Galileo's Middle Finger
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Freeman, Derek, 152–56
Freud, Sigmund, 19
“fucksaws,” 270
FUNAI (Fundaçao Nacional do Indio), 161, 165
Galen, 12
Galilean personality, 141, 180–81, 183, 185, 269
Galileo Galilei, 11–18, 153, 164, 180–81
Catholic persecution of, 16, 135, 137–39, 260
character and intellect of, 14–15, 141, 183, 185, 269
mummified middle finger of, 1, 11–12, 17–18, 139
pursuit of scientific fact by, 12–16,
138–39, 261
telescopes of, 12, 14–15, 16, 138
tomb of, 16–17
gay marriage, 48, 63
gay men, 52–53, 56–57, 59, 66, 92, 264, 269
closeted, 60
out-of-the-closet, 60, 92
ultrafemme, 59, 70, 81
violence against, 65
women friends (“fag hags”) of, 53
Geary, Dave, 108
gender
assignment and reassignment of, 25, 26, 28, 31–32, 36–38, 50, 53, 54, 56–57, 58, 63–64, 65, 101–2, 195, 196, 221, 265–67, 268
internal feelings of, 33, 53, 54, 59–60, 77, 101–2, 192–93, 195, 225, 239, 266–69
“scientific” concepts of, 5, 38, 54, 55–56, 224–25, 239, 268–69
see also intersex; sex-change interventions; sexual identity; transgender
genetic essentialists, 59
genetic screening, 187, 197
genitalia:
ambiguous, 6, 9, 19–35, 36–37, 39, 41, 44–45, 46–47, 50–51, 61, 101, 108, 192, 195, 196, 200, 202, 213–14, 215, 237, 250, 263, 265–66, 282–83, 284, 306
stimulation by doctors of, 221, 273
surgery on, 7, 19–20, 26, 28, 30, 31, 33, 34–35, 37, 38, 39, 44–45, 46–47, 50, 51, 53, 54, 55, 61, 62, 66, 77, 81, 102, 195, 196, 200, 213–14, 221–22, 264–66, 268, 273
genocide, 1, 134, 271
glucocorticoids, 196, 200, 201, 203–4, 210, 259, 273–74
God, 15, 19–20, 138
Goldman, Ed, 181–82, 183
gonads, 24, 25, 26, 28
see also ovaries; ovotestes
Gould, Stephen Jay, 4–5, 8, 150, 230–33, 281
Grassi, Orazio, 13
Green, Janet, 221, 224
Gregor, Tom (Thomas), 145, 178–79, 180, 183, 184–85
Greifenstein, Charles (Charlie), 172, 174
Grobsmith, Elizabeth, 134, 297
Gross, Dan (Daniel), 145, 150, 178–79, 180, 183
Guggenheim Fellowship, 106, 107
Guyer, Melvin, 233–34
Hagen, Ed, 150, 181
Hames, Raymond, 161, 175–76, 179, 180, 184, 271
Harvard University, 4, 106, 150, 230–32
Harvard University Press, 35, 107, 152
Hastings Center, 206, 213, 222
Hastings Center Report, 35
Headland, Thomas, 144, 174
heresy, 15, 260
hermaphroditism, 5–6, 46
biomedical and surgical treatment of, 5, 6, 7, 19–20, 22, 26, 27, 30, 31, 33–35, 41–42, 53
concealment of, 22, 26, 28, 30–32
Dreger’s study of, 8–12, 19, 22–27, 35, 68, 108
medical literature on, 22–25, 30, 31, 32, 34
shame attached to, 26, 30, 37, 46, 51, 263–64
see also intersex
Herndon, April, 131
heterosexuals, 26, 53, 54, 58, 62, 266
fears among, 63
patriarchy of, 64
Highest Altar, The (Tierney), 157, 164
Hill, Jane, 176–77
Hillman, Thea, 48
historians, 1, 4, 7, 20, 29, 106, 144, 161, 181, 230, 275–76, 283
history, 20, 27, 30
scientific process in, 5, 23
see also historians
Hölldobler, Bert, 232
Holocaust, 137, 269
homophobia, 43, 57, 59, 60
homosexuality, 23, 30, 42–43, 52–53,
59–61, 195
in animals, 53, 182
attempted changing of, 31, 61, 102
genetic basis of, 71, 269
among male-to-female transsexuals, 56–58, 60, 63–64, 94, 101–2
attempted prevention of, 30, 51, 224–26
see also gay marriage; gay men; lesbians
hormones, 21, 191–92, 263
female, 61, 191
male, 31, 191
treatment with, 26, 31, 53, 54, 57, 61, 62, 101, 187, 192–93, 268
