Enlightenment: Britain and the Creation of the Modern World

by Roy Porter

  August Friedrich Kotzebue, Lovers’ Vows (London: G. G. Robinson and J. Robinson, 1798)

  Isaac Kramnick, Bolingbroke and His Circle: The Politics of Nostalgia in the Age of Walpole (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1968)

  ———, ‘Children's Literature and Bourgeois Ideology: Observations on Culture and Industrial Capitalism in the Later Eighteenth Century’, Studies in Eighteenth-century Culture, xii (1983), 11–44

  ———, ‘Eighteenth-century Science and Radical Social Theory: The Case o Joseph Priestley's Scientific Liberalism’, Journal of British Studies, xxv (1986), 1–30

  ———, Republicanism and Bourgeois Radicalism: Political Ideology in Late Eighteenth-century England and America (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1990)

  Jonathan Brody Kramnick, Making the English Canon: Print Capitalism and the Cultural Past, 1700–1770 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999)

  Robert Kreiser, Miracles, Convulsions and Ecclesiastical Politics in Early Eighteenth-century Paris (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1978)

  L. Krüger, L. Daston and M. Heidelberger (eds.), The Probabilistic Revolution (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 1987)

  Elisabeth Labrousse, ‘Religious Toleration’, in P. P. Wiener (ed.), Dictionary of the History of Ideas, 5 vols. (New York: Scribner's, 1974), vol. iv, 112–21

  ———, Bayle (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983)

  James Lackington, Memoirs of the First Forty-fwe Years of the Life of James Lackington, 7th edn (London: for the author, 1794)

  Charles Lamb, ‘Witches, and Other Night Fears’, London Magazine (October 1821), 384

  Jonathan Lamb, Preserving the Self in the South Seas (Cambridge: Cambridge University press, forthcoming)

  Claire Lamont, ‘Dr Johnson, the Scottish Highlander, and the Scottish Enlightenment’, British Journal for Eighteenth-century Studies, xii (1989), 47–56

  Stephen K. Land, ‘Adam Smith's “Considerations concerning the First Formation of Languages” ’, Journal of the History of Ideas, xxxviii (1977), 677–90

  ———, The Philosophy of Language in Britain: Major Theories from Hobbes to Thomas Reid (New York: ASM Press, 1986)

  D. S. Landes, Revolution in Time: Clocks and the Making of the Modern World (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1983)

  Paul Langford, A Polite and Commercial People: England 1727–1783 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989)

  ———, Englishness Identified: Manners and Character 1650–1850 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000)

  Thomas Laqueur, ‘Bodies, Details, and Humanitarian Narrative’, in Lynn Hunt(ed.), The New Cultural History (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1989), 176–204

  ———, ‘Amor Veneris, Vel Dulcedo Appelatur’, M. Feher (ed.), Fragments for a History of the Human Body, iii (New York: Zone, 1989), 91–131

  ———, Making Sex. Gender and the Body from Aristotle to Freud (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1990)

  Peter Laslett, ‘The English Revolution and Locke's Two Treatises of Government’, Cambridge Historical Journal, xii (1956), 40–55

  Anne Laurence, Women in England 1500–1760: A Social History (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1994)

  John Christian Laursen and Cary J. Nederman (eds.), Beyond the Persecuting Society (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998)

  Edmund Law, Considerations on the State of the World, with Regard to the Theory of Religion (Cambridge: Bentham, 1745)

  William Law, The Absolute Unlawfulness of the Stage Entertainment Fully Demonstrated (London: William Innys, 1726)

  ———, A Serious Call to a Devout and Holy Life (London: William Innys, 1729)

  C.J. Lawrence, ‘William Buchan: Medicine Laid Open’, Medical History, xix (1975), 20–35

  John Lawson and Harold Silver, A Social History of Education in England (London: Methuen, 1973)

  F. R. Leavis (ed.), Mill on Bentham and Coleridge (London: Chatto & Windus, 1962)

  W. E. H. Lecky, A History of Ireland in the Eighteenth Century, L. P. Curtis, Jr (abridge. and intro.) (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972)

