of Thomas, 371
Gospels, 371–73
Greek language and, 370
Synoptic, 373, 375, 409
Gottwald, Norman K., 103, 130, 204
government, in early cities, 17
Grabar, Oleg, 445
Grabbe, Lester L., 315, 350, 387
Grant, Michael, 445
Gratian, 427
Greek Classical Age, 277
Greek language
koine, 321
in Roman period, 353
Green, Peter, 350
Greenberg, Moshe, 103, 275
Greenspoon, Leonard J., 317–51
Greer, Rowan A., 316
Gregory of Nyssa, 425
Letter on Pilgrimages, 425
Gregory the Great, 434
Grimal, Nicholas, 23
Gruen, Erich S., 350
Gubla (Byblos), 37, 43
Gudea of Lagash, 33, 447
Gurney, O. R., 56
gymnasium, 326
Habur (Tell Chuera), 31, 37
Habur Plain, 36
Habur River, 36, 37
Hackett, Jo Ann, 132–64
Hadad, 32
Hadadezer, 223–25
Hadrian, 416–17, 421, 422, 452
Hagar, 26
Haggai, 281, 292, 293, 294, 297
Hagia Sophia, 432
hail, plague of, 59
halakah, 343
Halpern, Baruch, 93, 204
Hammurapi (king of Babylon), 34, 35, 36, 39–40, 447
Hananiah, 265, 296, 313
Hanukkah, 332
Hapiru. See Apiru
Harris, Stephen L., 419
Hasidim, 343, 367
Hasmoneans, 331–50, 451
decline of, 352–53
Hatshepsut, 81
Hatti, 37, 43, 45
Hattusas (Hittite capital), 9, 21
Hattush, 296
Hattusili III, 46
havurah (fellowship)
groups, 359
meals, 384
Hayes, John H., 240
Hazael, 231
Hazor, 36, 37, 41, 43, 147, 167, 189, 208, 220, 280
archaeology and, 97, 99, 187
architecture at, 187–88
and conquest of Canaan, 97, 99
Hebrew language
biblical, 47
in Persian period, 279
Hebrews, letter to the, 359, 409
Hebron, 95, 96, 106, 147, 167, 208, 287
and conquest of Canaan, 98
as David’s capital, 183, 190
Helena (mother of Constantine), 69
Heliodorus, 326
Heliopolis, 65, 68
Hellenism, and cultural assimilation, 277–78
Hellenistic period, 317–51, 451
and book of Esther, 322–23
and book of Judith, 322–23
and book of Tobit, 322–23
Greco-Roman writers in, 348
and Ptolemies and Seleucids, 323–26
Hellenists, 374–75
hellenization, Samaritans and, 347
Hengel, Martin, 350
Henig, Martin, 419
Hepher (Tell el-Muhaffer), 98
Heraclius (emperor), 443
Herculaneum, 408
Hermon, Mount, 5, 287
Herod Agrippa. See Agrippa I
Herod Antipas. See Antipas
Herod Archelaus, 360
Herodias, 362
Herodium, 384
Herodotus, 7, 93, 255, 283, 285, 289, 304
Histories, 282
Herod the Great, 336, 353, 355–58, 390, 452
building projects of, 357, 358
death of, 360
domestic troubles of, 356
Jewish religion under, 357
and Samaria, 357
and Second Temple, 357
Heshbon (modern Hesban), 94, 95, 96, 100, 101
Hezekiah, 313, 450
archaeology and, 246
death of, 252
literary output under, 247–48
military operations of, 250
as reformer, 246
reign of, 244–52
and wall of Jerusalem, 250
hieroglyphics, 19
Merneptah Stela, 71
high places, 213, 230, 246
high priest, 294, 359, 360
high priesthood
Herod and, 357
Jason and, 326–27
under Romans, 361, 385
Hillel, 367
house of, 367, 386
Hippolytus, 428
historical narrative, as genre, 3
history
periodization of, 14
primeval, 21
Hittite empire, 9
Hittites, 40, 43–46, 49, 84–87, 90, 448
and Amarna letters, 83
Hoffmeier, James K., 88
Hoglund, Kenneth G., 316
Holiness Code, 307
Holladay, John S., Jr., 204
holy of holies, 340, 353, 358–59
Homer, 155
Iliad, 126
honor and shame, 431
Horace, 393
Carmen saeculare, 393
Odes, 393
Horeb, Mount
in early Hebrew poetry, 107
and geography of the Exodus, 67
and Mosaic covenant, 216
Horemhab (pharaoh), 45
Hormah, 98
Hornblower, Simon, 316
Horsley, Richard A., 380, 387, 419
Hosea (prophet), 228, 234–36
Hosea, book of, 247
and Samaria ostraca, 212
themes of, 312–13
Hoshea, 239, 449