see also androgens; congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH); dexamethasone; diethylstilbestrol (DES); sex-change interventions
House of Representatives, U.S., 112
Hrdy, Sarah, 177
Hubbard, Ruth, 4
Human Behavior and Evolution Society (HBES), 8, 179–81, 185
humanities, 136, 137, 258–59
see also historians
human nature, 72, 136, 140–41
evolution of, 140, 153
Human Nature, 271
human rights, 48–49, 63, 64, 163, 264
see also activism, intersex rights; activism, transgender rights; deafness
hypospadias, 283
definition of, 30
Index-Catalogue of the Library of the Surgeon-General’s Office, The, 22
infanticide, 140
Inside Higher Education, 185
institutional review boards (IRBs), 95–96, 203, 206–7, 211, 214–15, 218, 222, 226–27, 237–46
intelligence (IQ), 4, 133
International Committee Against Racism, 150
see also Committee Against Racism
International Genetic Epidemiology Society, 143
International Herald Tribune, 105
Internet, 6, 10, 134, 142, 176, 189, 222, 257, 258, 261
intersex, 6–8, 19–51, 68, 73, 186–87, 192–97, 199–200, 210–11, 221–26, 233, 236–37, 263–66, 273
concealment of 22, 26, 28, 30–32, 263–64
core type view of, 44
definition of, 8–9
frequency of, 21
heterosexist society threatened by, 6, 26, 53, 195
preventing development of, 187–89, 193, 197, 199–200, 207, 250; see also dexamethasone
support groups for, 22, 33, 50, 263
transgender vs., 53–54
see also activism; hermaphroditism; intersex rights; intersex rights movement; sex-change interventions on intersex people
Intersex in the Age of Ethics (Dreger, ed.), 35, 101
intersex rights movement, 26–27, 32–36, 38, 101, 102–3, 221, 229, 264, 267, 284
activism in, 6–8, 29–36, 38, 40–52, 55, 73, 264
finding peers and allies in, 29–31, 34, 36, 41, 43–44, 51, 186
growing understanding and acceptance of, 40–41, 43, 45–46, 49–51, 264–65
Intersex Society of North America (ISNA), 6, 8, 27, 28, 34, 36, 37, 45, 51–52, 55, 68, 69, 102
investigational new drugs (INDs), 247–49
investigative journalism, 222, 252–53
collapse of, 212, 253, 257, 261
in vitro fertilization (IVF), 252, 275
Irons, Bill, 151
James, Andrea, 77, 84–85, 91, 99–102, 104, 127–29, 131, 134
criticism of Mike Bailey by, 67–68, 72–74, 84, 88–89, 95, 267–68
Jefferson, Thomas, 16
Johns Hopkins University, 26
Medical Center of, 37, 40
Medical School of, 64
Jorgensen, Christine, 9
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 241
Journal of Pedi
atrics, 194
Journal of Urology, 221, 264
journalism; see investigative journalism
Juanita (pseudonym), 57–58, 62, 63, 65, 81–84, 91, 93–94, 97–99, 128
jury system, 133
Kelsey, Frances Oldham, 198–99, 227, 230
Kieltyka, Charlotte Anjelica, 79–85, 88, 90–92, 99–100
Kim (case history), 69–70
Klaneski, Rosa Lee, 130–32
Klinefelter’s syndrome, 31
Koyama, Emi, 34
labia, 24, 192, 221
Lambda Literary Foundation (LLF), 86–88
Lamphere, Louise, 178
“Last Tribes of El Dorado: The Gold Wars in the Amazon Rain Forest” (Tierney), 164–65
Laurent, Bo, 6–7, 102
clitoral surgery of, 7, 28, 221
Dreger’s work with, 27–29, 30–31, 32–33, 34–36, 38, 41, 44–52, 55
intersex advocacy of, 27–36, 38, 40–42, 44–52, 55, 264
personal history of, 27–28, 108, 284
Lawrence, Anne, 76–77, 88, 100–103, 106, 268–69
Lerch, Irving, 114
lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people, 72–73, 85–87, 104, 127, 222