  William Lee, Daniel Defoe: His Life and Recently Discovered Writings, 3 vols. (London: John Camden Hotten, 1869)

  William C. Lehmann, Adam Ferguson and the Beginnings of Modern Sociology (New York: Columbia University Press, 1930)

  ———, John Millar of Glasgow, 1735–1801: His Life and Thought and His Contributions to Sociological Analysis (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1960)

  ———, Henry Home, Lord Kames, and the Scottish Enlightenment: A Study in National Character and the History of Ideas (The Hague: Nijhoff, 1971)

  Keith Lehrer, Thomas Reid (London: Routledge, 1989)

  John Leland, A View of the Principal Deistical Writers that Have Appeared in England in the Last and Present Century (London: Dodsley, 1754)

  Charlotte Lennox, The Female Quixote, or the Adventures of Arabella, 2 vols. (London: A. Millar, 1752; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989)

  [Charles Leslie], The Charge of Socinianism against Dr Tillotson Considered, By a True Son of the Church (Edinburgh: sn, 1695)

  Charles Leslie, A Short and Easy Method with the Deists (London: Onley, 1698)

  C. R. Leslie, Memoirs of the Life of John Constable (London: John Lehmann, 1949)

  Margaret Leslie, ‘Mysticism Misunderstood: David Hartley and the Idea of Progress’, Journal of the History of Ideas, xxxiii (1972), 625–32

  W. L. Letwin, The Origins of Scientific Economics (London: Methuen, 1963)

  Joseph M. Levine, The Battle of the Books: History and Literature in the Augustan Age (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1992)

  W. S. Lewis (ed.), The Correspondence of Horace Walpole, 48 vols. (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1961)

  ——— (ed.), The Yale Edition of Horace Walpole's Correspondence, 48 vols. (London: Oxford University Press, 1937–83)

  David Lieberman, ‘The Legal Needs of a Commercial Society: The Jurisprudence of Lord Kames’, in Istvan Hont and Michael Ignatieff (eds.), Wealth and Virtue: The Shaping of Political Economy in the Scottish Enlightenment (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), 203–34

  ———, The Province of Legislation Determined: Legal Theory in Eighteenth-century Britain (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989)

  Bryant Lillywhite, London Coffee Houses: A Reference Book of Coffee Houses of the Seventeenth, Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries (London: Allen & Unwin, 1963)

  Anthony Hadley Lincoln, Some Political and Social Ideas of English Dissent, 1763–1800 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1938)

  Jack Lindsay, William Blake: His Life and Work (London: Constable, 1978)

  Peter Linebaugh, The London Hanged: Crime and Civil Society in the Eighteenth Century (London: Allen Lane, 1991)

  Luther Link, The Devil: A Mask without a Face (London: Reaktion Books, 1995)

  Louise Lippincott, Selling Art in Georgian London: The Rise of Arthur Pond (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1983)

  Nigel Llewellyn, The Art of Death: Visual Culture In the English Death Ritual c. 1500–c. 1800(London: Victoria and Albert Museum, 1991)

  Sarah Lloyd, ‘ “Pleasure's Golden Bait”: Prostitution, Poverty and the Magdalen Hospital', History Workshop Journal, xli (1996), 51–72

  Don Locke, A Fantasy of Reason: The Life and Thought of William Godwin (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1980)

  John Locke, An Essay concerning Human Understanding, Peter H. Nidditch (ed.) (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1975 [1690])

  ———, Two Treatises of Government, Peter Laslett (ed.) (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988 [1690])

  ———, Some Thoughts Concerning Education, R. H. Quick (ed.) (London: sn, 1899 [1693])

  ———, The Reasonableness of Christianity (London: Awnsham and John Churchill, 1695)

  ———, A Letter to… Edward [Stillingfleet], Ld Bishop of Worceste
r… (London: Churchill, 1697)