host, heavenly, 159
house
in Iron Age, 202, 236
in Negeb settlement, 184
household
in early Christianity, 431
in early monarchy, 202
in premonarchic Israel, 101, 113, 148–49
household codes, 430
house of David, 165
and Tel Dan inscription, 212
house of Omri, in Assyrian records, 219
Huldah, 260
human civilization, rise of, 10
hunting and gathering, 10
Hurrian language, 47
Hurrians, 43, 81
and Nuzi tablets, 52
Hyksos, 42, 43, 74, 76, 77–78, 79–81, 448
Canaanite origin of, 80
meaning of name, 42
“Hymn to the Aten,” 111
Hyrcanus. See John Hyrcanus
Ibach, Robert D., 129
Ibn Khaldun, 103
Muqaddimah, 103
Ibrahim, M., 129
Idumea, 287, 288, 325, 332, 354
Idumeans, 336
Ignatius of Antioch (bishop), 403, 407
Ilu, 32
Immanuel, 238
infertility, of Sarah, 26
inscriptions, 155, 442
Byblos, 142, 154–55
Caesarea, 362
Egypt, 41, 46
Jerusalem synagogue, 359
Karnak, 175
Mesha Stela, 175
Moabite Stone, 219
Monolith, 221
Nimrud, 249
Parthenon, 402
Sardinia, 155
Siloam Tunnel, 250
Tel Dan, 175, 211–12
Tell er-Rimah Stela, 231
“Instructions for Merikare,” 74
Irenaeus, 428
iron tools and objects, 182–83, 190
Iron Age, 14, 28, 182, 448
ancient Near East in, 151–61
camels and, 28
Israelite religion in, 156
Iron Age I, 448
archaeology of, 145–51
cities in, 152
period of the judges, 132–64
Phoenician cities in, 154–55
and settlement of Canaan, 79
Transjordanian people in, 153–55
Iron Age II, 79, 165, 449
and Judean monarchy, 244
and United Monarchy, 169
irrigation, 7
Isaac, 26
and Rebekah, 26
Isaiah, 228, 238–39, 247, 248, 253, 300
Isaiah, Second. See Second Isaiah
Isaiah, book of
and Hezekiah, 251
and Judean monarchy, 243
key concepts of, 247–48
Ishbaal (Ish-bosheth), 169, 183
Ishida, Tomoo, 204
Ishkhi-Adad (ruler of Qatna), 40
Ishmael, 26
Ishmaelites, 107
Ishme-Dagan I (ruler of Assyria, son of Shamshi-Adad), 38
Islam, 443–44
Israel
ancient
archaeology and, 97–102
formation of state in, 178–83
concept of, in Persian period, 276
culture of, under Babylonians, 267
culture of, in Iron Age, 186–92
early monarchy
sociopolitical features, 192–97
geography of
in Davidic monarchy, 207–08
name, 53
national origin, story of, 25
premonarchic
social structure of, 101–02
religion of, in Iron Age, 156–58
tribes of, 161–63
Israelites
as slaves in Egypt, 59, 64–66
Israel Stela. See Merneptah Stela
Issus, battle of, 279, 280, 314, 451
itinerary, literary genre of, and Exodus narrative, 66
ivory
figurines, 15
plaque, from Megiddo, 157
from Samaria, 219, 234–35
Izbet Sartah ostracon, 155
Izre’el, Shlomo, 57
J, 28
and monarchy, 174–75
as pentateuchal source, 61
story of Moses in, 105–07
Jabbok River (modern Zarqa), 10
Jachin and Boaz, 199
Jacob, 28–29
and Esau, 26
name changed to Israel, 27
Jagersma, Henk, 387
James (son of Zebedee), 379
James (brother of Jesus), 374, 379, 429
Jamnia, 354, 383, 386
Janneus. See Alexander Janneus
Jarmuth, and conquest of Canaan, 98
Jason, 326–30
Jason of Cyrene, 342
Jehoahaz, 231, 262, 450
Jehoash (Joash), 230–32, 449
> and Deuteronomic History, 230–31
Jehoiachin, 264, 269, 292, 450
Jehoiakim, 262, 450
death of, 264
Jeremiah and, 264
reign of, 262–64
Jehoram, and Tel Dan inscription, 212
Jehoshaphat, 225–27, 449
Jehozadak, 296
Jehu, 215, 228–36, 449
archaeology and, 229
and Chronicles, 228–36
and Deuteronomic History, 228–36
Jephthah, 136
Jeremiah (prophet), 262–64
and Babylonia, 262
and exile, 270, 279
and Gedaliah, 268
and Josiah, 259
Jeremiah, book of
and Judean monarchy, 243
lament for Josiah in, 261