rights of, 30, 42, 69, 131, 257, 264
lesbianism, 193
attempts to prevent with dexamethasone, 224–26, 239
see also homosexuality
lesbians, 30, 34, 42, 226, 264, 313
and feminism, 28–29, 43, 87–88
see also gay marriage
Lewontin, Richard, 150, 231–33
libertarianism, 81, 97
Life in High Heels, A (Woodlawn), 75
Lifetime television network, 234
Limbaugh, Rush, 118
Lindee, Susan, 143–44, 148, 172, 174, 181, 183
Linsenmeier, Joan, 84, 89
Loftus, Elizabeth, 233–34, 269, 295
Lolita (Nabokov), 168
Los Angeles Times, 119
Lowrance, Hobert E., 173–74
Lyme disease, 107
McCloskey, Deirdre, 75–77, 86–87, 94–96, 99–100, 105, 127
McCullough, Larry (Laurence), 214, 218–20, 222, 227, 229, 246–47, 312
McGee, Glenn, 219–20, 272
McGee, Summer Johnson, 272
McHugh, Paul, 64
Magnus, David, 272
male-to-female transsexualism, 54–106, 268
two type taxonomy of, 56–59, 268
Manchester Guardian, 143, 296
Mangiano, Aldo, 165–66
Man Who Would Be Queen, The: The Science of Gender-Bending and Transsexualism (Bailey), 55–56, 60–63, 67–71, 73–76, 79, 81–83, 85–89, 93–94, 98, 106, 288
Margaret Mead and Samoa: The Making and Unmaking of an Anthropological Myth (Freeman), 152
Maria New Children’s Hormone Foundation, 273
Marks, Jim, 86–88, 292
Martins, Lêda, 159–60, 162–63
Marxism, 4
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Press, 117
Mathy, Robin, 106
“maximin strategy,” see medicine, “maximin strategy” in
Mayr, Ernst, 232
Mead, Margaret, 151–56
assault on reputation of, 152–56
Chagnon and, 151–52, 153
Samoan studies of, 151, 152–56
measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, 171
measles epidemic of 1968, 142–45, 157–58, 167–68, 173–74
measles vaccine, 142, 157–58, 171, 173–74
medicine, 22, 257
“clean up” approach to gender anomalies in, 26
dysfunction in, 7, 31
ethics of, 30, 35, 39–41, 188, 190, 203, 208–13, 229–30, 235
evidence-based, 265–66
“first do no harm” maxim in, 203–4
heterosexist bias in, 26, 53
lack of informed consent in, 236
“maximin strategy” in, 39
modern, 6–7, 26
politics of, 7
socialized, 265
training in, 29–30, 40–41
see also drugs; surgery
men:
cross-dressing among, 52, 55–57, 64, 70
feminine, 55, 56–57, 59, 60–61, 69–70, 86, 102
menstruation in, 25, 26
straight, 57, 61, 66, 70–71, 98
typical occupations of, 58
see also gay men
Méndez, Juan E., 265
Menikoff, Jerry, 274
menstruation, 192
absence of, 263
in men, 25, 26
signs of, 24
mental retardation, 250–51
Meyer-Bahlburg, Heino, 224–25, 227, 251
Michigan, University of, 67–68, 139, 143, 172, 181–82, 233–34, 252
Michigan State University, 33–34, 52, 68, 70, 104, 145
Michigan Womyn’s Music Festival, 64–65
Middlesex (Eugenides), 45–46
Miller, Walter, 203, 211, 213–14
misogyny, 119, 145
missionaries, 144, 159, 163–64, 174
Missouri, 109, 133, 136–37, 139
Missouri, University of, 108, 132, 271
Mitchell, Mani, 34
Money, John, 26, 36–40, 111
gender-identity theory of, 37–39, 102
Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 188, 201, 207, 209, 210, 214, 227, 243–45, 247, 273
IRB at, 244, 318
Program for the Protection of Human Subjects at, 206
Nabokov, Vladimir, 168
Nashville Tennessean, 119
National Academies Press, 67
National Academy of Sciences, 143, 187, 209, 271
National Center for Transgender Equality, 267
National Geographic, 1, 140
National Indian Foundation, see FUNAI