  ———, The Philosophical Works of John Locke, J. A. St John (ed.), 2 vols. (London: George Bell & Sons, 1905)

  R. Longrigg, The English Squire and His Sport (London: Michael Joseph, 1977)

  Roger Lonsdale (ed.), The New Oxford Book of Eighteenth-century Verse (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984)

  ——— (ed.), Eighteenth-century Women Poets (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989)

  J. C. Loudon, The Suburban Gardener and Villa Companion (London: for the author, 1838)

  A. O. Lovejoy, The Great Chain of Being (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1936)

  Robert Lowth, Lectures on the Sacred Poetry of the Hebrews (London: Johnson, 1787)

  F. L. Lucas, The Search for Good Sense (London: Cassell, 1958)

  ———, The Art of Living (London: Cassell, 1959)

  John Lucas, England and Englishness: Ideas of Nationhood in English Poetry 1688–1900 (London: The Hogarth Press, 1990)

  Roger D. Lund, ‘Martinus Scriblerus and the Search for a Soul’, Papers in Literature and Language, xxv (1989), 135–90

  J. O. Lyons, The Invention of the Self (Carbondale, Ill.: Southern Illinois University Press, 1978)

  Catharine Macauly, Letters on Education (London: C. Dilly, 1790)

  Iain McCalman: ‘Mad Lord George and Madame La Motte: Riot and Sexuality in the Genesis of Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France’, Journal of British Studies, xxxv (1996), 343–67

  ———, ‘New Jerusalems: Prophecy, Dissent, and Radical Culture in England, 1786–1830’, in Knud Haakonssen (ed.), Enlightenment and Religion: Rational Dissent in Eighteenth-century Britain (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 312–35

  Donald McCormick, The Hell-Fire Club: The Story of the Amorous Knights of Wycombe (Norwich: Jarrold, 1958)

  Colleen McDannell and Bernhard Lang, Heaven – A History (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1988)

  Michael MacDonald, ‘The Secularization of Suicide in England, 1600–1800’, Past and Present, cxi (1986), 50–100

  Michael MacDonald and Terence R. Murphy, Sleepless Souls: Suicide in Early Modern England (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990)

  Paula McDowell, The Women of Grub Street: Press, Politics and Gender in the London Literary Marketplace, 1678–1730 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998)

  David Dunbar McElroy, Scotland's Age of Improvement: A Survey of Eighteenth-century Literary Clubs and Societies (Washington: Washington State University Press, 1969)

  G. McEwen, The Oracle of the Coffee House: John Dunton's Athenian Mercury (San Marino, CA: The Huntingdon Library, 1972)

  Alan Macfarlane, The Culture of Capitalism (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1987)

  A. McInnes, ‘The Emergence of a Leisure Town: Shrewsbury, 1660–1760’, Past and Present, cxx (1968), 53–87

  Carey McIntosh, The Evolution of English Prose, 1700–1800: Style, Politeness and Print Culture (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999)

  Alasdair MacIntyre, A Short History of Ethics (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1967)

  Mary P. Mack, Jeremy Bentham, An Odyssey of Ideas, 1748–1792 (London: Heinemann, 1962)

  Phyllis Mack, ‘Women and the Enlightenment: Introduction’, Women & History, xiv (1984), 1–11

  Neil McKendrick, Josiah Wedgwood and Factory Discipline’, The Historical Journal, iv (1961), 30–55

  ———, ‘Introduction. The Birth of a Consumer Society: The Commercialization of Eighteenth-century England’, in Neil McKendrick, John Brewer and J. H. Plumb, The Birth of a Consumer Society: The Commercialization of Eighteenth-century England (London: Europa,1982), 1–8

  Neil McKendrick, John Brewer and J. H. Plumb, The Birth of a Consumer Society: The Commercialization of Eighteenth-century England (London: Europa, 1982)

  Henry Mackenzie, Julia de Roubigné (London: W. Strahan and T. Cadell, 1777)

  ———, The Mirror, 3 vols. (Edinburgh: William Creech, 1779–80)

  Michael McKeon, The Origins of the English Novel, 1600–1740 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987)

  Eric David Mackerness, A Social History of English Music (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1964)

  Erin Mackie, Market à la Mode: Fashion, Commodity, and Gender in The Tatler and The Spectator (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997)

  H. McLachlan, English Education under the Test Acts: Being the History of Non-Conformist Academies 1662–1820 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1931)

  ———, The Unitarian Movement in the Religious Life of England (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1931)

  ———, Warrington Academy, Its History and Influence (Manchester: Chetham Society, 1943)

  Catherine Macdonald Maclean, Born under Saturn: A Biography of William Hazlitt (London: Collins, 1943)

  Kenneth MacLean, John Locke and English Literature of the Eighteenth Century (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1936)

  Marie P. McMahon, The Radical Whigs, John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon (Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1990)

  John McManners, Death and the Enlightenment (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981)

  Joseph McMinn, Jonathan's Travels: Swift and Ireland (Belfast: Appletree Press, 1994)

  Maureen McNeil, Under the Banner of Science: Erasmus Darwin and His Age (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1987)

  C. B. Macpherson, The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: Hobbes to Locke (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1964)

  ———, Democratic Theory: Essays in Retrieval (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1973)

  James Macpherson, Fragments of Ancient Poetry Collected in the Highlands of Scotland(Edinburgh: Hamilton and Balfour, 1760)

  ———, Fingal (London: Becket and De Hondt, 1762)

  ———, Temora (London: Becket and De Hondt, 1763)

  Samuel Madden, Memoirs of the Twentieth Century (London: Osborn and Longman, 1733)

  M. Mahl and H. Koon (eds.), The Female Spectator: English Women Writers Before 1800 (Bloomington, Ind.: University of Indiana Press, 1977)

  Brian Maidment, Popular Prints, 1790–1870: Reading Popular Graphic Images (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1995)

  R. W. Malcolmson, Popular Recreations in English Society, 1700–1850 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973)

  Thomas Robert Malthus, An Essay on the Principle of Population as It Affects the Future Improvement of Society, With Remarks on the Speculations of Mr Godwin, M. Condorcet, And Other Writers (London: J. Johnson, 1798; facsimile repr., London: Macmillan, 1966)

  ———, An Essay on the Principle of Population, 2nd edn (London: J. Johnson, 1803)

  Bernard de Mandeville, The Virgin Unmask'd (London: Morphew, 1709)

  ———, A Modest Defence of the Public Stews; or An Essay Upon Whoring (London: A. Moore, 1724)

  –––, The Fable of the Bees: Or, Private Vices, Publick Benefits, with a Commentary Critical, Historical, and Explanatory by F. B. Kaye, 2 vols. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1924 [London: J. Roberts, 1714])

  Robert Mandrou, Magistrats et sorciers en France au XVIIe siècle: une analyse de psychologie historique (Paris: Plon, 1968)

  Karl Mannheim, Ideology and Utopia (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1936)

  D. J. Manning, The Mind of Jeremy Bentham (London: Longman, 1968)

  Susan Manning, ‘Boswell's Pleasures, the Pleasures of Boswell’, British Journal for Eighteenth Century Studies, xx (1997), 17–31

  Frank E. Manuel, The Eighteenth Century Confronts the Gods (New York: Athenaeum, 1967)

  ———, Isaac Newton, Historian (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1963)

  ———, The Religion of Isaac Newton (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1974)

  ———, A Portrait of Isaac Newton (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1968)

  L. A. Marchand (ed.), Byron's Letters and Journals, 12 vols. (London: John Murray, 1973–82)

  Robert Markley, Fallen Languages: Crises of Representation in Ne
wtonian England, 1660–1740 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1993)

  George S. Marr, The Periodical Essayists of the Eighteenth Century (New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1971)

  David Marshall, ‘Arguing by Analogy: Hume's Standard of Taste’, Eighteenth-century Studies, xxviii (1995), 323–43