National Institute of Mental Health, 113
National Institutes of Health (NIH), 188, 190, 191, 238–40, 251, 316
grants of, 201, 208, 209, 236, 239–40, 242–45, 247, 273
National Library of Medicine, 23
National Women’s Studies Association (NWSA), 8, 127–30, 133, 179
Natural History, 3, 5
Natural History of Rape, A: Biological Bases of Sexual Coercion (Palmer and Thornhill), 108, 115–20, 269
criticism of, 117–20, 123–24
nature-nurture debate, 38, 153
Navratilova, Martina, 182
Nazis, 137, 208, 209–10, 256, 276
scientists likened to, 86–87, 139, 142, 144, 231, 233
Neel, James V., Sr., 141–45, 147–48, 167–70, 172–74, 181
criticism of, 142–43, 144, 148, 161, 163, 165, 167–68, 174, 176–77, 271
Nelson, Robert “Skip,” 247–49, 272–73, 274
New, Maria, 187–91, 194–97, 200–219, 221–28, 235–52, 273–74
NIH grants of, 201, 208, 209, 236, 239–40, 242–45, 247, 273
see also dexamethasone
Newman, Jim, 182–83
New York Academy of Sciences, 118
New Yorker, 143, 145, 158–59, 174
New York Magazine, 273
New York-Presbyterian Hospital, 28, 221
New York Review of Books, 231
New York Times, 1, 10, 104–5, 127
Nixon, John, 261
Noble Savages: My Life Among Two Dangerous Tribes—the Yanomamö and the Anthropologists (Chagnon), 271
North American Man/Boy Love Association (NAMbLA), 111–12
Northwestern University, 9, 54, 69, 74, 79–82,
93–94, 98, 105, 227
Bailey’s Human Sexuality class at, 80, 270–71, 291
Psychology Department of, 68, 88–89
Northwestern University Medical School, 8, 73, 180
Medical Humanities and Bioethics Program of, 52
Northwestern Rainbow Alliance, 72–73
Not Even Wrong: Margaret Mead, Derek Freeman, and the Samoans (Orans), 154
Novic, Richard/Alice, 61, 66
Nuremberg Code, 208, 209–10
Obama, Barack, 109, 115, 134–35
Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP), 205–6, 210, 212, 226–28, 235, 240–46, 248–49, 251, 273–74
Orans, Martin, 154
Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU), 182
Orwell, George, 87
ovaries, 101, 191, 263
in men, 25, 26, 33
removal of, 26
ovotestes, 25
definition of, 27–28
surgery on, 28
Palmer, Craig, 108, 115–27, 136, 137, 149, 180, 183, 269
Dreger’s interviews of, 115, 118–20, 127, 132, 134
education of, 120–21, 122
see also Natural History of Rape, A
Patanowa-teri, 167–68
patient advocacy, 7–8, 38, 52, 218, 267
patriarchy, 64, 119
Paul, Diane, 144
Peacock, James, 175, 176
Peacock Commission Report, 175–76
Pediatric Endocrine Society, 210
pedophilia, 110–15
penis, 6, 24, 66, 70, 192
circumcision of, 37, 47
erection of, 120, 125
malformed, 28
measurement of, 34–35
opening of urethra in, 30
small, 7, 19, 21, 37, 38
surgery on, 7, 25, 34, 36–37; ; see also genitalia, surgery on; hypospadias
Penthouse, 19
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), 182
Perelli, Tommaso, 17
Petersen, Maxine, 102–3
“phall-o-meters,” 34–35, 101, 286
phallus, see clitoris; penis
Philadelphia, Pa., 148, 172, 255, 261
philosophy, 138
Physician to the Gene Pool (Neel), 147
Pinker, Steven, 106
Pittsburgh, Pa., 162, 167, 171
Pittsburgh, University of, 162, 167, 171–72
Plato, 1–2, 256
Poland, 2–3, 22, 254–56
political correctness, 54–55, 271
politics, 16, 19
conservative, 2, 5, 23
identity, 15–16, 21, 180
liberal, 1, 2, 4, 10, 139, 140, 230, 231
medical, 7
sexual, 6–11, 28–29, 267
Poppas, Dix, 221–23, 273
pornography, 62, 75, 96